for the article in english...
anyhoo
Looking at this, i am wondering when someone is going to create a world commision to govern the internet. you know , one tax etc. Which might just lead to the world economy taking its true form. The major countries are going to do it sooner or later.... I guess that will make the game fun again...
sony may have screwed up its own planning. I dont think the ever made sure the component supply could keep up with the demand. THe dreamcast will come out on top this holiday due to its already strong pressence
I think sun will be able to lower the production cost while adding their own "flare" tp the product. I am lookin foward to see what is produced and how they support those who own cobalt systems
I left school, I got a good job, and left school. Guess what, I like it. I like the money, I like beeing able to buy parts for my PC, anime what have you. But I do regret not havin a degree. Its a 50/50 thing. it all pesonel. The one thing I do know is that geeks dont need college if they busted the hump to learn their craft on their own. A degreee is a piece of paper that says I paid a lot for my education. Its not a bad thing a very overrated... I want a a dregree just to make my parental units happy thats it...
also we assume they understand what we are transmitting...
Our Idear of inteligence may be wrong or maybe its not understood. Alien Contact could be a smell we dont think twicce about
Cool
sounds instresting, I guess i have more surfing to do.................
I think there should be a campaing to feed britny spears to the first sing of uninteligent alien life we find...
Seti is Crucial but maybe they have taken to broad of a search. Maybe there should be a bunch of different seti's looking a diffrent ranges, of light, radio waves, etc
Virtual inernet with in the NET ???? What do you think? Do you think its possible to creat something seperated from the mainstream, but using their backbone...
Eh its just a thought for now...
Thanks for the info there. I just know there must be something out there to for a private net for people who dont wanna deal with the mainstream garbage. Virtual internet within the internet???
hmm I thinks me needs to curl up with my laptop and surf tonight
With All the Geeks out there, might there be a way to create our own internet??? so that we did not have to deal with all the BS. I mean there is enough brain power to do it ourselves if we put our heads to it.
Funny you should mention tech words, in my group thats about 50 percent of the conversation. We are all techies in a way sometimes we can get a little one dimensional, with things. I like french because I dont know enought to talk slang I am just learning
Where is your company?
its cool to see so many different people working together. Where I am at there is no diversity, i am the only one with dark skin every body else is of a fair complextion and only speaks english. All my french speaking freinds are at the university
I am from Liberia, now in america, and I spoke a real bad form of broken english, mixed with french, and a little bit of my grandmothers tribe. I was raised in america and Learned english the way teh schools here wanted me to. I really did not retain anythig else I knew. now I am trying to learn french. My girlfreind speaks it well and it comes in handy when you dont want to many people to know what your talking about
I agree that in the U.S. it not that useful, and people do know how to speak english, but I beleive people are worth more when they can speak more that one language. I have personely been in situations where no one spoke english, just french. Tha Language thing is a really tough idea to debate about though, there are no wrong answers
I am wondering,
Will there be a time when knowing, just american english is not goog enough This Country does not focus on teaching its children multiple languages. I have freinds from out of the U.S. who learned to speak several languages as children. In the New World Economy They are worth more than most geeks because they can talk to more people...
I think besides coding,peopl need to start learning how to speak other languages...
Something I found...
A Brief History of Computer Operating Systems
The Bare Machine
Stacked Job Batch Systems (mid 1950s - mid 1960s)
A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention.
Often jobs of a similar nature can be bundled together to further increase economy
The basic physical layout of the memory of a batch job computer is shown below:
--------------------------------------
| |
| Monitor (permanently resident) |
| |
--------------------------------------
| |
| User Space |
| (compilers, programs, data, etc.) |
| |
--------------------------------------
The monitor is system software that is responsible for interpreting and carrying out the instructions in the batch jobs. When the monitor started a job, it handed over control of the entire computer to the job, which then controlled the computer until it finished.
A sample of several batch jobs might look like:
$JOB user_spec ; identify the user for accounting purposes
$FORTRAN ; load the FORTRAN compiler
source program cards
$LOAD ; load the compiled program
$RUN ; run the program
data cards
$EOJ ; end of job
$JOB user_spec ; identify a new user
$LOAD application
$RUN
data
$EOJ
Often magnetic tapes and drums were used to store intermediate data and compiled programs.
