One of the largest expenses in manufacture of solar panels in the U.S. is the safe handling and disposal of the toxic chemicals produced during manufacture of solar panels. Yep, we would have 30% cheaper panels if we didn't give a hoot what was done with the toxins left over from manufacture.
Sorry Adobe, but I've gone to using a suite of shareware programs to do what I once did with Photoshop.
I now control when and how to upgrade and have no license lock up idiocy to contend with. Yeah, it is harder to use three programs instead of one but it is an order of magnitude cheaper in software cost and not all that much more expensive in time used.
99% of what I need to do can be done with Gimp and Graphics Workshop.
Who uses a web based email server and expects security? Even back in the 90s people knew better than rely on Hotmail, Yahoo, and Gmail.
I don't bother with high security on gmail as it is my throw away spamertizer catcher address used to sign onto web pages that require a valid email to read their articles.
I think the "Pop" music scene is just the death throes of the old record labels. An intentional decision was made in the early 1990s to phase out studio production music in favor of much cheaper to produce rap and pop. What we have today is the result of almost two decades of that business model. The cheapest to make with the least creativity necessary is being aggressively marketed.
So many of the extremely creative and talented musicians just aren't playing the pop game any more. Have a look at bandcamp.com and pledgemusic.com and you will see that a record label is totally irrelevant to getting music produced and distributed. If you get crowdfunding to cover the studio and mixing costs then get listed with Amazon, iTunes, and Google you have your music in production and distribution. Anyone still think a record label and an agent are necessary?
Hopefully the cream will rise to the top. But, currently, any old garage produced track can be in the market. And the old outmoded production houses are flooding the market with pop clone millennial whoops.
There is a lot of very good new music out there but you have to look for it and say a prayer to the gods of Serendipity that you find the gems among the dreck. Looking at my music purchases over the last couple of years there are some old names and new.
Ian Anderson (Yep, Jethro Tull's flautist is still going strong)
Ruelle
Woodkid
The Real Tuesday Weld (totally bizarre but you can't get their tunes out of the head)
Aaron Chupa (I sill think of Chupa as a Jamaican candy bar.)
Lindsey Stirling
Steeleye Span (Summer of love was their first album. folk/rock for over 40 yrs)
Tuatha Dea (Watch their videos. You won't see Appalachia the same ever again)
Mean Mary
Pentatonix
Blackmore's Night
The John Butler Trio (If you can sit still to their music, you are in the crowd for Walking Dead)
Care if it is dynamite music even if not in English....
WagakkiBand
Sekai no Owari
Faun
Shakira
Living by a trending list is for clones.
Nope, California latches on to all the environment changing hydroelectric power from the Pacific Northwest and the Colorado River dams that they can get. Then fill in the gaps with high dollar gas fired plants that have to get LNG shipped in by the tanker load because the NIMBY contingent won't allow pipelines to bring it in.
Without nuclear for base load electric bills in California will only go higher and higher and higher as the state either buys on the market or uses the most expensive generation methods.
As to the waste from commercial nuclear power... by law, the DOE was to take custody of used commercial nuclear fuel by fiscal year 1998 for recycling. The DOE ordered the plant designed and built to reprocess commercial nuclear fuel was put into layup improperly in 1990 (after the Berlin wall fell) and is now a toxic waste cleanup site which will never operate again. The inability of the federal government to operate a nuclear facility cleanly and safely after mandating by law only a federal agency is allowed to (Atomic Energy Act of 1972) is beyond criminal. European commercial nuclear facilities have been recycling fuel for decades. The technology to handle the waste is proven technology.
But why did the light rail stop six blocks from the train station?
With the continuous drizzle in Portland, it is a true PITA situation to walk your luggage to the train.
Why do that? Because a flight in to Portland and the cost of a train ticket is less than half the cost of a flight into Pasco, Washington over on the dry side.
An old computer can be an excellent streaming device. I have an old 2 core box running Vista that streams quite well.
BTW, if it is just the network card out, plug a Chromecast in a HDMI and you have network capability back.
3rd option, hit eBay for a used network card to fit the TV and drop it in.
Meh, if Trump signs a bill that increases security agencies ability to surveil citizens; Trump will be lambasted with more claims of "totalitarian" and "literally Hitler". If Trump vetoes a bill for increased surveillance; he will be lambasted in the media as "doesn't care about the safety of Americans".
