http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xv_04-2010.en-us.pdf Targeted attacks focus on enterprises Targeted attacks using advanced persistent threats (APT) that occurred in 2009 made headlines in early 2010.6 Most notable of these was the Hydraq Trojan (a.k.a., Aurora).7 In January 2010, reports emerged that dozens of large companies had been compromised by attackers using this Trojan.8 While these attacks were not novel in approach, they highlighted the methods by which large enterprises could be compromised.
The point being, enterprise is vulnerable. It isn't just the home user who is targeted, nor is it just the home user that is compromised. Malware costs corporate America billions every year. How many billions is debateable - one alarmist estimate places it at hundreds of billions, and others pooh-pooh that with overly conservative estimates.
Fact is, enterprises are compromised almost every day.
There's a difference between your freind telling another freind about something "private", and a corporation mining the same data, then selling it. And, in effect, that is what Facebook and their developers are doing. For profit snooping vs regular blabber mouth snooping. Pretty much the same difference between profesion software pirates who burn thousands of copies for distribution, and the private home user who downloads a pirated copy of MS Office. Even Microsoft understands the difference between those two pirates.
1: it's from Microsoft, hence, the nontechies will trust it to run well (The old mentality that "detroit knows best" when it comes to cars) 2: my testing indicates that MSSE is at least as effective as the "free" AV's, and possibly equal to the best paid AV's 3: the semi-computer literate can quickly find that MSSE is far less demanding of resources than almost any other AV and 4: it's another "free" product which appeals to millions of people - AND any Bing search will probably turn up MSSE ahead of the competition
I've tested MSSE on XP and Win7, and quickly decided that it was more than sufficient for any virtual machine which I chose to protect. Disclaimer: I've not put MSSE to the test in any real world enterprise situation, subjecting it to unwanted testing by hackers/crackers/scriptkiddies.
I've avoided using OpenID for pretty much the reasons people are getting pissed at Facebook. Who controls the data you enter into an OpenID account? Isn't it Microsoft?
Yeah, I have an ID, but it's not tied to much of anything. When I go somewhere that offers to log me in with an OpenID I almost always decline, and start fresh with a new identity.
Whew - people are complaining about Facebook, and someone counters with an OpenID. That seems ironic to me!
Long, long, long ago, I was out of town, and my laptop got dicked. I wasn't about to pay for a new Windows disk, nor did I have time or money to have a professional fix it. I went into a computer shop, talked awhile, and came out with an OnTrack SystemSuite disk, for which I paid about 15 bucks. Booted to it, ran the AV utility, and found nothing. Ran the rest of the utilities, and found that an improper shutdown had corrupted my MBR. Fixed the MBR, and booted up. Money well spent.
And, yes, you are right. That is precisely what the rest of the AV industry needs to peddle. If you can't boot to a clean environment, you're just screwed, whether it be virus problems, or any number of other problems.
Your evaluation of Trollaxor's article is spot on. Opening sentence tells us that his computer is left idle for "weeks at a time" - which might be a fortnight, or six months, or even a year. If he returns to his computer after weeks away from it, the system is going to offer updates anyway - be it Windows or Linux. The computing world doesn't stop just because he has his head up some mummy's ass, or whatever the hell he does at a dig. Hmmmm. Wonder what his wife or girlfreind is doing during all those weeks he is making chummy with old dead boners - I meant bones . . . .
Das Auge made a reasonable statement - and you respond with that old stupidity. "It's all about market share". Windows NT security model is in now way, shape, or form, "superior" to *nix security model. It is true that Linux gains a bit of security through obscurity. Market share does play a role. But I've said it before, I'll say it again: Linux systems, worldwide, guard more money and data than it would take to make thousands of hackers filthy rich. If it were easy, they would have done it already, instead of fighting over that huge Windows market share.
Now, wait a second. Those old CYOA books were about the cheesiest ripoffs that I can remember from my teen years. I don't think I ever picked one up that was really worth a dollar. What, ten, fifteen minutes amusement? If you start over, you get another five minutes. And, Amazon wants 5 bucks and more? For the ELECTRONIC version? Phhht.
"Like Marx Heinlein gets in some good jabs at democratic societies, and like Marx the alternative he suggests would be a nightmare if implemented."
