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Biologists Use Gene Editing To Store Movies In DNA (scientificamerican.com)

Posted by BeauHD on from the recorded-events dept.

New submitter elmohound writes: A recent paper in Nature describes how gene editing was used to store a digital movie into a bacterial population. The choice of subject is a nice hommage to Muybridge's 1887 photos. From a report via Scientific American: "The technical achievement, reported on July 12 in Nature, is a step towards creating cellular recording systems that are capable of encoding a series of events, says Seth Shipman, a synthetic biologist at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. To develop such a system, however, his team would need to establish a method for recording hundreds of events in a cell. Shipman and his colleagues, including Harvard geneticist George Church, harnessed the CRISPR-Cas immune system best known for enabling researchers to alter genomes with relative ease and accuracy. Shipman's team exploited the ability to capture snippets of DNA from invading viruses and store them in an organized array in the host genome. In nature, those snippets then target an enzyme to slice up the invader's DNA. The team designed its system so that these snippets corresponded to pixels in an image. The researchers encoded the shading of each pixel -- along with a barcode that indicated its position in the image -- into 33 DNA letters. Each frame of the movie consisted of 104 of these DNA fragments." You can view the movie here, which consists of five frames adapted from Muybridge's Human and Animal Locomotion series.

87 comments

  1. CRISPR is game changing tech by sg_oneill · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Although storing a *movie* in DNA isn't in it self particularly useful, this is an impressive feat and demonstrative of just how much of a revolution CRISPR really is. The golden age of gene tweaking we where promised is upon us. Now, what are we gonna do with it.

    --
    Excuse the Unicode crap in my posts. That's an apostrophe, and slashdot is busted.
    1. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by SpaghettiPattern · · Score: 1

      Now, what are we gonna do with it.

      Here here, an allusion to rule 34.

      --

      I hadn't the slightest objection to his spending his time planning massacres for the bourgeoisie... (P.G. Wodehouse)
    2. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by msauve · · Score: 1

      "The golden age of gene tweaking we where promised is upon us. Now, what are we gonna do with it."

      You don't watch The Walking Dead, do you?

      --
      "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    3. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Lol, funny thing is zombies are the least likely undesirable effect of gene editing... more likely debilitating illnesses because it's impossible to know for the purpose of some code when it literally grew there, it could have one or more current purposes which you may or may not figure out or it could just be some dormant cruft from our ancestors that you reawaken with disastrous incompatible effects.

    4. Re: CRISPR is game changing tech by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Bigger dicks.
      Bigger tits.

    5. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by burtosis · · Score: 1

      The obvious! I want a blue puppy with gills so I can take it in the pool with me. Also some jellyfish DNA so I can see him in the dark.

      Ok, ok. We will use it for something practical like bigger boobs.

    6. Re: CRISPR is game changing tech by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      Bigger asses!

      No, wait, we have already reached that goal, at least in the West...

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
    7. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Now, what are we gonna do with it?"

      Isn't it obvious? Think about it for a second.....what is it that has constituted the bulk of internet traffic from the very start? I'll give you a hint: it's a four letter word that starts with a letter "P" and ends with the letter "N". There is also an "O" and an "R" in there somewhere.

    8. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If it exists in fiction, we'll genecraft it and make porn with it?

    9. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Zombie apocalypse obviously.

    10. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by Killall+-9+Bash · · Score: 1

      How long till I can actually record something on a potato?

      --
      "Prediction: within 10 years, Windows will be a Linux distribution." Me, 7-6-2016
    11. Re: CRISPR is game changing tech by chuckugly · · Score: 1

      I thought that was what we were going to use 3D organ printing for.

    12. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by Rick+Schumann · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Try this experiment if you dare: Create a random-sized file full of random 8-bit numbers. Rename it to "TEST.COM" and try to run it. Do this many times. Eventually it'll do something that completely fries your computer, or at least does something Bad. That's what I'm afraid of, encoding miscellaneous things like movies into DNA strands.

    13. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by WallyL · · Score: 1

      My dad always said television would be the death of us. Now I know he was a prophet!

    14. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by swillden · · Score: 1

      Try this experiment if you dare: Create a random-sized file full of random 8-bit numbers. Rename it to "TEST.COM" and try to run it. Do this many times. Eventually it'll do something that completely fries your computer

      Only if your OS is badly broken. Most hardware these days is also pretty resilient to harm from bad code. That wasn't the case decades ago, when you could do things like slamming disk heads against their stops hard enough to break them.

      or at least does something Bad.

      Yeah, probably. Crash the machine, sure.. Screw up some of your data, maybe.

