Those nasty gamma emitters that make it hard to build a nuke, are in the waste stream. So you have to deal with them anyway. The half life of an isotope has nothing to do with where it came from, so the fission products are basically the same give or take a few % and thus its half life is the same. Sure you could tell if it was 233U or 235U or 239Pu that created the waste, *but* from a disposal perspective they are pretty much the same. Same isotopes like Iodine and Cs etc with the same half lives. The real problem is the actinides that are created from Uranium or Plutonium, but if you are reprocessing you are burning these.
The orders of magnitude less waste is because its not a once through fuel cycle which you can't do with Th. U has the same orders of magnitude less waste with a reprocessing fuel cycle too. Waste from a Th cycle tends to be a worse gamma emitter than from the U fuel cycles making them harder to deal with. Its the same gammas that are suppose to make it impossible to make a bomb.... Yet you have to deal with them in the waste.
They *made* bombs from it. The "you can't" is verifiable false. It is *not* proliferation resistant. Its just a bit harder. And TBH not that much harder if its the only material you can get.
If you use reactor grade you need, well a reactors worth of it to go critical and now you don't have any room for Th. Since its a breeder (all Th reactors are breeders) it has a poor neutron economy, you need highly enriched starter or you just don't start.
It is *not* proven tech. The only demonstration had *zero* Th, and had no in situ reprocessing which is needed and had no breading. To work you need to show a breading ratio of 1 which is hard for a Th cycle. Otherwise the thing just goes out after a while. Th is not a fuel, it is fertile, you bread 233U from it.
I don't disagree with anything in particular. However the whole point of molten salt reactors with in situ reprocessing is to solve most of these problems. It has not been shown to work, but in theory at least it should. Pulling out the 233Pa as soon as its created basically solves or mitigates the hard gamma ray problem and neutron economy problems so that a 1:1 breading ratio can be achieved. It has never been done of course, since no molten salt reactor has ever bread anything. So this is strictly a modeled design. Also the design works just about as well as a fast reactor with a U fuel cycle with much better neutron economy while solving some of the hard problems of fast reactors.
Of course now you have a pretty clean source of quite pure 233U to make bombs from...
However the other advantage of Th is there is about 5x more of it on earth than U.
Where did you get this idea? Thorium is very similar to Uranium/Plutonium with reprocessing. In fact the whole point of LFTR is to do in situ reprocessing for neutron economy reasons. You can do that with Uranium/Plutonium too will almost all the same benefits. Remember Th is not a fuel it is fertile much like 238U. Its 233U that is burnt in a LFTR, not Th itself and the fission products are very similar as are the delayed neutrons the decay heat and waste activity. The *only* thing Th is better for is you get less actinides, but a fast reactor can burn those as well so all the advantages are just from using a molten salt reactor with in situ reprocessing.
Th nuclear is still nuclear. Its really doesn't change the picture much at all. Well no more than don't do once through cycles, which are stupid.
The package management is really crap. You can't do user space installs easily and it makes all sorts of assumptions about how you must manage the whole system. Didn't we use to criticize windows for requiring admin rights to install anything?
And know i don't want to just type "aptget crap whatever" and end up updating a whole bunch of stuff i don't want to update, or download. Your just hiding the symptoms of dependency hell, its not fixed and any forum quickly shows. And "i have no problems, must be PEBKAC" is not how you fix it.
BTW i have slackware at home and SuSE is what is used at work. I haven't booted or used a windows machine in years. Slackware solves the problem for me by not requiring updating 2x a day. I update once every 2 years or so. I have had one security alert that needed something updating.
But for a game what is wrong with just a plain old archive... or do we want every installer messing with our registry?
You have a citation for that? Since i have been involved with writing a chapter in one, i can tell you per unit cost of a text book is very low compared to the resale cost. I can also tell you they don't pay the writers so well. I can't however give you specific numbers.
At least with H.264 I can be certain that my business isn't going to be taken to court one day and I lose it all.
No you can't. They do *not* protect you from 3rd party patents that and it explicit states in the license agreement that its between you and the 3rd party, not them. MPEG-LA offer *zero* immunity or guarantees. In fact guess how many 3rd parties have come forward with claims on MPEG-LA licensed codecs? Now guess with either Theora or VP8?
It does not matter what you do, you are not safe from patent trolls. Paying one of em does nothing to remove the rest.
Cancer is really thousands of different diseases. They are so dissimilar that they really should have completely different names. But we don't for historic reasons.
A vaccine is not really a "cure", is a strong hint to your immune system. In many ways something like ebola is easier to deal with since it is certainly not in its natural host in the first place. While the likes of influenza is, or more accurately has evolved to survive against our immune system.
the whole idea of plate tectonics was only just starting to gain traction in scientific circles at the time. Basically they didn't know and in fact they realistically couldn't know.