What you can count on is the mainstream media to spin things and make up any possible evidence to make their most un-favorite politician out to be a monster. Meanwhile, most of the country wishes they would STFU on the Trump howls and actually report on something that effects the working people.
The better target of vindictive lawsuits would be to sue those who did unlawful acts instead of legal acts in years past. Sue the drug pushers and smugglers for reparations for addiction instead.
The last time I looked; it was not lawful to make something illegal and apply it retroactively. Or do these high dollar attorneys in NYC see a cash cow of public outrage to milk over an issue that is another nothing burger but lucrative to tie up in court for decades?
If cellular packet data were sufficient speed, we would still be using dial up modems because that is all the speed you need. 10mbps cellula, with the packet lag and dropped packets, has throughput more like a 54 kBPS dialup modem and 3G (which most of the country has as a best signal) is like a 14,400 dialup modem. Yeah, you can get some email and stream low-res but you need to be on wifi to an actual broadband connection to do anything serious.
When the FCC upped the definition of "broadband" from 12 Mbps to 25 Mbps who remembers the howls from the huge ISP companies because they couldn't market "cheapest hardware" as "broadband" for premium prices any more.
Packet radio like cellular network data is wonderful for access in a semi remote area but pails in comparison to the throughput from an actual internet connection.
Yes, Tramodol is for pain. You need something to reduce the inflammation and NOT more and more pain killer. My primary care needs to be beat up with a clue bat. They keep upping pain killer dosage and canceled the NSAID prescriptions. But, 600mg of ASA 4 times a day works.
So spinning and editing a quote to make it seem something different was said is not "fake news"?
The "60 Minutes" television show is infamous for doing just this.
Because the male gendered designation is the generic.
Yes, "man" is the generic case for all mankind.
Isn't insisting otherwise making "women" generic and interchangeable?
(Yes, I'm hitting a skewed meme for humor value.)
And I've found that calling the hotel direct and bypassing a chain website gets even more savings. A hotel manager will kick in an extra discount if bookings are low whereas a company website always uses their standard rate table.
Which is why, in the US, scientists use metric and everyone else, for normal everyday life, continues to use the convenient units they always have.
Except that most people don't know how to use the old antiquated system. Is that ounces by weight or by volume? (makes a difference in cooking even) How many tablespoons in a cup? Pounds mass or pounds weight... makes a difference in dynamic loading. How many furlongs in a mile? How many miles in a league?
Go to a grocery in Canada you will see two prices on the contents of the deli counter. A price per pound (traditional) and a price per 100g (price per standard serving size). If you go for a turkey, brisket, or other bulk meat; you pay a price per kilogram. Easy to understand for even a Yank.
The U.S. is a century overdue in going metric for one bloody good reason; being competitive on the international market.
BTW, demanding all government offices use A4 size paper instead of the 8.5x11 U.S. standard before there was any A4 paper stocked was a stupid way to turn people off metric altogether. (Jimmy Carter's idea back in the 70s.)
Russia would have NEVER tried to pull the shit that they pulled, invading Crimea and such, without being absolutely certain that Obama would do nothing.
Russia didn't invade Crimea.
Ethnic Russians, a majority in the province of Crimea, rebelled against the Ukrainian government. Crimea was forced to become part of Ukrainia by a coalition of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire back in 1848. Crimea has been trying to return to being part of Russia for over 200 years. But, some countries just did not want Russia to have control of the year round seaport of Sevastopol.
Widen your scope and that conflict looks a lot different.
"Net Neutrality" was codified by the FCC in 1996 when some ISPs were caught blocking and throttling. Every time an ISP company went to court trying to bypass net neutrality; the FCC had to make the code more specific so kill the wiggle room forbidding predatory use of a public resource.
2015 was just the last time that the code was modified and that was the result of a lawsuit against the FCC by Verizon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2014)
The ARPANET became the Internet in 1990 when civilian access was allowed. At first, big companies ignored the nerd playground. But, by 1995, the big boys started trying to cash in but their efforts fell flat. Do you remember the abortion that AT&Ts "Worldnet" was? (been there, beta tested that... a good year of free internet but buggy as {insert favorite epithet})
What several large companies tried to do was go back to the Compuserve and AOL model where their own content came in lightning fast but the rest of the net only got in through a throttled low bandwidth portal. The FCC had to draft regulations to stop that and implemented in 1996.
