Fuck em. After the shit they pulled with Android and now any reference clean design is copyrightable even if it doesn't contain a single string of code from the original means Microsoft can sue the Wine Project. Bell Labs and can sue Gnu for gcc, etc.
This is very dangerous and if MS still had balmer you bet they would be suing Wine and ReactOS out of existence.
Oracle is far worse after this. OpenJDK can be revoked anytime now since Oracle claims an open clean room implementation is owned if it is based off the original.... wasn't this the SCO groups original argument agaisn't Linux? If Oracle won 10 years ago SCO would own Linux as well under this interpretation.
Doing what I can being a SME on Office 365 and SCCM now to earn a living being envious I didn't stick with programming and Linux like I once was this past decade and being bitter about those who are luckier indeed! I think i am a little old now to start over and learn node.js and get a job at a.com.
Azure already has FreeBSD. Infact, I used FreeBSD before I started using Linux on Hyper-V from my Windows 8.1 box due to the excellent guest tools donated by Microsoft from the Azure team. PfSense uses them too to set up my virtual routers in my hyper-V lab at home.
The reason they used Linux is because everyone else uses Linux. Linux is most understood by those who write such software so the knowledge base is strongest and familiarity.
Funny, this was the argument for Windows 20 years ago ironically. BSD never took off at the same level and only Microsoft knows the Windows kernel.
Or the bubble they live in is in the office where the boss loves Active Directory and win32 software and need something that talks and integrates well with their ecosystem.
You know not everyone is blessed to be a bearded hipster making $180,000 a year in Silicon Valley and working from a coffee shop all day while working in their hip node.js frameworks talking to the NOSQL database for a company that doesn't make any money.
In my world you support what the employers tells you to support or you're fired and replaced with someone who will. That is a fact.
These days I would choose.NET over Java if I had to choose anyway as Oracle is more evil and proprietary than MS is... if those were my two options.
I would prefer to add a layer of hooks for Win64 kernel features and a layer to run native.exe binaries on Linux would be more preferable.
Unfortunately Linux is a macrokernel while WindowsNT is a hybrid with layers for WSL for Linux and win64 and win32 as seperate runtime layers exokernel. I wonder if this is possible.
ReactOS is quite limited and I prefer to run full binaries natively under a Linux kernel that is as good as WSL on Windows.
I thought about changing career paths and doing software development. I realized I would have to work for free to gain references from Craigslist gigs. Then make maybe $100 for s months worth of work for a website then contract for $20/hr after 6 months and so on etc.
I started I.T. at 14/hr when I was younger living at home with my parents as a subcontractors subcontractor.I can't do that at my age and pay rent.
Part of me feels the solution to not having work experience is to gain it anyhow but if it's not in the right field then fuck it.
Here is the deal. No work experience NO JOB!! No references NO JOB! No one gives a shit about your fancy piece of paper called a degree.... also if it is not profitable to pay someone money for a job not needed also NO JOB! The joke on reddit is to become a system administrator you first have to become a system administrator! How do you get that? By working for free and taking low wage shit contract jobs to build up your resume, references, and reputation. Then you can tell an employer to fuck themselves if they try to short you. But if you have no job then there is nothing you can do.
Firms are not evil. They are like you. They only pay for things they want and if they can get it done cheaper they will just like if you for anything you want to buy. That is bad news. The good news is the FreeMarket can work in your favor if you have experience and a skill. Economics 101 dictates that you can't equal all jobs minimum wage. Someone will always pay more for a skilled worker they need more than their present employer.
To be a developer you first have to work for free. THen work for 4 weeks for $100 on an ad for craigslist while you work at the mall with the highschoolers. The next job you get it done in 2 weeks for another $100 and so on. THen you temp for $20/hr....3 years later you bill $70,000 a year. 10 years later $150,000 a year.
I am in favor of more apprenticeships and got into a debate last week on LinkedIN. The reason these poor millennials are living with their parents is they were too good to flip burgers and do free internships over the summer while at college. Guess who got the jobs upon graduation? The ones who had references of course.
Why are you talking so much about JavaScript when the story is about ruby? I love Perl and believe perl will always be the best so now Iâ(TM)ve posted the same as you.
Because the point of the video was about the cool kids who discovered non blocking I/O async event driven do not understand threading or code quality. Yes you can do something simple VERY fast... but in actually node.js developers develop their own OS with threading and end up with call back after call back loop spaghetti.
