Version 5 of IP was assigned to an experimental protocol called ST2 (Internet Stream Protocol, version 2), which is described in RFC 1819 and, AFAIK, was IPv4 with QoS for voice and data over multicast or somesuch.
That said, a lot of people accuse even live audiences of being distracting or sounding artificial, and that's because the audiences are encouraged by the programme-makers to make as much noise as possible, even if a joke isn't very funny. That doesn't mean they are canned, though. Sorry, but that's exactly what it means (that the laughter is canned, even if it's a different kind of can.
Blank files / random-bytes-generated files are not eligible for copyright protection in the US or in Brasil (those are the jurisdictions whose copyrights law I am somewhat familiar)
The energy density of ethanol is a bit over half that of gasoline.
If this is true, then a normal Otto-cycle motor is far more efficient burning ethanol than burning octane. The normal increase in fuel consumption (for the same car model) down here is around 20%. I.e., if a car makes 15 km/l with gas (*), it makes 12 km/l with ethanol. Considering that down here the price of the ethanol is ~50% per litre of the price of gas, ethanol gets ~40% cheaper per km.
What is your car? In 2007/8 I will probably shop for a new car (I have a 2001 GM Celta 1.0 gasoline -- quite good at 15km/l in city traffic, 18km/l on the higway) and I will probably want another compact (my wife gets the "luxury" models in the family -- I park on the street all the time and a simpler car is better for me)
I really don't know details of patent law in the USofA, but down here (Brasil) things are not like you describe:
1. (L 9279/96, "Industrial Property Act") Actions performed by third parties without commercial goals and in private character are exempt from the patent monopoly (art 43, I);
2. Actions performed by third parties in experimental character or in relation with scientific research are exempt (art 43, II);
3. The preparation of medicine prescribed for a single person, made by a professional, and the resulting medicine, are exempt (III);
4. There are four other -- less relevant for our discussion here -- exemptions in the same article (43)
5. Patents can be licensed against the wishes of the holder (after three years from the beginning of the patent term) if: the patent is not explored by the holder (art 68, 1, I); or the holder abuses its rights or commits abuse of economic power (art 68, caput); or someone makes a "derivative" invention that is a significant technological advancement WRT the patented invention and can't reach an agreement with the patent holder (art 70); or in cases of national emergency or public interest -- declared by an act of the President (art 71), among other circumstances.
But that doesn't make it true. If my GM Celta has a part that was manufactured violating someone's patent, do you think I will have to replace said part when the patent holder wins their suit against GM? Nah, nah, nah. You can continue to use your copy of MSWord without problem. You will be what lawyers here call a bona fide third party, and your rights to use the software are assured.
A third work can be lisenced under any lisence, but only with the permission of all the copyright holders (that would be you, the orignal developer and the developer of the third version.
I was working in absentia of a new permission from all the copyright holders, because (as you said in the next paragraph) the permission from all the copyrights holders is next to impossible to have for the linux kernel -- and, to boot, the original work's (which is Linux 0.01) copyright holder said he won't give his permission.
I believe (but I don't have the hard numbers right now) that today 50-60% of Brasilian cars are either ethanol or "flex" (gas/ethanol hybrids). In 1986, in the peak of the Proalcool subside program, 76.1% of all cars in Brasil were ethanol-powered, so, yes, I think it's viable to put them all on ethanol in some five to ten years. Ethanol-powered cars are still subsidized, tho -- their property tax is half of the same model, gas-powered car.
No, I'm not confused, no, not only patents have the "intellectually novel" requirement. Read this (Brasilian "author's rights act", L. 9610/98, translation mine):
Art 7. This law consider as protected the intellectual novel works, creations of the spirit, expressed by any means of fixated in any medium, tangible or not, known or to be invented, such as: [...//enumerates a lot of protected types of works//...]
