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Supercomputers Help Researchers Find Two New Kinds Of Magnets (phys.org)
"Predicting magnets is a heck of a job, and their discovery is very rare," said a mechanical engineering professor at Duke University. But after years of work synthesizing various predictions, material scientists "predicted and built two new magnetic materials, atom-by-atom, using high-throughput computational models." An anonymous reader quotes Phys.org:
The success marks a new era for the large-scale design of new magnetic materials at unprecedented speed. Although magnets abound in everyday life, they are actually rarities -- only about 5% of known inorganic compounds show even a hint of magnetism. And of those, just a few dozen are useful in real-world applications because of variability in properties such as effective temperature range and magnetic permanence...
In a new study, materials scientists from Duke University provide a shortcut in this process. They show the capability to predict magnetism in new materials through computer models that can screen hundreds of thousands of candidates in short order. And, to prove it works, they've created two magnetic materials that have never been seen before.
"The first alloy is particularly interesting," reports the International Business Times, "because it contains no rare-earth materials, which are both expensive and difficult to acquire." But a Duke mechanical engineering professor points out that "It doesn't really matter if either of these new magnets proves useful in the future. The ability to rapidly predict their existence is a major coup and will be invaluable to materials scientists moving forward."
In a new study, materials scientists from Duke University provide a shortcut in this process. They show the capability to predict magnetism in new materials through computer models that can screen hundreds of thousands of candidates in short order. And, to prove it works, they've created two magnetic materials that have never been seen before.
"The first alloy is particularly interesting," reports the International Business Times, "because it contains no rare-earth materials, which are both expensive and difficult to acquire." But a Duke mechanical engineering professor points out that "It doesn't really matter if either of these new magnets proves useful in the future. The ability to rapidly predict their existence is a major coup and will be invaluable to materials scientists moving forward."
"It doesn't really matter if either of these new magnets proves useful in the future. The ability to rapidly predict their existence is a major coup and will be invaluable to scientists making drinking wagers moving forward."
fixed that
TFA seems to leave out a lot of important geeky details. Like which supercomputer was used? How many hours of CPU (or maybe GPU?) time was used? Since they were running hundreds of models in parallel, why did they need a supercomputer at all? Wouldn't it have been more cost effective to rent compute servers in the cloud?
... rare-earth materials, which are both expensive and difficult to acquire."
or
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26687605 (amongst others) that claim Rare-Earths are not rare and by extension not necessarily expensive or even very difficult to acquire.
Which is it then? Who should we believe?
Duke University's Gender Studies Department used the supercomputer to discover two new genders previously unknown to gender scientists. And in a complementary study, their English Department is planning to research possible new pronouns. Go Blue Devil Supercomputer!
on that no rare earth materials page. One I understand. But three?! Cacaphony of GTFO no matter how good of a read the article may have been.
In a world of the blind, the one-eyed man is king--and the two-eyed man is a heretic.
Not quite true - the moon doesn't orbit in a perfect circle, so it moves nearer and further away from Earth, speeding up and slowing down in the process, and so there is in fact a cyclic energy transformation between kinetic energy and potential energy. The overall energy though remains constant though.
--- Most topics have many sides worth arguing, allow me to take one opposite you.
My understanding, probably wrong.
Yes. Due to interactions with other magnetic objects.
Yes.
Nowhere, the energy comes from external sources - a potential energy between two magnetic objects have to be in place for there to be any force. By magnetizing with an external magnetic field, in the electron spin of the magnet atoms, it isn't.
One of the magnetic (actually anti-ferromagnetic) compounds discovered was Mn2PtPd. Pt and Pd are two orders of magnitude more rare than the "relatively common" rare earths...
No, this is an elemental misunderstanding. Magnetism is inherent in the makeup of atoms, and thus of magnetic materials. Electrons have a negative charge and protons have a positive charge. As per Maxwell and the theory of Electromagnetism, electricity and magnetism are permanently and inextricably intertwined.
OK, so the "force" a magnet exerts is always sourced from outside the magnet itself. Therefore looking for an energy source inside the magnet is hopeless and useless; there is no internal energy source powering a magnet.
Imagine a magnet being attracted to a piece of metal. As they move together and within the effective range of the magnetic field, it looks like the magnet "pulls" the metal towards it, right? Wrong.
The only force involved was propelling the magnet and the metal towards each other, and that was an external force applied. But Wait you say! Once within the range of the magnetic field, the magnet still pulled the metal in, right? Still wrong. Those two objects began falling inwards towards their lowest common energy state. And that energy state is a property of, wait for it, the magnet and the piece of metal. It's an inherent materials property.