Are nuclear fission reactor firms trying to convince the public they're "safe"?
Safe? Well, they are as safe as any large industrial system that handles hazardous material can be.
Are nuclear fission reactor firms trying to convince people we should spend 20 times as much as renewable energy to build power plants we don't need, the construction of which will be more destructive than other energy sources?
Well, only hydroelectric is cheaper.
Or are they proposing we all live next to nuclear fission reactors?
Personally, I'd live across the street from a U.S. or Canadian nuclear power plant long long before I'd want to be within ten miles of a coal fired plant or an oil refinery. But you really should have some distance from any heavy industry area.
The funny thing is we already have nuclear fusion reactors, they just aren't being developed for the commercial, industrial, or residential power generation needs, only for military use (kind of helps when running certain things we claim we don't have).
The VERY FIRST proof of concept fusion power plant is under construction in France. It will be up for hot testing, if all goes right, in 2025. The only fusion reactors around at the moment are research units that are not capable of generating electricity at all. There is a big difference in having a reactor and having a reactor that can generate power for your house. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Iter-fusion-project-passes-construction-milestone-1112175.html
ITER is to fusion what EBR-1 was to fission reactors; the first commercially useful one. http://www4vip.inl.gov/ebr/
Years ago I heard that they were telling pregnant women not to fly due to radiation. If it is that bad, surely pilots and cabin crews are at significant risk, being exposed 1000x more than the average passenger.
Short answer... No.
Longer summary answer... you need than 5000 milliRem a year for 30 years to increase the cancer rate (cases, not deaths) per 100,000 population from the baseline of 2 to 3. You need 25,000 millRem in a single day to get any indication of blood changes at all and you would only see those if you had blood taken a day after the exposure analyzed at a research grade hematology lab.
Perspective: You get 600-1000 milliRem a year from existing on Planet Earth. A license for radioactive material (reactors included) requires the holder to prove that members of the general public DO
NOT receive more than 100 milliRem a year from actions of the licensee. (Medical X-ray is a spacial case and has other regs) The legal max exposure for trained nuclear workers is 5000 milliRem a calendar year. Most radiation workers receive 1000 milliRem a year due to occupational exposure. I've measured 250 milliRem for a chest X-Ray and 118 milliRem for a panoramic Dental X-Ray but that is a special case in the regs.
Based on a few readings I took myself and maximizing legal flight hour limitations on air crew; I came up with around 2500 milliRem a year if they are at cruising altitude 80% of the time they are working. Note: my personal readings maxed at 0.75 milliRem/hr (7.5 microSievert/hr) with an instrument calibrated for Cs-137 at about 20,000 feet cruising altitude. This is something I did when I was flying a lot back in the 90s long before flight crew and passenger radiation exposure was addressed in officialdom.
Assuming my 3 readings would be in the same ballpark as a properly done study; it means that air crew gets a bit over twice what I get working around reactors but less than the threshold for documented increased cancer risk.
You can see the measurements that NASA measures and posts in order to estimate air crew exposure at: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html
FAA website on in flight radiation exposure: https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/aeromedical/radiobiology/reports/
If you want more detail and theory; use the search term "Health Physics".
The airplane crew really gets upset if you break out a dose rate meter at cruising altitude and turn on the audible indication. Especially since you can have a dose rate meter that is a smart phone accessory that is smaller than a pen. But, the headline on this is pure click bait.
An air flight at 30,000 feet will have a higher dose rate than standing right next to the primary shielding of a SHUT DOWN light water reactor as long as you are not within ten feet of coolant piping. This would be adjacent to the drywell of a BWR or at the bioshield around he core vessel of a PWR. At power, the dose rate would be a bit more than the dose rate at 30,000 feet.
No, this is not data from a study but stating what I've seen from working many power plant outages and several times taking readings on flights. (And being told to put that damn thing away before the stewardess calls the air marshal on me for scaring fellow passengers. Actually, the passengers around me were just curious as can be about what I was doing.)