What Ruby 3.0 is attempting to do is just this. It makes more sense to use threads and let the OS deal with assigning them to CPU's and ultilizing which set of code to execute next.
Event-driven I/O is a good idea. It happens that Node already has a good one because it's a web standard, and it inherits it from Chrome along with the rest of Javascript. However, event-driven I/O is easily done in C, Ruby, Python, Java, anything that supports coroutines. Many of these languages also support lambdas, anonymous blocks, and closures. Yes, even C++ has lambdas and will have futures (like closures) in the next standard. The syntax for them is sort of clunky next to Ruby.
C programmers haven't just learned about select() and poll(), they've had them for a long time. These allow them event semantics on the existing Unix I/O primitives and you can build an event I/O library on top of them.
Javascript doesn't really offer all of the desirable features of modern programming languages. After all, the goal was for it to look like C. We'll end up with a nicer language with a first-class event-driven I/O library and no native I/O.
But fads go in and out. Meanwhile COBOL I heard is still popular in older enterprises. Will node.js and Rust have the same fate 10 years from now? Java seems to be declining but still is active on older software projects.
"This discussion is over until you give an actual honest-to-goodness reason for why you tied the two features together. No more "Why not?" crap." -Torvalds
Linux is a distribution by users, for users. So the individuals you are locking down are the developers and future developers of the operating system.
"Keeping the bad guys out" is a nanny state problem for for-cost operating systems. You can tie secure boot and kernel lockdowns together if you want to outsource your I.T. to a third party or for-cost developer.
The rest of us what to know what the difference is between what secure boot protect, and what kernel lockdowns protect. As well as to be able to enjoy our hobby without having to get a degree in cyber security to sign a kernel every time we want to try out a new OS or distribution.
Nanny state to ensure your HIPPA and PCI and SOX compliant servers at work do not have rootkits? For an organization it is a feature. Some IT departments require UEFI secureboot with custom add in keys for their servers which Redhat and FreeBSD support I may add is to make sure you keep your job.
Essentially what the corporations want is for people to only user the Internet via locked down ("approved" or "secure" devices). These devices will only have cloud based storage available and everything will be streamed from servers and the consumer will only need to pay a monthly fee for all this goodness. If you don't think this will happen, think of the children, or the terrorists, or the terrorist children, or security, or whatever the problem is this week.
Actually UEFI boot is just an encrypted boot loader. It is a feature if you put the tinfoil hat away as you can add your own keys. My Asus board offers this and it is GREAT FOR SERVERS. Many companies sign their RedHat Enterprise with UEFI and customer keys to prevent rootkits.
It is not a kernel level anything. For a phone that is truly locked down you would need an encrypted CPU where if the assembly code isn't signed it will refuse to run on some DRM nightmare. But the bootloader doesn't go that far at all.
Guess what? Every competitor has failed or not taken away the marketshare away from Windows and Intel. x86 is here to stay as long as corporations need their applications.
Do you say that as a joke, or out of ignorance, or are you intentionally abusing statistics? The change in the market over the past 20 years has seen meteoric decline in the use of Wintel (remember that name) for what people consider computing.
Windows / Microsoft has a market share online of less than 35% now with the majority taken up by tablet computers. Intel stopped being the largest manufacturer of processors this year overtaken by Samsung.
And both of these stats happen while tablet / phone devices are still being considered toys and people still look to PCs for "real" work. Chromebooks are starting to show the world an alternative way of doing "real work", the only thing that is missing there is the software. And you can be damn sure that the makers of major software are taking note starting to add full blown functionality to not only mobile apps, but tablet dedicated apps too.
Side note: Stifel has downgraded Intel from a Buy rating to a Hold rating yesterday due to expectation that not only the PC dominance is over, but their server market share is going to suffer too with more energy efficient alternatives available from competitors.
Look at how people interact with technology and you'll see Windows and Intel's pittyful marketshare for what it actually is.
What decline? Looking around at the office. I see HP desktops as far as the eye can see. I see legacy shitty Oracle products, VB 6 apps for some employees, IE specific sites with activeX, and all sorts of legacy whorts.
Just because teenagers and Moms must have an iphone to message and candy crush with their friends doesn't mean Wintel is going away for people who do real work. You are smoking crack if you think these legacy stuff is going away once something is a dependancy.