Now, Brasilian copyright law is practically copied from the Berne convention on copyrights, and 17USC (which is not as similar to the Berne convention) also have a similar disposition. So, no, you don't have the copyrights to
main() { puts("Hi, world!\n"); }
nor does Kernighan or Richie. In the case of software, there are further exceptions (both in Brasilian law and in the 17USC) that the program must not be the only expression nor a most obvious expression of some functionality (like the hello.c above).
If I scrabble
My wife is a brunette
in a piece of paper napkin, this phrase is not a protected work. Maybe the rendering of the phrase is (the way I write the letters, the "font" I use, the way I arrange the words -- provided they are a "creation of [my] spirit"), but not the phrase per se, because it doesn't have enough "content" to be copyrightable. Ah, descriptions of facts or things are not copyrightable, too -- unless the descriptions themselves have "content" as "creation of spirit".
Only in a metaphorical sense is much of the remaining kernel derivative of the original.01 kernel Linus made. It's part of the same family tree and it's been built to operate within the "same" framework, but many parts of what is there now has been wholesale replacement, not incremental modification.
A work "Z", derivative from a work "Y" is also a derivative from a work "X" if "Y" is a derivative from "X"... derivation in copyright law is transitive, IOW. So, yes, almost all of the kernel is derivative from 0.01.
If people want to argue that all kernel code is loosely derived from the original release, then one could argue that it's all derived from the Berkeley Tahoe and Renoe releases since it was Berkeley Standard Distribution Unix's that really paved the way for people to start understanding the concepts and ideas behind the TCP/IP stack, sockets, virtual memory, file systems, etc. Not to mention all of the other free software that started as modifications to preexisting free (free as in free, not free as in Chairman Mao) and evolved from there. And then there is X.Org's appropriation of the entirity of XFree86 because they didn't like the license.
OMG. Mantra: "derivation == transformation". No transformation was applied to BSD Unix to yield Linux 0.01; Linus did not copied-than-modified the code. OTOH, lots of transformations were applied to Linux 0.01 to yield Linux 2.6.16-rc1. THAT is what the copyright laws of many jurisdictions, including those of the USofA and Brasil, consider a derivative work. Google for "abstraction, filtration, comparison".
However much Linuxophiles enjoy thinking that they have invented a lot the reality is that Linux has been a reimplementation of what has come before.
Nobody is arguing with that. Linux is a reimplementation of something (Unix). Linus explicitly wanted a Unix that ran on his brand-new 386 and didn't cost US$ 10.000. But to reimplement a piece of software does not a derivative make.
(which I don't consider myself -- I really enjoy some lame shows [and when a kid, I was a big Dukes of Hazzard fan])
But I really set my bar higher, and I am not indecisive at all WRT what I do want to watch or listen, at all times.
I loathe the radio (it doesn't run anything I like, ever) -- I don't have a car radio (I prefer to sing while driving) and when I'm in a car with radio (like my wife's), I tune the news station.
I do have a lot of shows in divx, and I really program myself to watch whatever I like (atm Lost, SG[1A], BSG), on TV or in the PC. And I have a videoclub subscription (5 DVDs with me at all times [for up to three workdays each DVD] for R$28/month [~US$11])
1. I prefer them using ties than silver jumpsuits; really, do you think people in the future will abolish ties or suits? We are in the 21st century and you'll go NOWHERE as a corporate monkey/government official/elected official unless you wear a suit and a tie (in MOST western countries, at least). In my jurisdictions, lawyers can't go to court without a suit and a tie (or accordingly formal attire in the case of women) and it's 83 degrees F (45 C) outside today.
2. It's not a formerly democratic society, they have scheduled elections AFAIK... Pres. Roslin is just an interim administrator (and military commander-in-chief).
I used to use Debian Sid, but I am a Kubuntu converted. For the last three years, when I want to setup a printer, I go to the "System Configuration" app (was "control panel" or something before, but...), click on the "printers" icon (under the "hardware" title), see the now-installed printers, click on "add new printer", fill out the needed info (it even searches for printers in a Windows network for me), print a test page and voila. In the same applet, I can pause or delete a job, configure printer parameters, etc... what is so difficult?