Think of it like this. The Earth has gravity, and gravity draws other objects in too, right? So what energy source drives gravity? And the answer is *nothing*. Gravity is an inherent property of mass. What draws objects with mass together is, those objects are falling towards their lowest common energy state.
Einstein actually said that gravity isn't a force, it's a warping of SpaceTime. Thus it is conceptually correct to think of gravitational attraction like falling to the bottom of a dent or hole in spacetime. This is tricky for us to imagine though, because in this view there is no "gravity" and there is no "force" pulling those objects down. What pulls them down is a universal desire for all matter to occupy the lowest possible energy state.
Okay, fair enough, but that energy transfer is nigh imperceptible compared to the changes over the course of every month.
--- Most topics have many sides worth arguing, allow me to take one opposite you.
Exerting force requires energy, no?
No. A force does not require energy. Only moving against a force requires energy. E=F*D. A newton is force, but a newton-meter is energy. So the magnet on your refrigerator does not use energy, but energy is required to pull it off.
How is it obtained, stored, replenished?
Here is a really cool fact that you can use to impress chicks at cocktail parties: A magnetic force and an electrical force are the SAME THING. The only difference is your inertial frame of reference. Let's say you have two parallel copper wires with current flowing through them. The negative charge in the electrons and the positive charge in the copper nuclei should cancel each other out, and there should be no force between them. BUT THERE IS. This is magnetism. But it is really just plain only electrical attraction because the electrons are moving, so their inertial reference frame is different from the reference frame of the copper nuclei. A moving reference frame has a Lorentz contraction, so the copper nuclei "see" more electrons per length of wire, resulting in an attraction.
Oh? Please correct me then.
--- Most topics have many sides worth arguing, allow me to take one opposite you.
I just don't get something about permanent magnets.
A magnet exerts force, no?
Exerting force requires energy, no?
Where is the energy in a magnet? How is it obtained, stored, replenished?
Magnets have a potential energy relative to a magnetic sample at any distance away, but the attraction falls off steeply, so you have to get close for the attraction to matter.
Once you get close, the magnet's pull will be felt, and the object will be attracted to the magnet. Let it move closer (It's on a string), and potential energy between the pair is reduced. To reverse it, just pull the string, which takes force-over-distance, and so you have invested energy to pull the little sample away. Energy is conserved.
I predict the existence of new magnets by looking for advertising attached to a relatively thick but flexible rubbery base.
A permanent magnet is polarized by something called the exchange field. This is related to the Pauli exclusion principle and the Coulomb interaction and happens spontaneously. Energy is stored in the electronic state as kinetic, external and interaction (this includes the magnetic dipole field energy)
These two new magnets are unlikely to replace the current champion (neodymium-iron-boron), or be particularly useful as permanent magnets at all. The reason is that the researchers only calculated the moment and Curie temperature. A good permanent magnet should also have a high magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) as well. The Heusler alloys are predominantly cubic and so have a very low MAE.
How do I know this? We just spent three years doing exactly the same thing: spending thousands of CPU hours trying to find a good magnet among the Heuslers. All to no avail.
Not quite, exerting force does not require actually spending energy. My bottom exerts force to the couch with zero energy expenditure. There is stored potential energy, true, but you don't spend it if there is no work actually being done. Were I to fall off the couch I would spend a tiny fraction of that potential energy and have to do some work to get it back. Gravity and electromagnetism are quite different forces, but in this instance they can be viewed in a similar model I think.
Fucking magnets. How do they work?
Came here expecting this comment, was not disappointed.
I laughed at the weak who considered themselves good because they lacked claws.
Here is a really cool fact that you can use to impress chicks at cocktail parties: A magnetic force and an electrical force are the SAME THING. The only difference is your inertial frame of reference. Let's say you have two parallel copper wires with current flowing through them. The negative charge in the electrons and the positive charge in the copper nuclei should cancel each other out, and there should be no force between them. BUT THERE IS. This is magnetism. But it is really just plain only electrical attraction because the electrons are moving, so their inertial reference frame is different from the reference frame of the copper nuclei. A moving reference frame has a Lorentz contraction, so the copper nuclei "see" more electrons per length of wire, resulting in an attraction.
No. Magnetic and electrical force and energy aren't exactly "the same thing". The magnetic and electric field are both components of the second rank field strength tensor, the Lorentz force in electromagnetic theory is not just the Lorentz transform of the Coulomb force, and magnetic and electric field energies are independently summed when assembling the total electromagnetic field energy density. Finally, good luck describing electron spin and the resultant intrinsic magnetic dipole moment in terms of a Lorentz transformation of the bare Coulomb field of the (point) charge -- there is no rotating frame or mass moving around mass.