Advantages of batch systems
move much of the work of the operator to the computer
increased performance since it was possible for job to start as soon as the previous job finished
Disadvantages
turn-around time can be large from user standpoint
more difficult to debug program
due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs (read too many cards, etc)
a job could corrupt the monitor, thus affecting pending jobs
a job could enter an infinite loop
As mentioned above, one of the major shortcomings of early batch systems was that there was no protection scheme to prevent one job from adversely affecting other jobs.
The solution to this was a simple protection scheme, where certain memory (e.g. where the monitor resides) were made off-limits to user programs. This prevented user programs from corrupting the monitor.
To keep user programs from reading too many (or not enough) cards, the hardware was changed to allow the computer to operate in one of two modes: one for the monitor and one for the user programs. IO could only be performed in monitor mode, so that IO requests from the user programs were passed to the monitor. In this way, the monitor could keep a job from reading past it's on $EOJ card.
To prevent an infinite loop, a timer was added to the system and the $JOB card was modified so that a maximum execution time for the job was passed to the monitor. The computer would interrupt the job and return control to the monitor when this time was exceeded.
Spooling Batch Systems (mid 1960s - late 1970s)
One difficulty with simple batch systems is that the computer still needs to read the the deck of cards before it can begin to execute the job. This means that the CPU is idle (or nearly so) during these relatively slow operations.
Since it is faster to read from a magnetic tape than from a deck of cards, it became common for computer centers to have one or more less powerful computers in addition to there main computer. The smaller computers were used to read a decks of cards onto a tape, so that the tape would contain many batch jobs. This tape was then loaded on the main computer and the jobs on the tape were executed. The output from the jobs would be written to another tape which would then be removed and loaded on a less powerful computer to produce any hardcopy or other desired output.
It was a logical extension of the timer idea described above to have a timer that would only let jobs execute for a short time before interrupting them so that the monitor could start an IO operation. Since the IO operation could proceed while the CPU was crunching on a user program, little degradation in performance was noticed.
Since the computer can now perform IO in parallel with computation, it became possible to have the computer read a deck of cards to a tape, drum or disk and to write out to a tape printer while it was computing. This process is called SPOOLing: Simultaneous Peripheral Operation OnLine.
Spooling batch systems were the first and are the simplest of the multiprogramming systems.
One advantage of spooling batch systems was that the output from jobs was available as soon as the job completed, rather than only after all jobs in the current cycle were finished.
Multiprogramming Systems (1960s - present)
As machines with more and more memory became available, it was possible to extend the idea of multiprogramming (or multiprocessing) as used in spooling batch systems to create systems that would load several jobs into memory at once and cycle through them in some order, working on each one for a specified period of time.
--------------------------------------
| Monitor |
| (more like a operating system) |
--------------------------------------
| User program 1 |
--------------------------------------
| User program 2 |
--------------------------------------
| User program 3 |
--------------------------------------
| User program 4 |
--------------------------------------
At this point the monitor is growing to the point where it begins to resemble a modern operating system. It is responsible for:
starting user jobs
spooling operations
IO for user jobs
switching between user jobs
ensuring proper protection while doing the above
As a simple, yet common example, consider a machine that can run two jobs at once. Further, suppose that one job is IO intensive and that the other is CPU intensive. One way for the monitor to allocate CPU time between these jobs would be to divide time equally between them. However, the CPU would be idle much of the time the IO bound process was executing.
A good solution in this case is to allow the CPU bound process (the background job) to execute until the IO bound process (the foreground job) needs some CPU time, at which point the monitor permits it to run. Presumably it will soon need to do some IO and the monitor can return the CPU to the background job.
Timesharing Systems (1970s - present)
Back in the days of the "bare" computers without any operating system to speak of, the programmer had complete access to the machine. As hardware and software was developed to create monitors, simple and spooling batch systems and finally multiprogrammed systems, the separation between the user and the computer became more and more pronounced.
Users, and programmers in particular, longed to be able to "get to the machine" without having to go through the batch process. In the 1970s and especially in the 1980s this became possible two different ways.
The first involved timesharing or timeslicing. The idea of multiprogramming was extended to allow for multiple terminals to be connected to the computer, with each in-use terminal being associated with one or more jobs on the computer. The operating system is responsible for switching between the jobs, now often called processes, in such a way that favored user interaction. If the context-switches occurred quickly enough, the user had the impression that he or she had direct access to the computer.
Interactive processes are given a higher priority so that when IO is requested (e.g. a key is pressed), the associated process is quickly given control of the CPU so that it can process it. This is usually done through the use of an interrupt that causes the computer to realize that an IO event has occurred.