Alright - first, allow me to point out that Heinlein's world in Starship Troopers represents a relatively stable world, AFTER they emerge from the real nighmare of anarchy.
But, that wasn't your point, nor is it mine.
I question whether that "nightmare" of Heinlein's world is any worse than what we have today. I mean, look at the United States. Unemployment is over 20% http://www.shadowstats.com/ It seems that more people get welfare in various forms than actually work in this country. We see at least one state nearly paralyzed with the issue of illegal aliens. 1 in ten adult males are incarcerated and/or in the "criminal justice" system as a parolee, probation, or whatever.
The world in which 'Starship Troopers' is based actually looks pretty appealing to me.
But then, one man's meat is another man's poison, right? In Heinlein's world, I have already earned my citizenship, and I have the right to look down on the mere peons. In our world, here and now, there are any number of people who have more rights than I have, and my service to my country means just about squat.
The problem today is, we aren't dealing with a government. We are dealing with idealogues, zealots, and radicals.
Now, take another look at Germany and Japan, and the rest of the Axis powers. Have the allies succeeded in stamping out the ideas of Nazism, and the divinity of the Emperor? Today, there are more skinheads, neonazis, and white supremacists here at home and around the world, than there were in 1940. Japan's Emperor is still a divine figure, if diminished in power.
No government has the power to root out an ideology, and crush it. And, I hope that no government ever does get that power.
The real problem is, there aren't nearly enough voices protesting ACTA. Google will be listened to, but there are to many other big money voices clamoring in favor of ACTA. Google will be bullied and whipped into conformance. Understand that ACTA seems to have the backing of some of the deepest pockets in the United States, and around the world - not to mention the United States government.
Google may have enough clout to temper some of the most vile clauses of ACTA, but IMHO, ACTA is going through, and it's going to suck galaxies of money through garden hoses.
"do we quarantine Mars so that we don't contaminate the native life there?"
Of course not. Are you nucking PHUTTS? If there's life on Mars, or anywhere else, we'll CULTIVATE it and EAT IT!! Do you know what nutrients those Martian slugs need? Mine aren't doing so well, right now. Maybe a little acetic acid?
Because, obviously, MPAA didn't sell the box. They didn't invest in the box, they didn't distribute the box, they have no say in the box. At least Apple is only meddling with stuff they sold - rightly or wrongly. You will note that I'm not defending or justifying Apple's way of doing business - I'm merely pointing out an obvious distinction.
I'm up to that challenge. Ten seconds per frame. You are not the sysadmin you claim to be. Get off your dead ass, download all of the virtualization softwares, and TEST THEM!! Really put them through their paces.
I'll grant that you lose a bit of performance in virtual machines. I'll grant that *some* games just won't virtualize. But, many games will load and run, and they do MUCH, MUCH, MUCH better than you claim. And, it's very likely that the developers of VBox, VMWare, and Parallels are working on the problems with some of the games. Hell, I can't really say that they are, but it's quite likely, IMO.
A LOT of games run very nicely. They are just applications, after all.
Just put them through their paces, and stop making ignorant comments. And, next year, take another look. The VM's are really getting better. VBox today is NOT the VBox of one year ago. Given another ~5 years, GP's post may very well be accurate, in that ALL games can be virtualized inside of Linux.
I think it's sweet that I can already run a Windows machine to browse all the malware sites, and collect all the real trash available, to play with at my leisure, then just reset the VM to a snapshot. Awesome!! Talk about real gaming, LMAO
Hell, I didn't know about it, so I've never bought it!! I'm not a real game player, I mostly just play the free games that come through the repositories. I've heard of Goo, but never played it. The others, I've not even heard of!!
I may give them a try, and see what I think of them.
It's been about 6 years since I've been to Ohio. I didn't have any idea that they were considering changing the law. 65 is pretty good. I'm quite certain that the death toll has gone down now that the speed limit is the same for everyone. I'll have to check on it.
I grew up in Pennsylvania, where we had a whole lot of stupid laws. But, at least we didn't have that idiotic split speed law!
The beltways are pretty special. As many as 8 lanes going in one direction. No, no one expects you to cruise in the rightmost lane. Cruising should be in the second and third right most lane, and the speed should increase as you move left. It doesn't change the rule stated by GP.