      What you describe is what security researchers call "fuzzing" and it's a very common (and useful) practice.

      That's what I'm afraid of, encoding miscellaneous things like movies into DNA strands.

      As opposed to the way nature does it, with random mutations and recombinations? Biologists cab put sequences that stop mRNA copying before their miscellaneous stuff. With "wild" DNA changes, there are no such checks.

      --
      Note to ACs: I usually delete AC replies without reading them. If you want to talk to me, log in.
    15. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Rename it to "TEST.COM" and try to run it. Do this many times. Eventually it'll do something that completely fries your computer, or at least does something Bad.

      I've do something like this, but it was faster and in a chroot() prison of course. Instead, you fork a process that runs the random code. When it dies, fork another to start where it left off. This is millions times faster than your method and still takes a long time to hit anything scary. I did this for a project in grad school and we managed to submit a couple kernel patches to fix some very odd bugs. I'm not worried about your method (way too slow). I'm not worried about this random DNA or the same reason. Now, if you made a virus that replicated and also tried making lots of random DNA, that would suck, but then again, nature already figured that trick out. Lots of things mutate rapidly to avoid our immune system. HIV and malaria both come to mind.

    16. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by rpavlicek · · Score: 1

      An excellent podcast from radiolab about CRISPR:

      http://www.radiolab.org/story/...

    17. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by Rick+Schumann · · Score: 1

      *shrug* you learn something new every day, I guess.
      But on the other hand, science seems to have "Wow, we never thought 'X' was possible!" moments all the time. Just sayin'..

    18. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by mrprogrammerman · · Score: 1

      You understand why that was an issue under DOS? A .com file is interpreted as machine instructions directly and any process could execute a dangerous instruction. It hasn't been an issue since the WinNT days because of protected mode which limits the set of instructions that a user process can execute.

    19. Re:CRISPR is game changing tech by sysrammer · · Score: 1

      Jurassic Park 7.

      --
      His ignorance covered the whole earth like a blanket, and there was hardly a hole in it anywhere. - Mark Twain
    20. Re: CRISPR is game changing tech by chuckugly · · Score: 1

      That would be huge in porn

  2. despite the missing monkey hymens.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    little miss dna cannot be wrong(ed)? cease fire stand down.. sing along.. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-kA3UtBj4M

  3. Part of a bigger agenda by Gravis+Zero · · Score: 1

    Encoding information in DNA is just one step toward achieving a larger goal: data logging into cell genomes. What Seth Shipman is trying figure out more about our brains like how neurons determine which type of thing to become. From his own page:

    Yet, despite identical genetics, the neurons in our brain are remarkably diverse at the molecular level – diversity that defines unique cellular properties (think morphology, localization, projection profile, and neurotransmitter type for example) that can be used to classify the mature cell into a category of cell-type.

    This video has more information.

    --
    Anons need not reply. Questions end with a question mark.
  4. What about the DMCA? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Can we let these cells replicate with inpunity?

    1. Re:What about the DMCA? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      sure. the added information doesn't encode for anything (at least i HOPE it doesn't encode for anything, like if three frames of a horse's ass just happens to give the e.coli the ability to eat through ceramic) and over time, replication errors will make the images fade. don't worry. this is like painting smileys on the sides of feral wolves. start worrying when they begin to mess with the wolves' programming.

  5. It's an unethical process. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Storing its modified DNA into animal or human maybe carcinogen.

    1. Re:It's an unethical process. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Only if they encode one of the Transformers movies

  6. The flesh. It should make the computer, uh crazy. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Seth Brundle: What am I working on? Uhh... I'm working on something that will change the world, and human life as we know it.

  7. Implications for the panspermia hypothesis by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 1

    Being able to record detailed data in a genome raises the question: has this already been done before?

    1. Re:Implications for the panspermia hypothesis by burtosis · · Score: 1

      Being able to record detailed data in a genome raises the question: has this already been done before?

      Yes. Star Trek season 6 episode 20

    2. Re:Implications for the panspermia hypothesis by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      Yes. We're some alien race's holiday movie archive. I, for example, am a trip to Venus. But hey, I don't complain, just imagine the poor guy that is the hellhole trip to Uranus.

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
    3. Re:Implications for the panspermia hypothesis by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 1

      The use of movie frames as data is just a proof of concept stunt of course, but what if that word-ending event everyone fears turns out to be some alien equivalent of the RIAA lobbing an asteroid into what they think is another race's pirate repository?

    4. Re:Implications for the panspermia hypothesis by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      I'm pretty sure there's already an interstellar lawsuit going on where it's become illegal in some solar systems to point with easy to remember names at our coordinates in space.