I lived in Europe in the beautiful (and bubbly:) year of 1998. I rented a 1998 Ford Escort 1.4 litre Turbodiesel there. In less than two months, I asked the rental shop to trade for a 1.8 (or was it 1.6? don't remember exactly) gasoline '98 Escort, even if my fuel bill rocketed three or four times (Diesel engine gave me 2.5x more mileage, while the price per litre was approximately 0.6x the gas price), because:
1. Noise level: the 1.4 turbodiesel had a noise level 6x higher than the gasoline engine, in all conditions (stopped at a red light it went wum-wum-wum-wum-wum all the time, loud GRAAAM at any acceleration, while the gas one is approximately silent in both situations)
2. Emission smell: whoa!
3. Really weaker engine: the 0-60mph and 20-60mph times were four times longer. I commuted 20km (12mile?) everyday in the highway and it really hurt. And I went a lot of places by car in the weekend, so I was really driving a lot.
4. At the time, I could afford the difference without a big sweat.
(ignoring the fact that the program you mentioned above is NOT eligible for copyright protection because of its obviety, non-intellectual-novelty and other similar factors)
If you distributed your code to me under the terms of the GPL, and I made a derivative work, and I distributed my derivative work (under the terms of the GPL also, because this would be mandatory), then a third work, derivative of my work, can only be licensed under the terms of the GPL regardless of any change in the license of the original code.
People shouldn't forget that most of the kernel code is a derivative work on Linus' original 0.01 kernel and, as such, he has the right to say how those parts can be licensed.
Petrol-based-diesel (I don't know if biodiesel also -- and I suspect not) is loaded with sulphurous and sulphuric oxides. Hint: those are not good for you.
He is not really aware that he is being peeked and poked for the last fifty years, which is good. But, OTOH, did the surgery ended the Freaking seizures?
Slashdot Mirror
1. Graphical IDE: (in order of my recommendation) Delphi (C++Builder if you are too much into C++), KDevelop, Eclipse or VB.
:-)
or...
2. You can hire someone (like me!! hmassa at gmail) to do it for you.
I'm feeling lucky
Version 5 of IP was assigned to an experimental protocol called ST2 (Internet Stream Protocol, version 2), which is described in RFC 1819 and, AFAIK, was IPv4 with QoS for voice and data over multicast or somesuch.
HTH
That said, a lot of people accuse even live audiences of being distracting or sounding artificial, and that's because the audiences are encouraged by the programme-makers to make as much noise as possible, even if a joke isn't very funny. That doesn't mean they are canned, though.
Sorry, but that's exactly what it means (that the laughter is canned, even if it's a different kind of can.
Transparency is ambiguity.
Or you really believe there is an entity called Truth?
Blank files / random-bytes-generated files are not eligible for copyright protection in the US or in Brasil (those are the jurisdictions whose copyrights law I am somewhat familiar)
AND... any article with a comment with subject "Dupe" goes away immediately!
The energy density of ethanol is a bit over half that of gasoline.
If this is true, then a normal Otto-cycle motor is far more efficient burning ethanol than burning octane. The normal increase in fuel consumption (for the same car model) down here is around 20%. I.e., if a car makes 15 km/l with gas (*), it makes 12 km/l with ethanol. Considering that down here the price of the ethanol is ~50% per litre of the price of gas, ethanol gets ~40% cheaper per km.
(*) Disclaimer: our gas is 20% ethanol.