Real models are still used extensively, for example wind tunnels. Especially for hard fluid problems. However GP is a not really correct, there are plenty of flow regimens where the NS equations are not chaotic. That is small perturbations do not grow, but are damped out.
Note that if they are always generally chaotic there would be no such thing as climate predictions for one.
I know what they are. I have made them. Built them. Look inside a RCD and you see that you can have safety without a transformer. I know that many designs in PCs don't, they are inductors, for the simple reason that transformers that are at the 90%+ efficiency range put the price up too much.
SMPS can and do convert with high current and voltage ratios with great power factors if designed right. The last one i did was a 50amp +-24V and earth rail for a stepper motor controller from a 240V mains. It had no transformer and it had a good power factor. I did it that way because its was cheaper than a transformer with that kind of rating. Look up the price of a 500VA transformer sometime, or even better look at the size of the dam thing.
Just pulled one of my old ones apart and checked it. It does not have a transformer, Every core/ferrite is a two terminal device only. DC isolation does not make a device safe either btw. In the countries where i have read the codes, its not needed, and RCD/isolation is only needed for a class of "outdoor" use devices. Most of the code deals with proper insulation. Do you really think those $20 hair dryers are DC isolated?
This is still incorrect. Even private vessels are allowed serious personal arsenals. I can't find the reference right now, but even in little ol NZ they size of some of these weapon caches make it to the media. It is clearly legal. Most ports simply do let you dock.
Owning a gun does not make you military. Having a gun on a boat does not make it a navy.
Pull em apart yourself if you like. I have 2 here on my desk. I have build several myself. They don't have a transformer in em. Inductors, yes. Transformer no. There is no 15amp limit without one. Not sure why you would think that. Its not in my "SMPS for dummies";).
Switched mode power supplies like in PCs have no transformer. They also work better with DC input since they don't need to be nice about power factors so much.
Don't forget that transformers typical efficiency are higher than switch mode power conversion. Quite a bit higher, and then add the fact they are a lot cheaper too.
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Those nasty gamma emitters that make it hard to build a nuke, are in the waste stream. So you have to deal with them anyway. The half life of an isotope has nothing to do with where it came from, so the fission products are basically the same give or take a few % and thus its half life is the same. Sure you could tell if it was 233U or 235U or 239Pu that created the waste, *but* from a disposal perspective they are pretty much the same. Same isotopes like Iodine and Cs etc with the same half lives. The real problem is the actinides that are created from Uranium or Plutonium, but if you are reprocessing you are burning these.
Mostly correct. But Th reactors are *not* fast reactors. Th breads well with a thermal spectrum unlike U reactors.
The orders of magnitude less waste is because its not a once through fuel cycle which you can't do with Th. U has the same orders of magnitude less waste with a reprocessing fuel cycle too. Waste from a Th cycle tends to be a worse gamma emitter than from the U fuel cycles making them harder to deal with. Its the same gammas that are suppose to make it impossible to make a bomb.... Yet you have to deal with them in the waste.
They *made* bombs from it. The "you can't" is verifiable false. It is *not* proliferation resistant. Its just a bit harder. And TBH not that much harder if its the only material you can get.
If you use reactor grade you need, well a reactors worth of it to go critical and now you don't have any room for Th. Since its a breeder (all Th reactors are breeders) it has a poor neutron economy, you need highly enriched starter or you just don't start.
It is *not* proven tech. The only demonstration had *zero* Th, and had no in situ reprocessing which is needed and had no breading. To work you need to show a breading ratio of 1 which is hard for a Th cycle. Otherwise the thing just goes out after a while. Th is not a fuel, it is fertile, you bread 233U from it.
I don't disagree with anything in particular. However the whole point of molten salt reactors with in situ reprocessing is to solve most of these problems. It has not been shown to work, but in theory at least it should. Pulling out the 233Pa as soon as its created basically solves or mitigates the hard gamma ray problem and neutron economy problems so that a 1:1 breading ratio can be achieved. It has never been done of course, since no molten salt reactor has ever bread anything. So this is strictly a modeled design. Also the design works just about as well as a fast reactor with a U fuel cycle with much better neutron economy while solving some of the hard problems of fast reactors.
Of course now you have a pretty clean source of quite pure 233U to make bombs from...
However the other advantage of Th is there is about 5x more of it on earth than U.
Where did you get this idea? Thorium is very similar to Uranium/Plutonium with reprocessing. In fact the whole point of LFTR is to do in situ reprocessing for neutron economy reasons. You can do that with Uranium/Plutonium too will almost all the same benefits. Remember Th is not a fuel it is fertile much like 238U. Its 233U that is burnt in a LFTR, not Th itself and the fission products are very similar as are the delayed neutrons the decay heat and waste activity. The *only* thing Th is better for is you get less actinides, but a fast reactor can burn those as well so all the advantages are just from using a molten salt reactor with in situ reprocessing.