The comparison of high altitude radiation to the radiation emitted from a reactor is valid only to the extent that a Gray [hps.org] is a measure of radiation absorbed by flesh. Counts (scintillation counter) don't tell us much about the energy of the individual particles or how they transfer energy to flesh.
The gamma is gamma. And the damage from photons really doesn't care if it is gamma originating in a nucleus of an atom or an X-Ray originating from the electron cloud of an atom. High altitude radiation is high speed particles and gamma from solar sources and gamma radiation from high speed particle collisions with the atmosphere. The radiation in a power plant is high speed particles and gamma radiation originating from fission material in the reactor core. To use an analogy; your eye doesn't really care if the light is from the sun or from a light-bulb as long as it lets you see.
You don't use a scintillation counter set up for counts per minute (or per second) for measuring dose rates. Usually you use an ion chamber or a Geiger-muller tube. Low level fields may be measured with a scintillation detector but it will be in gross accumulation mode. The relation to biological damage is set with the calibration of the instrument when you calculate the efficiency for various incident photon energies. The comparison between high altitude radiation and power plant radiation is direct and consistent.
If you want to be pedantic; you can report results as "equivalent" based on calibration energies. i.e. I remember the footnote on Navy radiation survey report forms noting that all readings were "Equivalent Cobalt-60 readings" because we used GM tubes calibrated for the 2.2 MeV gamma of Cobalt-60. If you use an ion chamber type detector; the output is proportional to the energy of the incident photon. For a true comparison; you would do a pressure correction if you had an open ion chamber.
The thing is; hand held instruments are only good for one or two decimal places and the differences in readings due to air pressure differences and photon energy only kick in at the 3rd decimal or greater over a rather large range of energies. The difference in readings from 1-2 MeV power plant gammas and 4-7 MeV gammas up near the Van Allen belt aren't aren't significant unless doing physics research. A living organism reacts the same with +/- 10% accuracy as with +/- 1% accuracy you would want for experimentation.
Slashdot Mirror
Could the war over the fire stick have anything to do with Amazon aggressively marketing second rate Google Chromecast knock off units?
One of the largest expenses in manufacture of solar panels in the U.S. is the safe handling and disposal of the toxic chemicals produced during manufacture of solar panels. Yep, we would have 30% cheaper panels if we didn't give a hoot what was done with the toxins left over from manufacture.
Sorry Adobe, but I've gone to using a suite of shareware programs to do what I once did with Photoshop. I now control when and how to upgrade and have no license lock up idiocy to contend with. Yeah, it is harder to use three programs instead of one but it is an order of magnitude cheaper in software cost and not all that much more expensive in time used. 99% of what I need to do can be done with Gimp and Graphics Workshop.
Who uses a web based email server and expects security? Even back in the 90s people knew better than rely on Hotmail, Yahoo, and Gmail. I don't bother with high security on gmail as it is my throw away spamertizer catcher address used to sign onto web pages that require a valid email to read their articles.
I think the "Pop" music scene is just the death throes of the old record labels. An intentional decision was made in the early 1990s to phase out studio production music in favor of much cheaper to produce rap and pop. What we have today is the result of almost two decades of that business model. The cheapest to make with the least creativity necessary is being aggressively marketed. So many of the extremely creative and talented musicians just aren't playing the pop game any more. Have a look at bandcamp.com and pledgemusic.com and you will see that a record label is totally irrelevant to getting music produced and distributed. If you get crowdfunding to cover the studio and mixing costs then get listed with Amazon, iTunes, and Google you have your music in production and distribution. Anyone still think a record label and an agent are necessary? Hopefully the cream will rise to the top. But, currently, any old garage produced track can be in the market. And the old outmoded production houses are flooding the market with pop clone millennial whoops. There is a lot of very good new music out there but you have to look for it and say a prayer to the gods of Serendipity that you find the gems among the dreck. Looking at my music purchases over the last couple of years there are some old names and new. Ian Anderson (Yep, Jethro Tull's flautist is still going strong) Ruelle Woodkid The Real Tuesday Weld (totally bizarre but you can't get their tunes out of the head) Aaron Chupa (I sill think of Chupa as a Jamaican candy bar.) Lindsey Stirling Steeleye Span (Summer of love was their first album. folk/rock for over 40 yrs) Tuatha Dea (Watch their videos. You won't see Appalachia the same ever again) Mean Mary Pentatonix Blackmore's Night The John Butler Trio (If you can sit still to their music, you are in the crowd for Walking Dead) Care if it is dynamite music even if not in English.... WagakkiBand Sekai no Owari Faun Shakira Living by a trending list is for clones.