It should be mentioned that there are several different types of time sharing systems. One type is represented by computers like our VAX/VMS computers and UNIX workstations. In these computers entire processes are in memory (albeit virtual memory) and the computer switches between executing code in each of them. In other types of systems, such as airline reservation systems, a single application may actually do much of the timesharing between terminals. This way there does not need to be a different running program associated with each terminal.
Personal Computers
The second way that programmers and users got back at the machine was the advent of personal computers around 1980. Finally computers became small enough and inexpensive enough that an individual could own one, and hence have complete access to it.
Real-Time, Multiprocessor, and Distributed/Networked Systems
A real-time computer is one that execute programs that are guaranteed to have an upper bound on tasks that they carry out. Usually it is desired that the upper bound be very small. Examples included guided missile systems and medical monitoring equipment. The operating system on real-time computers is severely constrained by the timing requirements.
Dedicated computers are special purpose computers that are used to perform only one or more tasks. Often these are real-time computers and include applications such as the guided missile mentioned above and the computer in modern cars that controls the fuel injection system.
A multiprocessor computer is one with more than one CPU. The category of multiprocessor computers can be divided into the following sub-categories:
shared memory multiprocessors have multiple CPUs, all with access to the same memory. Communication between the the processors is easy to implement, but care must be taken so that memory accesses are synchronized.
distributed memory multiprocessors also have multiple CPUs, but each CPU has it's own associated memory. Here, memory access synchronization is not a problem, but communication between the processors is often slow and complicated.
Related to multiprocessors are the following:
networked systems consist of multiple computers that are networked together, usually with a common operating system and shared resources. Users, however, are aware of the different computers that make up the system.
distributed systems also consist of multiple computers but differ from networked systems in that the multiple computers are transparent to the user. Often there are redundant resources and a sharing of the workload among the different computers, but this is all transparent to the user.
Well Nerds like to read this stuff, so it must be news for us. I dont see non-nerds happy about this stuff so, I guess you need to draw your own conclusion.
Slashdot Mirror
for the article in english... anyhoo Looking at this, i am wondering when someone is going to create a world commision to govern the internet. you know , one tax etc. Which might just lead to the world economy taking its true form. The major countries are going to do it sooner or later.... I guess that will make the game fun again...
sony may have screwed up its own planning. I dont think the ever made sure the component supply could keep up with the demand. THe dreamcast will come out on top this holiday due to its already strong pressence
Has anybody done a good reveiw of these chips? I tested it out at the PC expo but I have not been able to read up on it?
I think sun will be able to lower the production cost while adding their own "flare" tp the product. I am lookin foward to see what is produced and how they support those who own cobalt systems
If Handled correctly Sun Could really push Colbalt to the next level. Cobalt makes good stuff, I think sun might be able to make it better.
I left school, I got a good job, and left school. Guess what, I like it. I like the money, I like beeing able to buy parts for my PC, anime what have you. But I do regret not havin a degree. Its a 50/50 thing. it all pesonel. The one thing I do know is that geeks dont need college if they busted the hump to learn their craft on their own. A degreee is a piece of paper that says I paid a lot for my education. Its not a bad thing a very overrated... I want a a dregree just to make my parental units happy thats it...
also we assume they understand what we are transmitting... Our Idear of inteligence may be wrong or maybe its not understood. Alien Contact could be a smell we dont think twicce about
Cool sounds instresting, I guess i have more surfing to do................. I think there should be a campaing to feed britny spears to the first sing of uninteligent alien life we find...
Seti is Crucial but maybe they have taken to broad of a search. Maybe there should be a bunch of different seti's looking a diffrent ranges, of light, radio waves, etc
I think setis been looking too hard I thinks it needs a break and should retool itself
Virtual inernet with in the NET ???? What do you think? Do you think its possible to creat something seperated from the mainstream, but using their backbone... Eh its just a thought for now...