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
  8. Birth of Bene Gesserit by tavi.g · · Score: 1, Interesting

    Ever since I read the Dune series, Bene Gesserit was my favorite faction. To be able to draw upon the experience of your ancestors, have it within you and need no tech, what a treasure. And now, with these types of technology, I can't help but think how our knowledge could finally be encoded in our DNA. Think about being able to leave messages for your descendants encoded in your DNA. Or deeds, or a "species blockchain" that can record notable events.. Encoding brain-muscle memory for physical skills like martial arts or dancing.. what times to live in.

    Maybe we'll have a specialized tumor/organ at some point in our bodies, holding just artificially inserted data and the mechanism to read that data and output it to one of our senses. Or even an Nth sense: "read DNA memory". Finally, a way for our species' knowledge to survive even if civilization collapses.

    1. Re:Birth of Bene Gesserit by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      So... The Voice was just the advent of talkies?

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
    2. Re:Birth of Bene Gesserit by InterGuru · · Score: 1

      " have it within you and need no tech,"

      The technology to read DNA is complex. Who knows if we will have it in the future. Clay tablets may be limited, but they can be read by eye.

    3. Re:Birth of Bene Gesserit by Misagon · · Score: 1

      Blockchains you say? Then some kids in the future may truly be born rich.

      --
      "We mustn't be caught by surprise by our own advancing technology" -- Aldous Huxley
    4. Re:Birth of Bene Gesserit by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah, no. If DNA was capable of storing that much information then human babies wouldn't be born so comparatively helpless to any other species. They are born with few skills so that their brain can use up most of the DNA and energy.

      If DNA was capable of the things you describe then humans would both be smart and born able to at least walk. That isn't the case though. Somewhere along the line evolution gave up those early skills like walking in order to focus on intelligence.

      In short, it's highly unlikely DNA can encode all the magical things you're thinking about. At least not without disrupting other things.

    5. Re:Birth of Bene Gesserit by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Cells currently read DNA in order to produce proteins, so I think the GP meant that they would engineer the ability to take what the cells read and send that data to the brain.

    6. Re: Birth of Bene Gesserit by MarkH · · Score: 1

      "Maybe we'll have a specialized tumor/organ at some point in our bodies, holding just artificially inserted data and the mechanism to read that data and output it to one of our senses. Or even an Nth sense: "read DNA memory". Finally, a way for our species' knowledge to survive even if civilization collapses."

      As another dune fan this is awesome! On side note the first breast implant was done in 1895 to actress who had mastectomy but surgeon used a benign growth on spine as implant. So idea of using such things as data storage is not completely nuts.

  9. Biologists Use Gene Editing To Store Movies In DNA by rickyslashdot · · Score: 1

    Jeeez, guys - get a grip. This is equivalent to storing a dozen words - - - and stating that they have stored an encyclopedia.
    OK, so it's an animated GIF-like sequence - it's STILL ONLY FIVE IMAGES - NOT a FUCKING MOVIE ! ! !

    Granted, the technology will eventually graduate to the data density needed to actually STORE A MOVIE, it's still in it's early infant stage and just doesn't even come close to the article TITLE ! ! !

    Break out the mod points and have a ball, I'm karma flush - - - and THIS article deserves even WORSE than I stated - - - it's basically pure bull-shit sensationalism - - - and seems to have made it to the /. pages because it's a slow news day.

    --
    redneck geek
  10. finally by sad_ · · Score: 1

    the piracy tool we've all been waiting for!

    --
    On a long enough timeline, the survival rate for everyone drops to zero.
    1. Re:finally by CanEHdian · · Score: 1

      Indeed. And we'll be going back to the 1960s with "free love"... every time you don't only get to make out, you also expand your movie library!

      --
      When the copyright term is "forever minus a day", live every day like it's the last.
  11. LOOKS LIKE MEAT'S BACK ON THE MENU, BOYS! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    i am a blow up doll by trade

  12. Recovered data has errors by iampiti · · Score: 1

    It's worth noting that the recovered data has errors. You can see that the recovered images don't look exactly the same as the original ones. So, currently this would need redundant data and checksums to ve a viable storage medium

    1. Re:Recovered data has errors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      that's part of the nature of DNA, this was not meant to prove DNA as a useful digital storage medium, but our new capacity to edit DNA.

    2. Re:Recovered data has errors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The errors are more likely to come from reading the data back.

      The read error rate of sequencing machines vary greatly, but all are too high to rely on a single pass. Across the various technologies, read error rates range from something like 20% to about 0.001%. This means that per human genome you'd have about 3 million read errors. The next-gen high throughput sequencers also make it hard to get everything in the right order unless you have a scaffold to guide placement. We make up for it by having huge redundancy and just plain ignoring the errors...