Intel's rating is because of Trump being stupid in it's tradewar with China. As one.com gets hit (Amazon) computer programs that trade stocks since people no longer do besides Icahn will downgrade all in a sector based on statistics. Not facts.
WIndows has 95% marketshare as Mom's and little girls tweeting their friends are not in the same market as business customers who buy a PC for the ecosystem.
I have seen the rise and fall of [...] smart phones [...] even Linux
Fall of smartphones and Linux, what?
My point is wintel is still here and will stay here for years to come regardless of Android. It is a standard that will never go away as long as someone needs an app or data from an app only on that platform.
That will just further alienate Oracle's customers and hasten the demise of Solaris and SPARC
Come on. This is Oracle we are talking about. Like MS before them their customers are on lockin with P-SQL specific code and financial stuff they can't get rid of. Why bother to be nice?
Your littlr story is cute, but has nothing to do with the crime comitted.
The company in question took Sun/Oracle updates that require customers to pay Sun/Oracle for and SOLD them to hundreds of clients as if they were selling legal copies bought from Sun/oracle.
Kinda like walking into a record store and buying records pressed while-you-wait from bootlegs.
I can't wait to hear what Oracle does to all the company's clients without support contracts.
Quite easy. Send their lawyers over with scary threatening letters of injunctions to shutdown all the illegal Oracle Servers... unless of course they sign a contract with no discount of course plus a legal fee surcharge for having to pay the lawyers to threaten you.
I have been saying this for a few years now ever since the Java lawsuit against Google that no one is a bigger threat to innovation, FOSS, and software development freedom than Oracle.
Their products suck, buggy, ultra expensive, and require contracts which are leased rather than rented with SAAS with all sorts of stipulations.
MS on the other hand is moving in the other direction but still have a ways to go. Windows being free for non commercial use is one example and unlike Oracle their products are at least improving. Oracle is going the other way around and throwing people in jail who want a bug fix.
The most outdated shit requiring insecure IE and ancient versions of Windows on desktops is all because of fucking Oracle because they charge an arm and a leg to upgrade so Java6 (last employer) is still being used with customer financial data all because Oracle wants to charge too much money to upgrade that the cost accountants won't pay..... end rant
The market is stagnant. Desktop legacy apps will always be wintel. Android arm is mobile .
The choice has been made and we have history to show us that you can't change standards. WinArm maybe a nice server role in a farm somewhere but that's it. Your examples have all failed. IBM is for mainframes. Always has always will.
Is there an EULA against so called "viral" licences with VS 2017 community edition on Windows Store Apps or a Windows Store EULA? I know MS had one for WindowsCE and Windows Mobile SDK.
Windows Store could be useful and I see VLC is there but with limited functionality. But like Android it has has C++ and or C# hooks compiled for a CPU architecture so the odds of this are really low.
Again a server running Hyper-V or a domain controller is the only thing unless MS ports SQL Server to ARM. But all of this would be useful only on the server and MS abandoned it for desktop... facepalm.
They're talking about Windows Store only here, which if you don't want to pay Microsoft 30% of your revenue, or don't want to have to use their application patching system, is bad.
Visual Studio 2017 does support making ARM64 desktop applications with a bit of hackery, but you'll face an uphill battle, and it definitely won't be supported. As an example of the issues you face, MFC for ARM64 is not provided.
Citation? The last I looked I saw ARM on the SDKs during a Visual Studio 2017 not to mention MS wanted Windows Phone to take off.
Intel is going NOWHERE. I am an old 41 year old far. I have seen the rise and fall of PowerPC, Risk Alpha, original Macs, PowerMacs ala modern Mac osx macs, smart phones, smart terminals, network computers, java, Itanium, even Linux.
Guess what? Every competitor has failed or not taken away the marketshare away from Windows and Intel. x86 is here to stay as long as corporations need their applications.
Slashdot Mirror
Fuck em. After the shit they pulled with Android and now any reference clean design is copyrightable even if it doesn't contain a single string of code from the original means Microsoft can sue the Wine Project. Bell Labs and can sue Gnu for gcc, etc.
This is very dangerous and if MS still had balmer you bet they would be suing Wine and ReactOS out of existence.