Th nuclear is still nuclear. Its really doesn't change the picture much at all. Well no more than don't do once through cycles, which are stupid.
The package management is really crap. You can't do user space installs easily and it makes all sorts of assumptions about how you must manage the whole system. Didn't we use to criticize windows for requiring admin rights to install anything?
And know i don't want to just type "aptget crap whatever" and end up updating a whole bunch of stuff i don't want to update, or download. Your just hiding the symptoms of dependency hell, its not fixed and any forum quickly shows. And "i have no problems, must be PEBKAC" is not how you fix it.
BTW i have slackware at home and SuSE is what is used at work. I haven't booted or used a windows machine in years. Slackware solves the problem for me by not requiring updating 2x a day. I update once every 2 years or so. I have had one security alert that needed something updating.
But for a game what is wrong with just a plain old archive... or do we want every installer messing with our registry?
You have a citation for that? Since i have been involved with writing a chapter in one, i can tell you per unit cost of a text book is very low compared to the resale cost. I can also tell you they don't pay the writers so well. I can't however give you specific numbers.
Fact is that the patent system was never really about true inventors. Just look at the history.
Its a system by lawyers for lawyers. In that regard its working out pretty well.
At least with H.264 I can be certain that my business isn't going to be taken to court one day and I lose it all.
No you can't. They do *not* protect you from 3rd party patents that and it explicit states in the license agreement that its between you and the 3rd party, not them. MPEG-LA offer *zero* immunity or guarantees. In fact guess how many 3rd parties have come forward with claims on MPEG-LA licensed codecs? Now guess with either Theora or VP8?
It does not matter what you do, you are not safe from patent trolls. Paying one of em does nothing to remove the rest.
Cancer is really thousands of different diseases. They are so dissimilar that they really should have completely different names. But we don't for historic reasons.
A vaccine is not really a "cure", is a strong hint to your immune system. In many ways something like ebola is easier to deal with since it is certainly not in its natural host in the first place. While the likes of influenza is, or more accurately has evolved to survive against our immune system.
the whole idea of plate tectonics was only just starting to gain traction in scientific circles at the time. Basically they didn't know and in fact they realistically couldn't know.
Real models are still used extensively, for example wind tunnels. Especially for hard fluid problems. However GP is a not really correct, there are plenty of flow regimens where the NS equations are not chaotic. That is small perturbations do not grow, but are damped out.
Note that if they are always generally chaotic there would be no such thing as climate predictions for one.
The wavelength of light is way bigger than sub atomic. 700-400nm is pretty big compared to a atom.
I know what they are. I have made them. Built them. Look inside a RCD and you see that you can have safety without a transformer. I know that many designs in PCs don't, they are inductors, for the simple reason that transformers that are at the 90%+ efficiency range put the price up too much.
SMPS can and do convert with high current and voltage ratios with great power factors if designed right. The last one i did was a 50amp +-24V and earth rail for a stepper motor controller from a 240V mains. It had no transformer and it had a good power factor. I did it that way because its was cheaper than a transformer with that kind of rating. Look up the price of a 500VA transformer sometime, or even better look at the size of the dam thing.
Just pulled one of my old ones apart and checked it. It does not have a transformer, Every core/ferrite is a two terminal device only. DC isolation does not make a device safe either btw. In the countries where i have read the codes, its not needed, and RCD/isolation is only needed for a class of "outdoor" use devices. Most of the code deals with proper insulation. Do you really think those $20 hair dryers are DC isolated?
No its not. We don't have any pirates anywhere near us. At least Australia and the US has similar or the same rules.
This is still incorrect. Even private vessels are allowed serious personal arsenals. I can't find the reference right now, but even in little ol NZ they size of some of these weapon caches make it to the media. It is clearly legal. Most ports simply do let you dock.
Owning a gun does not make you military. Having a gun on a boat does not make it a navy.
We have to sign NDAs too you know. Sorry. But a lot of medical work is done by universities. Especially here in Europe.
Pull em apart yourself if you like. I have 2 here on my desk. I have build several myself. They don't have a transformer in em. Inductors, yes. Transformer no. There is no 15amp limit without one. Not sure why you would think that. Its not in my "SMPS for dummies" ;).
Switched mode power supplies like in PCs have no transformer. They also work better with DC input since they don't need to be nice about power factors so much.
Don't forget that transformers typical efficiency are higher than switch mode power conversion. Quite a bit higher, and then add the fact they are a lot cheaper too.
Transformers are still the cheapest way to change voltages by a long shot. Especially for very high currents and voltages.
In fact sometimes we do work on drug discovery. Not sure why you think we don't?