      CRISPR approaches also have errors, but they tend to be locational rearrangements rather than sequence changes. Rearrangements can have massive repercussions so minimising these is vital for making CRISPR based therapies safe.

    3. Re:Recovered data has errors by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      Stories evolve. Just so you wait, in 5 or 6 generations, you'll shoot first.

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
  13. Re:Biologists Use Gene Editing To Store Movies In by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    shut THE FUCK up

  14. Re:Biologists Use Gene Editing To Store Movies In by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    They used the images of the horses runnning - what most historians would call....wait for it....

    The First Movie - because a Movie - stands for Moving Picture. It was only a few frames and that's what they used. Its super impressive to use CRISPR for this level of data storage that lasts across generations.

    If you don't understand it, great, show me your "movie" encoded into DNA.

  15. The Chase by dwarfking · · Score: 1

    So are we're going to be able to do what was in the Star Trek Next Generation episode The Chase or are we going to find it was already done to us?

  16. MPAA by onyxruby · · Score: 1

    I'm sure the lawyers are the RIAA and MPAA are already working on how to ruin this. Check for a job listing for a gene editing specialist. How does one ruin gene editing with DRM?

    1. Re:MPAA by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They'll claim trillions in potential losses and then go to court and ask for a pirate tax on any living being, like they did for storage media.

  17. I look forward to... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    When it's possible to record my own memories, and then use this technology to give my memories to my own children.

    Imagine beyond 3-4 years old and already having the knowledge and wisdom of someone 40-50 years old! And then having your kid take your memories, and HIS memories, and giving them all to HIS kid!

    Sure, there's going to be some bad stuff in there, but I imagine that if this became a culturally acceptable thing to do, there would probably be shrinks on hand to assist the main personality with establishing dominance over the others. They would probably also want to work hard to make the "psychopath" genes dominant rather than recessive as a good amount of literature suggests that true psychopaths are resistant to multiple personality disorders. Having a lifetime (or several) lifetimes of experiences may also assist the "psychopath" in making decisions that are beneficial to their respective communities. In most modern societies, psychopaths tend to become politicians, CEOs, managers, members of the military (this can actually be a good thing in some cases; it's probably safe to say many members of elite groups are psychopaths, and on some management levels, people need to be able to make hard decisions while still being able to sleep at night), and criminals, of course.

    I think it would be cool to not only exist as my kid's source of genetic material, but to also continue to exist in a sort-of living format in the minds of my descendants. I'd be immortal!

  18. Obviously by Chris+Mattern · · Score: 1

    They're going to store Gattaca

  19. The ultimate joke by Opportunist · · Score: 1

    Just think how we'll laugh when we learn that our whole existence is due to some alien race wanting to store their Saturday morning cartoons.

    --
    We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
  20. 33 DNA letters? by seven+of+five · · Score: 1

    You mean "T," "G," "A," "C?"

    1. Re:33 DNA letters? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I understand it to mean 33 instances of those letters, in various combinations.

      For example, a fairly combination might be 20 occurrences of T followed by 13 occurrences of G.

  21. Side Effects by sanosuke001 · · Score: 2

    Is there any chance that this "random" set of DNA sequences would create an invasive and deadly pathogen? Wouldn't it be dangerous to just blindly put together random DNA snippets into a microorganism? Storing DNA by itself seems fair but inside a living, evolving, and reproducing organism seems a bit short-sighted...

    --
    -SaNo
    1. Re:Side Effects by sinij · · Score: 1

      Chances of this happening is about equal to mp4 file accidentally turning into a worm or malware. Possible, but only if you subscribe to multiverse theory.

    2. Re:Side Effects by sinij · · Score: 2

      On this note, what would be really interesting is inserting malware into your own genes, so when someone attempt to analyze your DNA it wipe the system.

      I bet no genetic analysis software sanitizes input. What is DNA code for "=-1; DROP ALL TABLES; --"? As soon as I finish editing, I am going on a crime spree!

    3. Re:Side Effects by Jason+Levine · · Score: 1

      Could someone encode something in these genes that makes a person do something really annoying? And then infect random peop---

      Never gonna give you up, never gonna let you down
      Never gonna run around and desert you
      Never gonna make you cry, never gonna say goodbye
      Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you

      Wait, what was I saying again?