Oracle is far worse after this. OpenJDK can be revoked anytime now since Oracle claims an open clean room implementation is owned if it is based off the original. ... wasn't this the SCO groups original argument agaisn't Linux? If Oracle won 10 years ago SCO would own Linux as well under this interpretation.
Sigh. Yes a Nokia 820.
Doing what I can being a SME on Office 365 and SCCM now to earn a living being envious I didn't stick with programming and Linux like I once was this past decade and being bitter about those who are luckier indeed! I think i am a little old now to start over and learn node.js and get a job at a .com.
Azure already has FreeBSD. Infact, I used FreeBSD before I started using Linux on Hyper-V from my Windows 8.1 box due to the excellent guest tools donated by Microsoft from the Azure team. PfSense uses them too to set up my virtual routers in my hyper-V lab at home.
The reason they used Linux is because everyone else uses Linux. Linux is most understood by those who write such software so the knowledge base is strongest and familiarity.
Funny, this was the argument for Windows 20 years ago ironically. BSD never took off at the same level and only Microsoft knows the Windows kernel.
Or the bubble they live in is in the office where the boss loves Active Directory and win32 software and need something that talks and integrates well with their ecosystem.
You know not everyone is blessed to be a bearded hipster making $180,000 a year in Silicon Valley and working from a coffee shop all day while working in their hip node.js frameworks talking to the NOSQL database for a company that doesn't make any money.
In my world you support what the employers tells you to support or you're fired and replaced with someone who will. That is a fact.
These days I would choose .NET over Java if I had to choose anyway as Oracle is more evil and proprietary than MS is ... if those were my two options.
I would prefer to add a layer of hooks for Win64 kernel features and a layer to run native .exe binaries on Linux would be more preferable.
Unfortunately Linux is a macrokernel while WindowsNT is a hybrid with layers for WSL for Linux and win64 and win32 as seperate runtime layers exokernel. I wonder if this is possible.
ReactOS is quite limited and I prefer to run full binaries natively under a Linux kernel that is as good as WSL on Windows.
Anything before Skylake. Oh wait nevermind I thought we were talking about Windows 10.
Kernel 2.6 works just fine thank you very much sincerely my bosses sticking with Redhat 5 and 6.
You kind of proved my point. You had word of mouth references and contacts. If you are a 4 year student and have no word of mouth you're fucked.
No one will bother wasting their time to talk to you as a "real" candidate is always available.
I thought about changing career paths and doing software development. I realized I would have to work for free to gain references from Craigslist gigs. Then make maybe $100 for s months worth of work for a website then contract for $20/hr after 6 months and so on etc.
I started I.T. at 14/hr when I was younger living at home with my parents as a subcontractors subcontractor.I can't do that at my age and pay rent.
Part of me feels the solution to not having work experience is to gain it anyhow but if it's not in the right field then fuck it.
Here is the deal. No work experience NO JOB!! No references NO JOB! No one gives a shit about your fancy piece of paper called a degree. ... also if it is not profitable to pay someone money for a job not needed also NO JOB! The joke on reddit is to become a system administrator you first have to become a system administrator! How do you get that? By working for free and taking low wage shit contract jobs to build up your resume, references, and reputation. Then you can tell an employer to fuck themselves if they try to short you. But if you have no job then there is nothing you can do.
Firms are not evil. They are like you. They only pay for things they want and if they can get it done cheaper they will just like if you for anything you want to buy. That is bad news. The good news is the FreeMarket can work in your favor if you have experience and a skill. Economics 101 dictates that you can't equal all jobs minimum wage. Someone will always pay more for a skilled worker they need more than their present employer.
To be a developer you first have to work for free. THen work for 4 weeks for $100 on an ad for craigslist while you work at the mall with the highschoolers. The next job you get it done in 2 weeks for another $100 and so on. THen you temp for $20/hr. ...3 years later you bill $70,000 a year. 10 years later $150,000 a year.
I am in favor of more apprenticeships and got into a debate last week on LinkedIN. The reason these poor millennials are living with their parents is they were too good to flip burgers and do free internships over the summer while at college. Guess who got the jobs upon graduation? The ones who had references of course.
Why are you talking so much about JavaScript when the story is about ruby? I love Perl and believe perl will always be the best so now Iâ(TM)ve posted the same as you.