What is your car? In 2007/8 I will probably shop for a new car (I have a 2001 GM Celta 1.0 gasoline -- quite good at 15km/l in city traffic, 18km/l on the higway) and I will probably want another compact (my wife gets the "luxury" models in the family -- I park on the street all the time and a simpler car is better for me)
I really don't know details of patent law in the USofA, but down here (Brasil) things are not like you describe:
1. (L 9279/96, "Industrial Property Act") Actions performed by third parties without commercial goals and in private character are exempt from the patent monopoly (art 43, I);
2. Actions performed by third parties in experimental character or in relation with scientific research are exempt (art 43, II);
3. The preparation of medicine prescribed for a single person, made by a professional, and the resulting medicine, are exempt (III);
4. There are four other -- less relevant for our discussion here -- exemptions in the same article (43)
5. Patents can be licensed against the wishes of the holder (after three years from the beginning of the patent term) if: the patent is not explored by the holder (art 68, 1, I); or the holder abuses its rights or commits abuse of economic power (art 68, caput); or someone makes a "derivative" invention that is a significant technological advancement WRT the patented invention and can't reach an agreement with the patent holder (art 70); or in cases of national emergency or public interest -- declared by an act of the President (art 71), among other circumstances.
But that doesn't make it true. If my GM Celta has a part that was manufactured violating someone's patent, do you think I will have to replace said part when the patent holder wins their suit against GM? Nah, nah, nah. You can continue to use your copy of MSWord without problem. You will be what lawyers here call a bona fide third party, and your rights to use the software are assured.
many jurisdictions (mine included) prohibit software patents.
Yes, copyright covers expression of ideas -- but not regardless of how lame the expression itself is.
A third work can be lisenced under any lisence, but only with the permission of all the copyright holders (that would be you, the orignal developer and the developer of the third version.
I was working in absentia of a new permission from all the copyright holders, because (as you said in the next paragraph) the permission from all the copyrights holders is next to impossible to have for the linux kernel -- and, to boot, the original work's (which is Linux 0.01) copyright holder said he won't give his permission.
I believe (but I don't have the hard numbers right now) that today 50-60% of Brasilian cars are either ethanol or "flex" (gas/ethanol hybrids). In 1986, in the peak of the Proalcool subside program, 76.1% of all cars in Brasil were ethanol-powered, so, yes, I think it's viable to put them all on ethanol in some five to ten years. Ethanol-powered cars are still subsidized, tho -- their property tax is half of the same model, gas-powered car.
So, no, you don't have the copyrights tonor does Kernighan or Richie. In the case of software, there are further exceptions (both in Brasilian law and in the 17USC) that the program must not be the only expression nor a most obvious expression of some functionality (like the hello.c above).
If I scrabble in a piece of paper napkin, this phrase is not a protected work.
Maybe the rendering of the phrase is (the way I write the letters, the "font" I use, the way I arrange the words -- provided they are a "creation of [my] spirit"), but not the phrase per se, because it doesn't have enough "content" to be copyrightable. Ah, descriptions of facts or things are not copyrightable, too -- unless the descriptions themselves have "content" as "creation of spirit".
Got it?
Only in a metaphorical sense is much of the remaining kernel derivative of the original .01 kernel Linus made. It's part of the same family tree and it's been built to operate within the "same" framework, but many parts of what is there now has been wholesale replacement, not incremental modification.
A work "Z", derivative from a work "Y" is also a derivative from a work "X" if "Y" is a derivative from "X"... derivation in copyright law is transitive, IOW. So, yes, almost all of the kernel is derivative from 0.01.
If people want to argue that all kernel code is loosely derived from the original release, then one could argue that it's all derived from the Berkeley Tahoe and Renoe releases since it was Berkeley Standard Distribution Unix's that really paved the way for people to start understanding the concepts and ideas behind the TCP/IP stack, sockets, virtual memory, file systems, etc. Not to mention all of the other free software that started as modifications to preexisting free (free as in free, not free as in Chairman Mao) and evolved from there. And then there is X.Org's appropriation of the entirity of XFree86 because they didn't like the license.
OMG. Mantra: "derivation == transformation". No transformation was applied to BSD Unix to yield Linux 0.01; Linus did not copied-than-modified the code. OTOH, lots of transformations were applied to Linux 0.01 to yield Linux 2.6.16-rc1. THAT is what the copyright laws of many jurisdictions, including those of the USofA and Brasil, consider a derivative work. Google for "abstraction, filtration, comparison".