As for smaller city and urban highways (less than 4 lanes each way) the rules don't change either. Merging and slower traffic on the right, faster traffic on the left. If everyone did this, the traffic jams called "commutes" would be less severe, and wouldn't last as long. Every idiot who violates this most basic of rules adds a couple seconds to the endless traffic jams. Doesn't matter if it's D.C., L.A., Chicago, Houston, or wherever.
Everyone wants to think that his situation is special, and that he needs to change to rules to meet his needs, but everyone is an idiot too.
You sound to me like a douche who shouldn't be allowed to drive. I KNOW that there are signs in Arizona that state that the left lane is for passing only. It doesn't matter whether you've seen them - maybe you should pay more attention. It doesn't even matter if those signs are posted on the specific stretches of highway that you drive on. You OBVIOUSLY know that it's the law, and the right way to drive.
If coping with traffic is to much for you, then quit driving. Get an apartment within walking distance of your job. Or, biking distance.
GET THE FUCK OUT OF THE LEFT LANE UNLESS YOU ARE PASSING!!!
85th percentile. Do you have any idea how long it has been since I've seen or heard another person use the term? On the rare occasion that I use it, people get this vacuous look on their faces. "What the HELL is he talking about!?!?!"
I question the "usually appropriate" bit. As a former truck driver, I've witnessed and read, many many many times, the problems with a "split speed limit". That's where automobiles are allowed to run 65 to 75 mph, while trucks are limited to 55. Entirely inappropriate. The goal is not safety, but revenue.
No one with even an introduction to highway engineering courses could EVER advocate of justify split speed limits.
The state of Arizona, several years ago, was considering using a split speed limit, especially near Phoenix. They had the University of Arizona to do a study, and the university sent them an unequivocal answer: "Don't do it, it will cost LIVES!!"
Meanwhile, states like Ohio, Illinois, and California continue to kill people with idiotic speed limit laws.
Tom Cruise and the CoC(k) people aren't batshit crazy. They are much more disgusting that bat guana. Batshit crazy is apt for a world class chess player who has gone round the bend. Most politicians who go off the deep end are much more commonplace - they are dogshit crazy!;^)
Beavers are cool - but they can also be a nuisance. My brother in law has been paid by landowners to clear beaver from various creeks and streams. All legal, and in accordance with state wildlife regulations, mind you. The fur sells well, and the meat grows strong, healthy dogs. I never asked him why he didn't eat the meat himself. I guess it doesn't taste very good. But, yeah, beavers are cool. They do have an odor that I don't like very much. Not a bad odor, just a musky scent that I don't like. I'm just as happy to leave them in the water, where they belong.
I'm well aware of continental drift. Those tropical ferns in Antarctica? They weren't all fossils. Years ago, I read an article about those ice cores in antarctica, complete with pictures of the crews standing beside the cores lying on the ice. They had tropical ferns that had been frozen overnight, and never thawed out. Obviously, climate change had caught those plants in ice, literally. I can't remember now if it Life magazine, Times, or what it was. But, I sat and read the article, fascinated. Tropical ferns under the ice - not rotten sludge that they had identifed as coming from tropical ferns, not fossils, nothing of the sort. Readily identifiable quick-frozen ferns.
It's not possible that they couldn't afford professional statisticians, or whatever else they need. Governments the world around are throwing money at the "problem", if for no other reason than to get off the hook with voters. Private people and organizations have sent money out the ass to them, and that carbon credit thingy seems to have taken off. The money is there - it's not being spent wisely.
Of course, I question whether the people who evaluated the CRU were competent to evaluate the "science". There is little doubt that most of the researchers believe in what they are saying. The real doubt is who, if anyone, is competent to evaluate all the research being done.
FFS, we have ample evidence that dinosaurs roamed the norther part of the United States, and that they lived in jungles and rain forests. Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas, not to mention the southern tier of states, have so many fossils, you can't help stumbling over them!
