And a little googling revealed some explanations for reciprocity failure.
Anyway, reciprocity failure exists at both ends of light intensity. Not just at low intensities, and the reasons are different.
Normally, light intensity should be such that electrons are released at about the same rate as that as which silver ions are attracted to them so the rates of trapping and neutralizing are about the same. Under these conditions the surface silver sulphide traps are favored and soon after one trap starts collecting silver atoms, it would continue at the expense of other traps. This forms the surface (surface of the crystal grain) latent image, which can be developed later.
At high light intensities (e.g. very fast shutter speeds), a dense electron cloud is formed instead. This cloud saturates every electron trap, both on the surface and inside the halide grains. The short exposure time is insufficient to allow many cycles of electron trapping and silver ion neutralization at any one site. The photolytic silver (silver atoms formed by light) are therefore scattered ineffectually throughout the grain, instead of being concentrated in one or two image development centers. This give rise to high-intensity reciprocity failure.
For low light intensity reciprocity, the problem is that a single atom of silver formed on a silver sulphide speck is unstable. The lone silver atom can too easily lose an electron and revert back to being a silver ion. During normal exposures the latent image formation reinforces the silver atoms formed by electron absorption and silver ion neutralization at neighboring sites, to give stable "clumps" of neutral silver atoms.
At low light intensities, where the latent image builds up relatively slowly, the instability of isolated silver atoms has a serious effect. The absorbed electron can escape and recombine with a bromide atom, thus undoing the work that the photon had done, or the electron may be temporarily trapped in an inefficient site in the center of the crystal.
Those tables were figured out by linear regressions based on experimentally obtained data. There is no physical model of film that explains why this happens, it "just does."
Hint, hint, models often come from experimentally obtained data, there's nothing abnormal about that.
That's when your exposure SHOULD be one thing by mathematics, but it doesn't come out right - so you have to change it to something else that SHOULD be wrong instead.
Erm...
All it means is that the mathematical model the camera is using is only valid for typical situations. Like a lot of things, the reciprocity characteristics of film can be modeled in various ways. If you might recall from your math courses, models are typically valid for only a given domain. For example, we might model a non-linear system of differential equations by pretending it's a linear system around a certain point. The model we develop for that point is not necessarily going to be valid anywhere else. The same is true for the reciprocity models. The tables are only good for certain values. Beyond that, correction is needed. I'd really like to see some smart chemist or mathematician try to figure that one out!
It is figured out because there are tables and tables of reciprocity data.
Yea, I don't think you can base anything on where someone sits. I generally have a good idea of what's going on and I sit up front. I try to never assume that I "know my stuff." Being over confident in engineering is a good way to get a rude wake up call at some point in your schooling -- or to graduate with a sweet 2.0. In either case, no thanks.
Maybe you don't understand what it is the OP does. Professional traders are not the same as day traders. Professional traders are one of the reasons the market actually functions. Then again, certain important people in the industry, such as David Shawhave said that "A lot of people in the business do things that should be done by computers." No doubt we keep getting closer to that point, but professional traders are and probably will be needed.
Re:Multiplay lan games have a no file sharing poli
on
Threshold for Piracy?
·
· Score: 1
How do you propose to do that without Layer 3 (read: relatively expensive) switching?
Be on the lookout for web services that are up for a few days, get/.'ed, and go poof. You can thank Gates for that.
No, you can thank poor administration and low bandwidth for that. Default Apache isn't going to stand up to a Slashdotting more than IIS. Would I run IIS? No. But that's besides the point.
Um, I'm pretty sure S/PDIF is also the name for the physical connector, namely the RCA plug type of digital audio connector. The data is encoded as Dolby Digital, PCM, or whatever.
Of course, I'm no stereo nut so I could be wrong.
Yes, you are wrong. S/PDIF is effectively the data format. It can run over TOSLINK or 75 ohm (read: normal coaxial video) cabling.
Sadly, I don't even consider a BS in CS to be worth much these days. My feeling in talking with graduates is that the dot com bubble watered down most Universities' CS programs... and I say that coming from a pretty highly ranked CS school. In my opinion, CS programs should focus on less programming and more CS/Math as they seem to just be churning out programmers, not scientists.
I fail to see the reason why any company would respond to the BSA, but I don't dispute the fact that they do. I'm not sure what's worse, giving up your fourth amendment rights or bowing to a industry "organization." The BSA exists to make examples out of people. An easy way to do this is by doing a "self-audit" and then admitting defeat. Make them work for it, regardless of the base of the accusations.
Small wine/beer companies have zero chance to compete against the likes of Budweiser, Busch, Coors and other lousy products meshed with superior marketing.