However much Linuxophiles enjoy thinking that they have invented a lot the reality is that Linux has been a reimplementation of what has come before.
Nobody is arguing with that. Linux is a reimplementation of something (Unix). Linus explicitly wanted a Unix that ran on his brand-new 386 and didn't cost US$ 10.000. But to reimplement a piece of software does not a derivative make.
(which I don't consider myself -- I really enjoy some lame shows [and when a kid, I was a big Dukes of Hazzard fan])
But I really set my bar higher, and I am not indecisive at all WRT what I do want to watch or listen, at all times.
I loathe the radio (it doesn't run anything I like, ever) -- I don't have a car radio (I prefer to sing while driving) and when I'm in a car with radio (like my wife's), I tune the news station.
I do have a lot of shows in divx, and I really program myself to watch whatever I like (atm Lost, SG[1A], BSG), on TV or in the PC. And I have a videoclub subscription (5 DVDs with me at all times [for up to three workdays each DVD] for R$28/month [~US$11])
1. I prefer them using ties than silver jumpsuits; really, do you think people in the future will abolish ties or suits? We are in the 21st century and you'll go NOWHERE as a corporate monkey/government official/elected official unless you wear a suit and a tie (in MOST western countries, at least). In my jurisdictions, lawyers can't go to court without a suit and a tie (or accordingly formal attire in the case of women) and it's 83 degrees F (45 C) outside today.
2. It's not a formerly democratic society, they have scheduled elections AFAIK... Pres. Roslin is just an interim administrator (and military commander-in-chief).
I used to use Debian Sid, but I am a Kubuntu converted. For the last three years, when I want to setup a printer, I go to the "System Configuration" app (was "control panel" or something before, but...), click on the "printers" icon (under the "hardware" title), see the now-installed printers, click on "add new printer", fill out the needed info (it even searches for printers in a Windows network for me), print a test page and voila. In the same applet, I can pause or delete a job, configure printer parameters, etc... what is so difficult?
I lived in Europe in the beautiful (and bubbly :) year of 1998. I rented a 1998 Ford Escort 1.4 litre Turbodiesel there. In less than two months, I asked the rental shop to trade for a 1.8 (or was it 1.6? don't remember exactly) gasoline '98 Escort, even if my fuel bill rocketed three or four times (Diesel engine gave me 2.5x more mileage, while the price per litre was approximately 0.6x the gas price), because:
1. Noise level: the 1.4 turbodiesel had a noise level 6x higher than the gasoline engine, in all conditions (stopped at a red light it went wum-wum-wum-wum-wum all the time, loud GRAAAM at any acceleration, while the gas one is approximately silent in both situations)
2. Emission smell: whoa!
3. Really weaker engine: the 0-60mph and 20-60mph times were four times longer. I commuted 20km (12mile?) everyday in the highway and it really hurt. And I went a lot of places by car in the weekend, so I was really driving a lot.
4. At the time, I could afford the difference without a big sweat.
(ignoring the fact that the program you mentioned above is NOT eligible for copyright protection because of its obviety, non-intellectual-novelty and other similar factors)
If you distributed your code to me under the terms of the GPL, and I made a derivative work, and I distributed my derivative work (under the terms of the GPL also, because this would be mandatory), then a third work, derivative of my work, can only be licensed under the terms of the GPL regardless of any change in the license of the original code.
People shouldn't forget that most of the kernel code is a derivative work on Linus' original 0.01 kernel and, as such, he has the right to say how those parts can be licensed.
Thanks, pal.
Petrol-based-diesel (I don't know if biodiesel also -- and I suspect not) is loaded with sulphurous and sulphuric oxides. Hint: those are not good for you.
He is not really aware that he is being peeked and poked for the last fifty years, which is good.
But, OTOH, did the surgery ended the Freaking seizures?