Thanks for the info there. I just know there must be something out there to for a private net for people who dont wanna deal with the mainstream garbage. Virtual internet within the internet??? hmm I thinks me needs to curl up with my laptop and surf tonight
I am glad to see people suporting the Penguin
With All the Geeks out there, might there be a way to create our own internet??? so that we did not have to deal with all the BS. I mean there is enough brain power to do it ourselves if we put our heads to it.
afterthought, Can you explaing how the latin languages family allows us to multitask better? I thinks thats an intresting concept... Thanks
Funny you should mention tech words, in my group thats about 50 percent of the conversation. We are all techies in a way sometimes we can get a little one dimensional, with things. I like french because I dont know enought to talk slang I am just learning
Where is your company? its cool to see so many different people working together. Where I am at there is no diversity, i am the only one with dark skin every body else is of a fair complextion and only speaks english. All my french speaking freinds are at the university
I am from Liberia, now in america, and I spoke a real bad form of broken english, mixed with french, and a little bit of my grandmothers tribe. I was raised in america and Learned english the way teh schools here wanted me to. I really did not retain anythig else I knew. now I am trying to learn french. My girlfreind speaks it well and it comes in handy when you dont want to many people to know what your talking about
I agree that in the U.S. it not that useful, and people do know how to speak english, but I beleive people are worth more when they can speak more that one language. I have personely been in situations where no one spoke english, just french. Tha Language thing is a really tough idea to debate about though, there are no wrong answers
I am wondering, Will there be a time when knowing, just american english is not goog enough This Country does not focus on teaching its children multiple languages. I have freinds from out of the U.S. who learned to speak several languages as children. In the New World Economy They are worth more than most geeks because they can talk to more people... I think besides coding,peopl need to start learning how to speak other languages...
I should of just gave the link my bad
Something I found... A Brief History of Computer Operating Systems The Bare Machine Stacked Job Batch Systems (mid 1950s - mid 1960s) A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention. Often jobs of a similar nature can be bundled together to further increase economy The basic physical layout of the memory of a batch job computer is shown below: -------------------------------------- | | | Monitor (permanently resident) | | | -------------------------------------- | | | User Space | | (compilers, programs, data, etc.) | | | -------------------------------------- The monitor is system software that is responsible for interpreting and carrying out the instructions in the batch jobs. When the monitor started a job, it handed over control of the entire computer to the job, which then controlled the computer until it finished. A sample of several batch jobs might look like: $JOB user_spec ; identify the user for accounting purposes $FORTRAN ; load the FORTRAN compiler source program cards $LOAD ; load the compiled program $RUN ; run the program data cards $EOJ ; end of job $JOB user_spec ; identify a new user $LOAD application $RUN data $EOJ Often magnetic tapes and drums were used to store intermediate data and compiled programs. Advantages of batch systems move much of the work of the operator to the computer increased performance since it was possible for job to start as soon as the previous job finished Disadvantages turn-around time can be large from user standpoint more difficult to debug program due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs (read too many cards, etc) a job could corrupt the monitor, thus affecting pending jobs a job could enter an infinite loop As mentioned above, one of the major shortcomings of early batch systems was that there was no protection scheme to prevent one job from adversely affecting other jobs. The solution to this was a simple protection scheme, where certain memory (e.g. where the monitor resides) were made off-limits to user programs. This prevented user programs from corrupting the monitor. To keep user programs from reading too many (or not enough) cards, the hardware was changed to allow the computer to operate in one of two modes: one for the monitor and one for the user programs. IO could only be performed in monitor mode, so that IO requests from the user programs were passed to the monitor. In this way, the monitor could keep a job from reading past it's on $EOJ card. To prevent an infinite loop, a timer was added to the system and the $JOB card was modified so that a maximum execution time for the job was passed to the monitor. The computer would interrupt the job and return control to the monitor when this time was exceeded. Spooling Batch Systems (mid 1960s - late 1970s) One difficulty with simple batch systems is that the computer still needs to read the the deck of cards before it can begin to execute the job. This means that the CPU is idle (or nearly so) during these relatively slow operations. Since it is faster to read from a magnetic tape than from a deck of cards, it became common for computer centers to have one or more less powerful computers in addition to there main computer. The smaller computers were used to read a decks of cards onto a tape, so that the tape would contain many batch jobs. This tape was then loaded on the main computer and the jobs on the tape were executed. The output from the jobs would be written to another tape which would then be removed and loaded on a less powerful computer to produce any hardcopy or other desired output. It was a logical extension of the timer idea described above to have a timer that would only let jobs execute for a short time before interrupting them so that the monitor could start an IO operation. Since the IO operation could proceed while the CPU was crunching on a user program, little degradation in performance was noticed. Since the computer can now perform IO in parallel with computation, it became possible to have the computer read a deck of