Because the point of the video was about the cool kids who discovered non blocking I/O async event driven do not understand threading or code quality. Yes you can do something simple VERY fast ... but in actually node.js developers develop their own OS with threading and end up with call back after call back loop spaghetti.
What Ruby 3.0 is attempting to do is just this. It makes more sense to use threads and let the OS deal with assigning them to CPU's and ultilizing which set of code to execute next.
Event-driven I/O is a good idea. It happens that Node already has a good one because it's a web standard, and it inherits it from Chrome along with the rest of Javascript. However, event-driven I/O is easily done in C, Ruby, Python, Java, anything that supports coroutines. Many of these languages also support lambdas, anonymous blocks, and closures. Yes, even C++ has lambdas and will have futures (like closures) in the next standard. The syntax for them is sort of clunky next to Ruby.
C programmers haven't just learned about select() and poll(), they've had them for a long time. These allow them event semantics on the existing Unix I/O primitives and you can build an event I/O library on top of them.
Javascript doesn't really offer all of the desirable features of modern programming languages. After all, the goal was for it to look like C. We'll end up with a nicer language with a first-class event-driven I/O library and no native I/O.
Your post reminds me of a funny video from the same author who did the infamous Mongo DB WEBSCALE called node.js is Bass Ass rockstar tech which talks about event-driven I/O and the hilarious obvious problems .
But fads go in and out. Meanwhile COBOL I heard is still popular in older enterprises. Will node.js and Rust have the same fate 10 years from now? Java seems to be declining but still is active on older software projects.
"This discussion is over until you give an actual honest-to-goodness reason for why you tied the two features together. No more "Why not?" crap." -Torvalds
Linux is a distribution by users, for users. So the individuals you are locking down are the developers and future developers of the operating system.
"Keeping the bad guys out" is a nanny state problem for for-cost operating systems. You can tie secure boot and kernel lockdowns together if you want to outsource your I.T. to a third party or for-cost developer.
The rest of us what to know what the difference is between what secure boot protect, and what kernel lockdowns protect. As well as to be able to enjoy our hobby without having to get a degree in cyber security to sign a kernel every time we want to try out a new OS or distribution.
Nanny state to ensure your HIPPA and PCI and SOX compliant servers at work do not have rootkits? For an organization it is a feature. Some IT departments require UEFI secureboot with custom add in keys for their servers which Redhat and FreeBSD support I may add is to make sure you keep your job.
Essentially what the corporations want is for people to only user the Internet via locked down ("approved" or "secure" devices). These devices will only have cloud based storage available and everything will be streamed from servers and the consumer will only need to pay a monthly fee for all this goodness. If you don't think this will happen, think of the children, or the terrorists, or the terrorist children, or security, or whatever the problem is this week.
Actually UEFI boot is just an encrypted boot loader. It is a feature if you put the tinfoil hat away as you can add your own keys. My Asus board offers this and it is GREAT FOR SERVERS. Many companies sign their RedHat Enterprise with UEFI and customer keys to prevent rootkits.
It is not a kernel level anything. For a phone that is truly locked down you would need an encrypted CPU where if the assembly code isn't signed it will refuse to run on some DRM nightmare. But the bootloader doesn't go that far at all.
Good thing we are still in the first 6,000 years so thing to sweat. Unless another flood hits.
Guess what? Every competitor has failed or not taken away the marketshare away from Windows and Intel. x86 is here to stay as long as corporations need their applications.
Do you say that as a joke, or out of ignorance, or are you intentionally abusing statistics? The change in the market over the past 20 years has seen meteoric decline in the use of Wintel (remember that name) for what people consider computing.
Windows / Microsoft has a market share online of less than 35% now with the majority taken up by tablet computers.
Intel stopped being the largest manufacturer of processors this year overtaken by Samsung.
And both of these stats happen while tablet / phone devices are still being considered toys and people still look to PCs for "real" work. Chromebooks are starting to show the world an alternative way of doing "real work", the only thing that is missing there is the software. And you can be damn sure that the makers of major software are taking note starting to add full blown functionality to not only mobile apps, but tablet dedicated apps too.
Side note: Stifel has downgraded Intel from a Buy rating to a Hold rating yesterday due to expectation that not only the PC dominance is over, but their server market share is going to suffer too with more energy efficient alternatives available from competitors.