Bull. It's a completely different market. The bread and butter of the microbrew market is not people that normally buy 30 packs for a Friday night. That said, all the big beer companies in the US have seen lower sales, partially due to the more discerning share of the market getting a clue (or yuppies wanting to be cooler, you decide). I know many bars/restaurants where I can get microbrews on tap... one small place in my town has 50+ on any given night.
It's a flawed analysis. They study implies that these people otherwise wouldn't have these days off. People who get vacation time tend to either take it when they can so as not to lose it, or they accrue it to cash in later. It's as much a part of compensation as actual pay. On the other hand, hourly employees who don't get vacation time are only costing themselves money, so there's no business loss. *Sigh*, more people who think they can model the world with incredibly flawed assumptions.
How come we bash Microsoft's monopolizing tactics but praise Apple for doing pretty much the same thing with iPods and iTMS?
Because, as has been said a million times, there's nothing monopolistic about the iPod. You can play MP3s on the iPod JUST FINE. Don't sell WMA, and you'll be alright. And don't say that the RIAA won't allow it, because emusic.com has been selling non-DRM plain vanilla MP3s for some time now.
I don't know how a music service that's intended to provide music for "portable players" can succeed when its format doesn't support the player that has 70 - 80% marketshare. It just seems like a losing proposition from the get-go.
And for other books, B&N is cheaper than Amazon regardless of membership. So what's your point, the fact that the prices have a distribution that averages to the same thing on the whole?
For example, lots of large numbers follow Benford's Law. Excerpt: "Benford's law states that in listings, tables of statistics, etc., the digit 1 tends to occur with probability ~= 30% , much greater than the expected 11.1%" The probability distribution is logarithmic; the probability of a digit D is log10(1 + 1/D). This is a way the SEC checks filings for fraud. If the numbers are too evenly distributed, there's a good chance of fraud. Obviously if you know about this law you can spoof it to some degree, but it was an effective tool for a while (still probably is for some not so smart firms).
Please understand that you are the exception to the rule. You are the tail end of the Gaussian distribution. Most people who are dropouts don't ever make six figures. I agree with some of your points... such as the ability to learn being more important than what you actually know. However, I can't help but think that someone reading your anecdote might take it as advice. It's more of a gamble than anything. While many people know they can carve their own path no matter what, too many people think they can but in reality they can't. Going to a university will at least tell you if you're up to learning on your feet. High school is by no means a measure of one's capacity to learn. On the other hand, trying to get through a good, hard science degree program (math, physics, engineering, etc.) will test you to the point of amazing self-confidence or absolute failure. It's a scary prospect, but well worth it.
However, be wary of "engineering technology" type degrees. Typically, you'll be wasting your time and money. If you're going to go to college, go for the gold and get a real degree: math, physics, computer science, engineering, etc. These are a lot more impressive than a trade school diploma with B.S. on it. That said, work while in school. Nothing is more worthless than a degree without work experience. There is a delicate balance to strike. Getting a trade school type degree is a quick and easy way to start out but might hamper your future advancement as upper level jobs are almost certain to require a four year degree.
ummm... you do pay for healthcare of people you do not know. Thank you, that's exactly why I made the point I made. I don't like paying taxes so the scum of the earth can be medically assisted. Voluntary insurance is a great thing. It's a co-op that benefits you when you need it. However, compulsory taxes to effectively give money to other people are not appreciated.
It's not a good idea. It's a horrible idea. Just like I don't like paying tax for the healthcare of people I don't know, and just how I don't like putting money into someone's else's "retirement fund," I don't want to pay for other people to download music. It's not going to benefit me, so I, along with a lot of other people, would want no part of it.
Except Mac OS X is here now and has been better than XP for many incarnations. By the time Longhorn is out, Mac OS X will be even better. See the problem? When you try to outdo technology that was popular in year x-3 and don't release it until year x+3, you're six years behind. This is the same problem the Linux desktop has.
Thank you. FYI, most people use speed and velocity interchangably and denote which one they're talking about by whether or not the answer is a vector. And by "most people," I mean professors and the like.
I've personally seen two PlayStations get fried because they were connected to different phases of an AC line of an apparently miswired house and were connected together with a link cable.
I doubt you've seen a house with multiple power phases in it. Pretty much every US house is going to have a single 240V feed split into two 120V legs (+/-) at the pole by a transformer with a grounded center tap. That 240V feed comes off of one of the three phases that travel on the poles, not multiple ones.
Slashdot Mirror
And a little googling revealed some explanations for reciprocity failure.