Slashdot Mirror
Now, THAT is cool! I love it! If we had huge smile smilies, I'd go emo on you, LMAO
http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xv_04-2010.en-us.pdf
Targeted attacks focus on enterprises
Targeted attacks using advanced persistent threats (APT) that occurred in 2009 made headlines in early
2010.6 Most notable of these was the Hydraq Trojan (a.k.a., Aurora).7 In January 2010, reports emerged
that dozens of large companies had been compromised by attackers using this Trojan.8 While these attacks
were not novel in approach, they highlighted the methods by which large enterprises could be compromised.
http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2010/01/significant_wor.html;jsessionid=KDF2YBU4HXNKLQE1GHPCKH4ATMY32JVN
http://manageddatacenter.searchdatacenter.com/taxonomy/taxkey;root_1387_1332_204/DC-category.htm
Current FBI estimates indicate that malicious software and attacks targeting identity theft cost American businesses and consumers more than $50 billion a year. (note BUSINESSES)
The point being, enterprise is vulnerable. It isn't just the home user who is targeted, nor is it just the home user that is compromised. Malware costs corporate America billions every year. How many billions is debateable - one alarmist estimate places it at hundreds of billions, and others pooh-pooh that with overly conservative estimates.
Fact is, enterprises are compromised almost every day.
There's a difference between your freind telling another freind about something "private", and a corporation mining the same data, then selling it. And, in effect, that is what Facebook and their developers are doing. For profit snooping vs regular blabber mouth snooping. Pretty much the same difference between profesion software pirates who burn thousands of copies for distribution, and the private home user who downloads a pirated copy of MS Office. Even Microsoft understands the difference between those two pirates.
MSSE is important for the following reasons:
1: it's from Microsoft, hence, the nontechies will trust it to run well (The old mentality that "detroit knows best" when it comes to cars)
2: my testing indicates that MSSE is at least as effective as the "free" AV's, and possibly equal to the best paid AV's
3: the semi-computer literate can quickly find that MSSE is far less demanding of resources than almost any other AV
and
4: it's another "free" product which appeals to millions of people - AND any Bing search will probably turn up MSSE ahead of the competition
I've tested MSSE on XP and Win7, and quickly decided that it was more than sufficient for any virtual machine which I chose to protect. Disclaimer: I've not put MSSE to the test in any real world enterprise situation, subjecting it to unwanted testing by hackers/crackers/scriptkiddies.
I've avoided using OpenID for pretty much the reasons people are getting pissed at Facebook. Who controls the data you enter into an OpenID account? Isn't it Microsoft?
Yeah, I have an ID, but it's not tied to much of anything. When I go somewhere that offers to log me in with an OpenID I almost always decline, and start fresh with a new identity.
Whew - people are complaining about Facebook, and someone counters with an OpenID. That seems ironic to me!
Long, long, long ago, I was out of town, and my laptop got dicked. I wasn't about to pay for a new Windows disk, nor did I have time or money to have a professional fix it. I went into a computer shop, talked awhile, and came out with an OnTrack SystemSuite disk, for which I paid about 15 bucks. Booted to it, ran the AV utility, and found nothing. Ran the rest of the utilities, and found that an improper shutdown had corrupted my MBR. Fixed the MBR, and booted up. Money well spent.
And, yes, you are right. That is precisely what the rest of the AV industry needs to peddle. If you can't boot to a clean environment, you're just screwed, whether it be virus problems, or any number of other problems.
Your evaluation of Trollaxor's article is spot on. Opening sentence tells us that his computer is left idle for "weeks at a time" - which might be a fortnight, or six months, or even a year. If he returns to his computer after weeks away from it, the system is going to offer updates anyway - be it Windows or Linux. The computing world doesn't stop just because he has his head up some mummy's ass, or whatever the hell he does at a dig. Hmmmm. Wonder what his wife or girlfreind is doing during all those weeks he is making chummy with old dead boners - I meant bones . . . .
Das Auge made a reasonable statement - and you respond with that old stupidity. "It's all about market share". Windows NT security model is in now way, shape, or form, "superior" to *nix security model. It is true that Linux gains a bit of security through obscurity. Market share does play a role. But I've said it before, I'll say it again: Linux systems, worldwide, guard more money and data than it would take to make thousands of hackers filthy rich. If it were easy, they would have done it already, instead of fighting over that huge Windows market share.
Now, wait a second. Those old CYOA books were about the cheesiest ripoffs that I can remember from my teen years. I don't think I ever picked one up that was really worth a dollar. What, ten, fifteen minutes amusement? If you start over, you get another five minutes. And, Amazon wants 5 bucks and more? For the ELECTRONIC version? Phhht.