There are basically two different ways to discuss them. One way is to stop talking about electric and magnetic fields independently at all and only work with the electromagnetic field (strength tensor) where the electric and magnetic components are NOT THE SAME and do NOT HAVE THE SAME SYMMETRY. The other way is to pretend (as most intro books do, because usually it works pretty well if you're considering low velocities and coarse-grain-averaged "smooth" charge/current densities) that E and B are ordinary vectors and write down Maxwell's equations. There are FOUR of them -- two if you go with the covariant field strength tensor formulation, and you cannot write them all down in terms of a single vector field (or the resultant force).
F_e = qE (F, E vectors)
F_b = q v x B (F, v, B vectors)
The electrostatic force obeys Newton's third law. The magnetic force (with the cross product) does not,. and one has to work very hard indeed to find the missing energy and momentum in the electromagnetic field when two charged particles interact in the general case.
Sadly, I haven't found that knowing graduate level electrodynamics well enough to teach it impresses chicks at cocktail parties.
Even when the experts all agree, they may well be mistaken. --- Bertrand Russell.
I was referring, badly, to motors using permanent magnets in the stator or armature, as opposed to those based entirely on electromagnets.
Actually though, you can make temporarily "perpetual motion" magnetic motors that draw power entirely from draining the energy stored in the magnets - for example, picture the situation where magnets on the rim of a wheel are attracted to a stationary magnet nearby. Then, roughly at the point of closest approach, the rim magnets pass behind some form of shielding so that there is no symmetrical force required for them to be moved away again. Unlike gravity (so far as we know) magnetic fields can be blocked, and so the rim magnets will perpetually "fall" towards the stationary one until the magnetic field is drained. You can do something similar with electrostatics as well, and many people have convinced themselves they've managed to create a perpetual motion machine that way.
--- Most topics have many sides worth arguing, allow me to take one opposite you.
The success marks a new era for the large-scale design of new magnetic materials
No, it doesn't. This is screening, and regardless of how much those in the field of drug "design" and materials "design" use those words, it's not Design, and it's not Engineering. It's Discovery, and it's great that physics and computation have gotten to the point where we can actually discover useful things in silico much faster than at the bench. But engineering requires an understanding of the underlying relationship between materials composition and desired quantitative property, and that is largely still lacking. If it weren't, you'd be screening 10s of compounds, not ~10^5.
Discovery and prediction are fine, no one will complain about the gold you get from panning for it. But don't dress it up in misleading language--true materials engineering and design are still a long way off.
Rare earth metals are not scarce material. They are metals that occur together in nature and take a lot of effort to separate.
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No, magnetism isn't a force. It's a field. Much like a gravitational field - a distortion of the continuum. Magnetic force is what you get when two such distortions interact, much as gravitational force comes from the interactions of 2 objects with masses. There is potential energy, but until something moves, it's not "real" energy.
> A magnet exerts force, no?
A permanent magnet creates a static magnetic field, which can exert forces against moving or spinning charges.
> Exerting force requires energy, no?
What do mean by 'exerting'? Generally the answer is 'no'. Magnetic fields will bend the motion of charged particles.
> Where is the energy in a magnet?
A magnetic field has an energy density everywhere in space proportional to the square of the field strength.
Where did it come from in a permanent magnet? It happens that electrons, on their own, naturally make a magnetic field because they are born that way and they can't ever stop doing that. But almost all of the time, electrons are pointing in random directions so their fields cancel and don't add up to very much. Except in a permanent (ferromagnet) where certain unusual properties of the electron clouds in the compounds make it energetically favorable for certain electrons to line up in an organized formation in the same direction, whereas most of the time, it's the other way around, the lower energy state is when the electrons oppose one another so there's no big magnetic field. So in that case any energy in formation comes from the chemical reactions to make the material itself.
A magnet exerts force e.g. on another magnet. But exerting force doesn't require energy as long as nothing moves. Work (W) is force (F) times distance (s) (in direction of the force) W=F*s, so as long as s=0 no work is done, no Energy needed.
Imagine the magnetic attraction replaced by a (extended) spring between the two metal parts. As long as nothing moves no energy needs to be replenished in the spring. If the metal parts are allowed to move closer energy is transferred from the spring to those parts (or whatever holds them apart), to "replenish" the energy you need to pull the parts apart again. To get back to the starting configuration you need to put back in as much work as the magnets released previously (here i simplified the magnets somewhat: they shouldn't magnetize/demagnetize each other or any material, there'd be effects like hysteresis and you need to put some additional work in and get some heat out).
As to where the energy is "stored": it is in the magnetic field. When the magnets move closer together the magnetic field is in an altered configuration that requires less energy. The difference goes into the work W=F*s.
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