Anyway, reciprocity failure exists at both ends of light intensity. Not just at low intensities, and the reasons are different.
Normally, light intensity should be such that electrons are released at about the same rate as that as which silver ions are attracted to them
so the rates of trapping and neutralizing are about the same. Under these conditions the surface silver sulphide traps are favored and soon
after one trap starts collecting silver atoms, it would continue at the expense of other traps. This forms the surface (surface of the crystal
grain) latent image, which can be developed later.
At high light intensities (e.g. very fast shutter speeds), a dense electron cloud is formed instead. This cloud saturates every electron trap, both on the surface and inside the halide grains. The short exposure time is insufficient to allow many cycles of electron trapping and silver ion neutralization at any one site. The photolytic silver (silver atoms formed by light) are therefore scattered ineffectually throughout the grain, instead of being concentrated in one or two image development centers. This give rise to high-intensity reciprocity failure.
For low light intensity reciprocity, the problem is that a single atom of silver formed on a silver sulphide speck is unstable. The lone silver
atom can too easily lose an electron and revert back to being a silver ion. During normal exposures the latent image formation reinforces the silver atoms formed by electron absorption and silver ion neutralization at neighboring sites, to give stable "clumps" of neutral silver atoms.
At low light intensities, where the latent image builds up relatively slowly, the instability of isolated silver atoms has a serious effect.
The absorbed electron can escape and recombine with a bromide atom, thus undoing the work that the photon had done, or the electron may be
temporarily trapped in an inefficient site in the center of the crystal.
Full Thread
Those tables were figured out by linear regressions based on experimentally obtained data. There is no physical model of film that explains why this happens, it "just does."
Hint, hint, models often come from experimentally obtained data, there's nothing abnormal about that.
That's when your exposure SHOULD be one thing by mathematics, but it doesn't come out right - so you have to change it to something else that SHOULD be wrong instead.
Erm...
All it means is that the mathematical model the camera is using is only valid for typical situations. Like a lot of things, the reciprocity characteristics of film can be modeled in various ways. If you might recall from your math courses, models are typically valid for only a given domain. For example, we might model a non-linear system of differential equations by pretending it's a linear system around a certain point. The model we develop for that point is not necessarily going to be valid anywhere else. The same is true for the reciprocity models. The tables are only good for certain values. Beyond that, correction is needed.
I'd really like to see some smart chemist or mathematician try to figure that one out!
It is figured out because there are tables and tables of reciprocity data.
Yea, I don't think you can base anything on where someone sits. I generally have a good idea of what's going on and I sit up front. I try to never assume that I "know my stuff." Being over confident in engineering is a good way to get a rude wake up call at some point in your schooling -- or to graduate with a sweet 2.0. In either case, no thanks.
All that does is prove that you know nothing about Computer Science. I've posted this quote before and I'll post it again:
"Computer science is as much about computers as astronomy is about telescopes." - Edsgar Dijkstra
Maybe you don't understand what it is the OP does. Professional traders are not the same as day traders. Professional traders are one of the reasons the market actually functions. Then again, certain important people in the industry, such as David Shaw have said that "A lot of people in the business do things that should be done by computers." No doubt we keep getting closer to that point, but professional traders are and probably will be needed.
How do you propose to do that without Layer 3 (read: relatively expensive) switching?
Be on the lookout for web services that are up for a few days, get /.'ed, and go poof. You can thank Gates for that.
No, you can thank poor administration and low bandwidth for that. Default Apache isn't going to stand up to a Slashdotting more than IIS. Would I run IIS? No. But that's besides the point.
Um, I'm pretty sure S/PDIF is also the name for the physical connector, namely the RCA plug type of digital audio connector. The data is encoded as Dolby Digital, PCM, or whatever.
Of course, I'm no stereo nut so I could be wrong.
Yes, you are wrong. S/PDIF is effectively the data format. It can run over TOSLINK or 75 ohm (read: normal coaxial video) cabling.
And of course the ubiquitous wikipedia link.
Sadly, I don't even consider a BS in CS to be worth much these days. My feeling in talking with graduates is that the dot com bubble watered down most Universities' CS programs... and I say that coming from a pretty highly ranked CS school. In my opinion, CS programs should focus on less programming and more CS/Math as they seem to just be churning out programmers, not scientists.
I fail to see the reason why any company would respond to the BSA, but I don't dispute the fact that they do. I'm not sure what's worse, giving up your fourth amendment rights or bowing to a industry "organization." The BSA exists to make examples out of people. An easy way to do this is by doing a "self-audit" and then admitting defeat. Make them work for it, regardless of the base of the accusations.