Who said, "There's a sucker born every minute"?
"Like Marx Heinlein gets in some good jabs at democratic societies, and like Marx the alternative he suggests would be a nightmare if implemented."
Alright - first, allow me to point out that Heinlein's world in Starship Troopers represents a relatively stable world, AFTER they emerge from the real nighmare of anarchy.
But, that wasn't your point, nor is it mine.
I question whether that "nightmare" of Heinlein's world is any worse than what we have today. I mean, look at the United States. Unemployment is over 20% http://www.shadowstats.com/ It seems that more people get welfare in various forms than actually work in this country. We see at least one state nearly paralyzed with the issue of illegal aliens. 1 in ten adult males are incarcerated and/or in the "criminal justice" system as a parolee, probation, or whatever.
The world in which 'Starship Troopers' is based actually looks pretty appealing to me.
But then, one man's meat is another man's poison, right? In Heinlein's world, I have already earned my citizenship, and I have the right to look down on the mere peons. In our world, here and now, there are any number of people who have more rights than I have, and my service to my country means just about squat.
The problem today is, we aren't dealing with a government. We are dealing with idealogues, zealots, and radicals.
Now, take another look at Germany and Japan, and the rest of the Axis powers. Have the allies succeeded in stamping out the ideas of Nazism, and the divinity of the Emperor? Today, there are more skinheads, neonazis, and white supremacists here at home and around the world, than there were in 1940. Japan's Emperor is still a divine figure, if diminished in power.
No government has the power to root out an ideology, and crush it. And, I hope that no government ever does get that power.
I agree, and I disagree.
The real problem is, there aren't nearly enough voices protesting ACTA. Google will be listened to, but there are to many other big money voices clamoring in favor of ACTA. Google will be bullied and whipped into conformance. Understand that ACTA seems to have the backing of some of the deepest pockets in the United States, and around the world - not to mention the United States government.
Google may have enough clout to temper some of the most vile clauses of ACTA, but IMHO, ACTA is going through, and it's going to suck galaxies of money through garden hoses.
"do we quarantine Mars so that we don't contaminate the native life there?"
Of course not. Are you nucking PHUTTS? If there's life on Mars, or anywhere else, we'll CULTIVATE it and EAT IT!! Do you know what nutrients those Martian slugs need? Mine aren't doing so well, right now. Maybe a little acetic acid?
Because, obviously, MPAA didn't sell the box. They didn't invest in the box, they didn't distribute the box, they have no say in the box. At least Apple is only meddling with stuff they sold - rightly or wrongly. You will note that I'm not defending or justifying Apple's way of doing business - I'm merely pointing out an obvious distinction.
I'm up to that challenge. Ten seconds per frame. You are not the sysadmin you claim to be. Get off your dead ass, download all of the virtualization softwares, and TEST THEM!! Really put them through their paces.
I'll grant that you lose a bit of performance in virtual machines. I'll grant that *some* games just won't virtualize. But, many games will load and run, and they do MUCH, MUCH, MUCH better than you claim. And, it's very likely that the developers of VBox, VMWare, and Parallels are working on the problems with some of the games. Hell, I can't really say that they are, but it's quite likely, IMO.
A LOT of games run very nicely. They are just applications, after all.
Just put them through their paces, and stop making ignorant comments. And, next year, take another look. The VM's are really getting better. VBox today is NOT the VBox of one year ago. Given another ~5 years, GP's post may very well be accurate, in that ALL games can be virtualized inside of Linux.
I think it's sweet that I can already run a Windows machine to browse all the malware sites, and collect all the real trash available, to play with at my leisure, then just reset the VM to a snapshot. Awesome!! Talk about real gaming, LMAO
Hell, I didn't know about it, so I've never bought it!! I'm not a real game player, I mostly just play the free games that come through the repositories. I've heard of Goo, but never played it. The others, I've not even heard of!!
I may give them a try, and see what I think of them.
It's been about 6 years since I've been to Ohio. I didn't have any idea that they were considering changing the law. 65 is pretty good. I'm quite certain that the death toll has gone down now that the speed limit is the same for everyone. I'll have to check on it.