cards to a tape, drum or disk and to write out to a tape printer while it was computing. This process is called SPOOLing: Simultaneous Peripheral Operation OnLine. Spooling batch systems were the first and are the simplest of the multiprogramming systems. One advantage of spooling batch systems was that the output from jobs was available as soon as the job completed, rather than only after all jobs in the current cycle were finished. Multiprogramming Systems (1960s - present) As machines with more and more memory became available, it was possible to extend the idea of multiprogramming (or multiprocessing) as used in spooling batch systems to create systems that would load several jobs into memory at once and cycle through them in some order, working on each one for a specified period of time. -------------------------------------- | Monitor | | (more like a operating system) | -------------------------------------- | User program 1 | -------------------------------------- | User program 2 | -------------------------------------- | User program 3 | -------------------------------------- | User program 4 | -------------------------------------- At this point the monitor is growing to the point where it begins to resemble a modern operating system. It is responsible for: starting user jobs spooling operations IO for user jobs switching between user jobs ensuring proper protection while doing the above As a simple, yet common example, consider a machine that can run two jobs at once. Further, suppose that one job is IO intensive and that the other is CPU intensive. One way for the monitor to allocate CPU time between these jobs would be to divide time equally between them. However, the CPU would be idle much of the time the IO bound process was executing. A good solution in this case is to allow the CPU bound process (the background job) to execute until the IO bound process (the foreground job) needs some CPU time, at which point the monitor permits it to run. Presumably it will soon need to do some IO and the monitor can return the CPU to the background job. Timesharing Systems (1970s - present) Back in the days of the "bare" computers without any operating system to speak of, the programmer had complete access to the machine. As hardware and software was developed to create monitors, simple and spooling batch systems and finally multiprogrammed systems, the separation between the user and the computer became more and more pronounced. Users, and programmers in particular, longed to be able to "get to the machine" without having to go through the batch process. In the 1970s and especially in the 1980s this became possible two different ways. The first involved timesharing or timeslicing. The idea of multiprogramming was extended to allow for multiple terminals to be connected to the computer, with each in-use terminal being associated with one or more jobs on the computer. The operating system is responsible for switching between the jobs, now often called processes, in such a way that favored user interaction. If the context-switches occurred quickly enough, the user had the impression that he or she had direct access to the computer. Interactive processes are given a higher priority so that when IO is requested (e.g. a key is pressed), the associated process is quickly given control of the CPU so that it can process it. This is usually done through the use of an interrupt that causes the computer to realize that an IO event has occurred. It should be mentioned that there are several different types of time sharing systems. One type is represented by computers like our VAX/VMS computers and UNIX workstations. In these computers entire processes are in memory (albeit virtual memory) and the computer switches between executing code in each of them. In other types of systems, such as airline reservation systems, a single application may actually do much of the timesharing between terminals. This way there does not need to be a different running program associated with each terminal. Personal Computers The second way that programmers and users got back at the machine was the advent of personal computers around 1980. Finally computers became small enough and inexpensive enough that an individual could own one, and hence have complete access to it. Real-Time, Multiprocessor, and Distributed/Networked Systems A real-time computer is one that execute programs that are guaranteed to have an upper bound on tasks that they carry out. Usually it is desired that the upper bound be very small. Examples included guided missile systems and medical monitoring equipment. The operating system on real-time computers is severely constrained by the timing requirements. Dedicated computers are special purpose computers that are used to perform only one or more tasks. Often these are real-time computers and include applications such as the guided missile mentioned above and the computer in modern cars that controls the fuel injection system. A multiprocessor computer is one with more than one CPU. The category of multiprocessor computers can be divided into the following sub-categories: shared memory multiprocessors have multiple CPUs, all with access to the same memory. Communication between the the processors is easy to implement, but care must be taken so that memory accesses are synchronized. distributed memory multiprocessors also have multiple CPUs, but each CPU has it's own associated memory. Here, memory access synchronization is not a problem, but communication between the processors is often slow and complicated. Related to multiprocessors are the following: networked systems consist of multiple computers that are networked together, usually with a common operating system and shared resources. Users, however, are aware of the different computers that make up the system. distributed systems also consist of multiple computers but differ from networked systems in that the multiple computers are transparent to the user. Often there are redundant resources and a sharing of the workload among the different computers, but this is all transparent to the user.
and even better way to waste money
Well Nerds like to read this stuff, so it must be news for us. I dont see non-nerds happy about this stuff so, I guess you need to draw your own conclusion.
I am waiting to see what we are going to get, in terms of cpu's five years from now, with things advancing the way they are....