More bird burner power plants, yea! Whoa, wait, wasn't solar supposed to be environmentally friendly?
Nope, California latches on to all the environment changing hydroelectric power from the Pacific Northwest and the Colorado River dams that they can get. Then fill in the gaps with high dollar gas fired plants that have to get LNG shipped in by the tanker load because the NIMBY contingent won't allow pipelines to bring it in. Without nuclear for base load electric bills in California will only go higher and higher and higher as the state either buys on the market or uses the most expensive generation methods. As to the waste from commercial nuclear power... by law, the DOE was to take custody of used commercial nuclear fuel by fiscal year 1998 for recycling. The DOE ordered the plant designed and built to reprocess commercial nuclear fuel was put into layup improperly in 1990 (after the Berlin wall fell) and is now a toxic waste cleanup site which will never operate again. The inability of the federal government to operate a nuclear facility cleanly and safely after mandating by law only a federal agency is allowed to (Atomic Energy Act of 1972) is beyond criminal. European commercial nuclear facilities have been recycling fuel for decades. The technology to handle the waste is proven technology.
But why did the light rail stop six blocks from the train station? With the continuous drizzle in Portland, it is a true PITA situation to walk your luggage to the train. Why do that? Because a flight in to Portland and the cost of a train ticket is less than half the cost of a flight into Pasco, Washington over on the dry side.
As opposed to the Airport in places like some cities in Germany... walk out of the airport and you are at the train station and bus terminal.
Shouldn't intentionally perpetrating a violent attack that results in death be a capitol murder case?
An old computer can be an excellent streaming device. I have an old 2 core box running Vista that streams quite well. BTW, if it is just the network card out, plug a Chromecast in a HDMI and you have network capability back. 3rd option, hit eBay for a used network card to fit the TV and drop it in.
Meh, if Trump signs a bill that increases security agencies ability to surveil citizens; Trump will be lambasted with more claims of "totalitarian" and "literally Hitler". If Trump vetoes a bill for increased surveillance; he will be lambasted in the media as "doesn't care about the safety of Americans". What you can count on is the mainstream media to spin things and make up any possible evidence to make their most un-favorite politician out to be a monster. Meanwhile, most of the country wishes they would STFU on the Trump howls and actually report on something that effects the working people.
The better target of vindictive lawsuits would be to sue those who did unlawful acts instead of legal acts in years past. Sue the drug pushers and smugglers for reparations for addiction instead. The last time I looked; it was not lawful to make something illegal and apply it retroactively. Or do these high dollar attorneys in NYC see a cash cow of public outrage to milk over an issue that is another nothing burger but lucrative to tie up in court for decades?
If cellular packet data were sufficient speed, we would still be using dial up modems because that is all the speed you need. 10mbps cellula, with the packet lag and dropped packets, has throughput more like a 54 kBPS dialup modem and 3G (which most of the country has as a best signal) is like a 14,400 dialup modem. Yeah, you can get some email and stream low-res but you need to be on wifi to an actual broadband connection to do anything serious. When the FCC upped the definition of "broadband" from 12 Mbps to 25 Mbps who remembers the howls from the huge ISP companies because they couldn't market "cheapest hardware" as "broadband" for premium prices any more. Packet radio like cellular network data is wonderful for access in a semi remote area but pails in comparison to the throughput from an actual internet connection.
Yes, Tramodol is for pain. You need something to reduce the inflammation and NOT more and more pain killer. My primary care needs to be beat up with a clue bat. They keep upping pain killer dosage and canceled the NSAID prescriptions. But, 600mg of ASA 4 times a day works.
So spinning and editing a quote to make it seem something different was said is not "fake news"? The "60 Minutes" television show is infamous for doing just this.
Because the male gendered designation is the generic. Yes, "man" is the generic case for all mankind. Isn't insisting otherwise making "women" generic and interchangeable? (Yes, I'm hitting a skewed meme for humor value.)