I grew up in Pennsylvania, where we had a whole lot of stupid laws. But, at least we didn't have that idiotic split speed law!
The beltways are pretty special. As many as 8 lanes going in one direction. No, no one expects you to cruise in the rightmost lane. Cruising should be in the second and third right most lane, and the speed should increase as you move left. It doesn't change the rule stated by GP.
As for smaller city and urban highways (less than 4 lanes each way) the rules don't change either. Merging and slower traffic on the right, faster traffic on the left. If everyone did this, the traffic jams called "commutes" would be less severe, and wouldn't last as long. Every idiot who violates this most basic of rules adds a couple seconds to the endless traffic jams. Doesn't matter if it's D.C., L.A., Chicago, Houston, or wherever.
Everyone wants to think that his situation is special, and that he needs to change to rules to meet his needs, but everyone is an idiot too.
You sound to me like a douche who shouldn't be allowed to drive. I KNOW that there are signs in Arizona that state that the left lane is for passing only. It doesn't matter whether you've seen them - maybe you should pay more attention. It doesn't even matter if those signs are posted on the specific stretches of highway that you drive on. You OBVIOUSLY know that it's the law, and the right way to drive.
If coping with traffic is to much for you, then quit driving. Get an apartment within walking distance of your job. Or, biking distance.
GET THE FUCK OUT OF THE LEFT LANE UNLESS YOU ARE PASSING!!!
85th percentile. Do you have any idea how long it has been since I've seen or heard another person use the term? On the rare occasion that I use it, people get this vacuous look on their faces. "What the HELL is he talking about!?!?!"
Thank you, Sir.
I question the "usually appropriate" bit. As a former truck driver, I've witnessed and read, many many many times, the problems with a "split speed limit". That's where automobiles are allowed to run 65 to 75 mph, while trucks are limited to 55. Entirely inappropriate. The goal is not safety, but revenue.
No one with even an introduction to highway engineering courses could EVER advocate of justify split speed limits.
The state of Arizona, several years ago, was considering using a split speed limit, especially near Phoenix. They had the University of Arizona to do a study, and the university sent them an unequivocal answer: "Don't do it, it will cost LIVES!!"
Meanwhile, states like Ohio, Illinois, and California continue to kill people with idiotic speed limit laws.
Tom Cruise and the CoC(k) people aren't batshit crazy. They are much more disgusting that bat guana. Batshit crazy is apt for a world class chess player who has gone round the bend. Most politicians who go off the deep end are much more commonplace - they are dogshit crazy! ;^)
Beavers are cool - but they can also be a nuisance. My brother in law has been paid by landowners to clear beaver from various creeks and streams. All legal, and in accordance with state wildlife regulations, mind you. The fur sells well, and the meat grows strong, healthy dogs. I never asked him why he didn't eat the meat himself. I guess it doesn't taste very good. But, yeah, beavers are cool. They do have an odor that I don't like very much. Not a bad odor, just a musky scent that I don't like. I'm just as happy to leave them in the water, where they belong.
I'm well aware of continental drift. Those tropical ferns in Antarctica? They weren't all fossils. Years ago, I read an article about those ice cores in antarctica, complete with pictures of the crews standing beside the cores lying on the ice. They had tropical ferns that had been frozen overnight, and never thawed out. Obviously, climate change had caught those plants in ice, literally. I can't remember now if it Life magazine, Times, or what it was. But, I sat and read the article, fascinated. Tropical ferns under the ice - not rotten sludge that they had identifed as coming from tropical ferns, not fossils, nothing of the sort. Readily identifiable quick-frozen ferns.
Continents don't drift THAT fast!!
It's not possible that they couldn't afford professional statisticians, or whatever else they need. Governments the world around are throwing money at the "problem", if for no other reason than to get off the hook with voters. Private people and organizations have sent money out the ass to them, and that carbon credit thingy seems to have taken off. The money is there - it's not being spent wisely.
Of course, I question whether the people who evaluated the CRU were competent to evaluate the "science". There is little doubt that most of the researchers believe in what they are saying. The real doubt is who, if anyone, is competent to evaluate all the research being done.
FFS, we have ample evidence that dinosaurs roamed the norther part of the United States, and that they lived in jungles and rain forests. Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas, not to mention the southern tier of states, have so many fossils, you can't help stumbling over them!