      --
      My sci-fi novel, Ghost Thief, is now available from Amazon.com.
    4. Re:Side Effects by sinij · · Score: 1

      It is likely possible (but we don't yet know how) change your reflexive responses. For example, change your stress response to cough instead of sweating. It is unlikely you can be specific enough to encode complex linguistic message in such reflexive response. The issue is that while we might understand language, the way it is encoded is unique to each individual - it is higher function. So to make someone spontaneously burst into Rickroll would also require making rickroll into reflexive response.

      If you are set to do this, the only likely avenue is to change impulse control and then increase predisposition to liking rickroll-like songs. However, there is no guarantee that it will end up rickroll, and not something else, and that behavior would be present every time. It will likely end up working like Turret, but with verses.

  22. But the question is... by OpenSourced · · Score: 1

    ..did they have the copyright?

    --
    Rome taught me patience and assiduous application to detail. Virtues which temper the boldness of great, general views.
  23. Cool tech, but safe? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It's incredibly cool that the technology has reached the point where DNA becomes a digital storage medium, essentially. It's also incredibly scary to think we're creating biologicals of unknown danger to the rest of life on the planet, to create just another storage media that ultimately someone's going to put porn on. Is it truly an advance, when we dare no risk the advance leaving the lab, for fear of what will happen?

    On the other hand, I wonder what kind of upgrade some John Wick video stored on a germ might do to me. Maybe radioactive spiders aren't needed anymore...

  24. Uh oh by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Someone is going to make a movie which encodes to a killer virus.

  25. piracy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    how do we pirate movies from dna?!?

    1. Re:piracy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      First things first, you'd need a DNA encoder de-scrambler.

  26. in Darwins second evolution book by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The prominent role of sexual selection.

    Many human adults can no long run [hunt] naked without artificial support for exaggerated sexual organs.

  27. Hard Disk stores gene infomration by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Somehow that's not a headline, but a hard disk is a more efficient and durable place to store information. Sure DNA might be storing information at a molecular level but storing information and preserving, validating, and retreiving information quickly also matter. I think where DNA starts to get interesting is when you compute with it. Even there it's not clear it will ever be better or denser that alternatives.

  28. Writing DNA thousand times slower than reading it by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Church had conference a couple years ago to increase R&D on the writing (synthetic biology) side.

  29. Does the quality of the movie by Dirk+Becher · · Score: 1

    correlate with the deadliness of the virus? If yes, we should quarantine Transfomers 5 at once.

  30. finally the perfect setting for pauly shore by jsepeta · · Score: 1

    I commend scientists for finding a way to preserve the artistic integrity of Pauly Shore films through the decades using humans as the easily-reproduceable copies. In this way our robotic overlords can enjoy the hackneyed talent for millennia to come.

    --
    Remember kids, if you're not paying for the service, YOU ARE THE PRODUCT THAT IS BEING SOLD.
  31. Distribution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Now wait for those blood torrents.

  32. Obligatory SMBC reference by azrael29a · · Score: 1

    Obligatory SMBC reference: SMBC about gene editing

  33. Re:Biologists Use Gene Editing To Store Movies In by Jason+Levine · · Score: 1

    The first phone call consisted of a few words transmitted a short distance. The first movie was a short series of moving images. The first movie with people talking didn't have much dialogue in it. The first computers had pitiful storage space by modern standards and took up entire rooms.

    The "First" of something is always very limited. You're not going to get the DNA equivalent of a Blu-Ray Player from the first storage of a movie in DNA. However, as more people work on it and more advances are made, larger amounts of data will be stored until a "DNA Movie Player" becomes feasible.

    --
    My sci-fi novel, Ghost Thief, is now available from Amazon.com.
  34. Zombie movies by Rick+Schumann · · Score: 1

    Just don't encode any zombie movies into DNA. Just in case.

  35. Hard disks of the gods by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I am now convinced that all humans and all living organisms are just a powerful type of storage medium of the gods.

  36. Biologists lamented.. by meglon · · Score: 1

    ...it was far more difficult to find a movie worth storing at all.

    --
    Fascism: An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. See also: NAZI's
  37. Honey, it's not what you think by BLToday · · Score: 1

    I wasn't exchanging bodily fluids with her. We were exchanging movies. You want to watch the new Wonder Woman movie?

  38. You are what you watch.. by LesserWeevil · · Score: 1

    I feel that movie in every fibre of my being. Literally.

  39. Mutations by manu0601 · · Score: 1

    The movie beings no benefit to bacteria, hence it will be slowly killed by mutations. I do not see how such a storage system could work without freezing the storage bacteria.

    1. Re:Mutations by manu0601 · · Score: 1

      The movie beings no benefit to bacteria, hence it will be slowly killed by mutations

      To be precise: "it" refers to the movie, here. The bacteria will be fine.

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