Look at how people interact with technology and you'll see Windows and Intel's pittyful marketshare for what it actually is.
What decline? Looking around at the office. I see HP desktops as far as the eye can see. I see legacy shitty Oracle products, VB 6 apps for some employees, IE specific sites with activeX, and all sorts of legacy whorts.
Just because teenagers and Moms must have an iphone to message and candy crush with their friends doesn't mean Wintel is going away for people who do real work. You are smoking crack if you think these legacy stuff is going away once something is a dependancy.
Intel's rating is because of Trump being stupid in it's tradewar with China. As one .com gets hit (Amazon) computer programs that trade stocks since people no longer do besides Icahn will downgrade all in a sector based on statistics. Not facts.
WIndows has 95% marketshare as Mom's and little girls tweeting their friends are not in the same market as business customers who buy a PC for the ecosystem.
I have seen the rise and fall of [...] smart phones [...] even Linux
Fall of smartphones and Linux, what?
My point is wintel is still here and will stay here for years to come regardless of Android. It is a standard that will never go away as long as someone needs an app or data from an app only on that platform.
That will just further alienate Oracle's customers and hasten the demise of Solaris and SPARC
Come on. This is Oracle we are talking about. Like MS before them their customers are on lockin with P-SQL specific code and financial stuff they can't get rid of. Why bother to be nice?
Your littlr story is cute, but has nothing to do with the crime comitted.
The company in question took Sun/Oracle updates that require customers to pay Sun/Oracle for and SOLD them to hundreds of clients as if they were selling legal copies bought from Sun/oracle.
Kinda like walking into a record store and buying records pressed while-you-wait from bootlegs.
I can't wait to hear what Oracle does to all the company's clients without support contracts.
Quite easy. Send their lawyers over with scary threatening letters of injunctions to shutdown all the illegal Oracle Servers ... unless of course they sign a contract with no discount of course plus a legal fee surcharge for having to pay the lawyers to threaten you.
I have been saying this for a few years now ever since the Java lawsuit against Google that no one is a bigger threat to innovation, FOSS, and software development freedom than Oracle.
Their products suck, buggy, ultra expensive, and require contracts which are leased rather than rented with SAAS with all sorts of stipulations.
MS on the other hand is moving in the other direction but still have a ways to go. Windows being free for non commercial use is one example and unlike Oracle their products are at least improving. Oracle is going the other way around and throwing people in jail who want a bug fix.
The most outdated shit requiring insecure IE and ancient versions of Windows on desktops is all because of fucking Oracle because they charge an arm and a leg to upgrade so Java6 (last employer) is still being used with customer financial data all because Oracle wants to charge too much money to upgrade that the cost accountants won't pay. .... end rant
The market is stagnant. Desktop legacy apps will always be wintel. Android arm is mobile .
The choice has been made and we have history to show us that you can't change standards. WinArm maybe a nice server role in a farm somewhere but that's it. Your examples have all failed. IBM is for mainframes. Always has always will.
Is there an EULA against so called "viral" licences with VS 2017 community edition on Windows Store Apps or a Windows Store EULA? I know MS had one for WindowsCE and Windows Mobile SDK.
Windows Store could be useful and I see VLC is there but with limited functionality. But like Android it has has C++ and or C# hooks compiled for a CPU architecture so the odds of this are really low.
Again a server running Hyper-V or a domain controller is the only thing unless MS ports SQL Server to ARM. But all of this would be useful only on the server and MS abandoned it for desktop ... facepalm.
They're talking about Windows Store only here, which if you don't want to pay Microsoft 30% of your revenue, or don't want to have to use their application patching system, is bad.
Visual Studio 2017 does support making ARM64 desktop applications with a bit of hackery, but you'll face an uphill battle, and it definitely won't be supported. As an example of the issues you face, MFC for ARM64 is not provided.
Citation? The last I looked I saw ARM on the SDKs during a Visual Studio 2017 not to mention MS wanted Windows Phone to take off.
Intel is going NOWHERE. I am an old 41 year old far. I have seen the rise and fall of PowerPC, Risk Alpha, original Macs, PowerMacs ala modern Mac osx macs, smart phones, smart terminals, network computers, java, Itanium, even Linux.
Guess what? Every competitor has failed or not taken away the marketshare away from Windows and Intel. x86 is here to stay as long as corporations need their applications.