Small wine/beer companies have zero chance to compete against the likes of Budweiser, Busch, Coors and other lousy products meshed with superior marketing.
Bull. It's a completely different market. The bread and butter of the microbrew market is not people that normally buy 30 packs for a Friday night. That said, all the big beer companies in the US have seen lower sales, partially due to the more discerning share of the market getting a clue (or yuppies wanting to be cooler, you decide). I know many bars/restaurants where I can get microbrews on tap... one small place in my town has 50+ on any given night.
It's a flawed analysis. They study implies that these people otherwise wouldn't have these days off. People who get vacation time tend to either take it when they can so as not to lose it, or they accrue it to cash in later. It's as much a part of compensation as actual pay. On the other hand, hourly employees who don't get vacation time are only costing themselves money, so there's no business loss. *Sigh*, more people who think they can model the world with incredibly flawed assumptions.
How come we bash Microsoft's monopolizing tactics but praise Apple for doing pretty much the same thing with iPods and iTMS?
Because, as has been said a million times, there's nothing monopolistic about the iPod. You can play MP3s on the iPod JUST FINE. Don't sell WMA, and you'll be alright. And don't say that the RIAA won't allow it, because emusic.com has been selling non-DRM plain vanilla MP3s for some time now.
I don't know how a music service that's intended to provide music for "portable players" can succeed when its format doesn't support the player that has 70 - 80% marketshare. It just seems like a losing proposition from the get-go.
And for other books, B&N is cheaper than Amazon regardless of membership. So what's your point, the fact that the prices have a distribution that averages to the same thing on the whole?
Demand that the vendor support Debian. End the Red Hat lunacy.
For example, lots of large numbers follow Benford's Law. Excerpt: "Benford's law states that in listings, tables of statistics, etc., the digit 1 tends to occur with probability ~= 30% , much greater than the expected 11.1%" The probability distribution is logarithmic; the probability of a digit D is log10(1 + 1/D). This is a way the SEC checks filings for fraud. If the numbers are too evenly distributed, there's a good chance of fraud. Obviously if you know about this law you can spoof it to some degree, but it was an effective tool for a while (still probably is for some not so smart firms).
Please understand that you are the exception to the rule. You are the tail end of the Gaussian distribution. Most people who are dropouts don't ever make six figures. I agree with some of your points... such as the ability to learn being more important than what you actually know. However, I can't help but think that someone reading your anecdote might take it as advice. It's more of a gamble than anything. While many people know they can carve their own path no matter what, too many people think they can but in reality they can't. Going to a university will at least tell you if you're up to learning on your feet. High school is by no means a measure of one's capacity to learn. On the other hand, trying to get through a good, hard science degree program (math, physics, engineering, etc.) will test you to the point of amazing self-confidence or absolute failure. It's a scary prospect, but well worth it.
However, be wary of "engineering technology" type degrees. Typically, you'll be wasting your time and money. If you're going to go to college, go for the gold and get a real degree: math, physics, computer science, engineering, etc. These are a lot more impressive than a trade school diploma with B.S. on it. That said, work while in school. Nothing is more worthless than a degree without work experience. There is a delicate balance to strike. Getting a trade school type degree is a quick and easy way to start out but might hamper your future advancement as upper level jobs are almost certain to require a four year degree.
ummm... you do pay for healthcare of people you do not know.
Thank you, that's exactly why I made the point I made. I don't like paying taxes so the scum of the earth can be medically assisted. Voluntary insurance is a great thing. It's a co-op that benefits you when you need it. However, compulsory taxes to effectively give money to other people are not appreciated.
It's not a good idea. It's a horrible idea. Just like I don't like paying tax for the healthcare of people I don't know, and just how I don't like putting money into someone's else's "retirement fund," I don't want to pay for other people to download music. It's not going to benefit me, so I, along with a lot of other people, would want no part of it.
Except Mac OS X is here now and has been better than XP for many incarnations. By the time Longhorn is out, Mac OS X will be even better. See the problem? When you try to outdo technology that was popular in year x-3 and don't release it until year x+3, you're six years behind. This is the same problem the Linux desktop has.
Thank you. FYI, most people use speed and velocity interchangably and denote which one they're talking about by whether or not the answer is a vector. And by "most people," I mean professors and the like.
I've personally seen two PlayStations get fried because they were connected to different phases of an AC line of an apparently miswired house and were connected together with a link cable.
I doubt you've seen a house with multiple power phases in it. Pretty much every US house is going to have a single 240V feed split into two 120V legs (+/-) at the pole by a transformer with a grounded center tap. That 240V feed comes off of one of the three phases that travel on the poles, not multiple ones.