And I've found that calling the hotel direct and bypassing a chain website gets even more savings. A hotel manager will kick in an extra discount if bookings are low whereas a company website always uses their standard rate table.
Which is why, in the US, scientists use metric and everyone else, for normal everyday life, continues to use the convenient units they always have.
Except that most people don't know how to use the old antiquated system.
Is that ounces by weight or by volume? (makes a difference in cooking even)
How many tablespoons in a cup?
Pounds mass or pounds weight... makes a difference in dynamic loading.
How many furlongs in a mile? How many miles in a league?
Go to a grocery in Canada you will see two prices on the contents of the deli counter. A price per pound (traditional) and a price per 100g (price per standard serving size). If you go for a turkey, brisket, or other bulk meat; you pay a price per kilogram. Easy to understand for even a Yank.
The U.S. is a century overdue in going metric for one bloody good reason; being competitive on the international market.
BTW, demanding all government offices use A4 size paper instead of the 8.5x11 U.S. standard before there was any A4 paper stocked was a stupid way to turn people off metric altogether. (Jimmy Carter's idea back in the 70s.)
Russia would have NEVER tried to pull the shit that they pulled, invading Crimea and such, without being absolutely certain that Obama would do nothing.
Russia didn't invade Crimea.
Ethnic Russians, a majority in the province of Crimea, rebelled against the Ukrainian government. Crimea was forced to become part of Ukrainia by a coalition of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire back in 1848. Crimea has been trying to return to being part of Russia for over 200 years. But, some countries just did not want Russia to have control of the year round seaport of Sevastopol.
Widen your scope and that conflict looks a lot different.
"Net Neutrality" was codified by the FCC in 1996 when some ISPs were caught blocking and throttling.
Every time an ISP company went to court trying to bypass net neutrality; the FCC had to make the code more specific so kill the wiggle room forbidding predatory use of a public resource.
2015 was just the last time that the code was modified and that was the result of a lawsuit against the FCC by Verizon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2014)
The ARPANET became the Internet in 1990 when civilian access was allowed. At first, big companies ignored the nerd playground. But, by 1995, the big boys started trying to cash in but their efforts fell flat. Do you remember the abortion that AT&Ts "Worldnet" was? (been there, beta tested that... a good year of free internet but buggy as {insert favorite epithet})
What several large companies tried to do was go back to the Compuserve and AOL model where their own content came in lightning fast but the rest of the net only got in through a throttled low bandwidth portal. The FCC had to draft regulations to stop that and implemented in 1996.
Someone should get a cluebat after Aijit Pai.
Are nuclear fission reactor firms trying to convince the public they're "safe"?
Safe? Well, they are as safe as any large industrial system that handles hazardous material can be.
Are nuclear fission reactor firms trying to convince people we should spend 20 times as much as renewable energy to build power plants we don't need, the construction of which will be more destructive than other energy sources?
Well, only hydroelectric is cheaper.
Or are they proposing we all live next to nuclear fission reactors?
Personally, I'd live across the street from a U.S. or Canadian nuclear power plant long long before I'd want to be within ten miles of a coal fired plant or an oil refinery. But you really should have some distance from any heavy industry area.
The funny thing is we already have nuclear fusion reactors, they just aren't being developed for the commercial, industrial, or residential power generation needs, only for military use (kind of helps when running certain things we claim we don't have).
The VERY FIRST proof of concept fusion power plant is under construction in France. It will be up for hot testing, if all goes right, in 2025. The only fusion reactors around at the moment are research units that are not capable of generating electricity at all. There is a big difference in having a reactor and having a reactor that can generate power for your house.
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Iter-fusion-project-passes-construction-milestone-1112175.html
ITER is to fusion what EBR-1 was to fission reactors; the first commercially useful one.
http://www4vip.inl.gov/ebr/
Years ago I heard that they were telling pregnant women not to fly due to radiation. If it is that bad, surely pilots and cabin crews are at significant risk, being exposed 1000x more than the average passenger.
Short answer... No.
Longer summary answer... you need than 5000 milliRem a year for 30 years to increase the cancer rate (cases, not deaths) per 100,000 population from the baseline of 2 to 3. You need 25,000 millRem in a single day to get any indication of blood changes at all and you would only see those if you had blood taken a day after the exposure analyzed at a research grade hematology lab.
Perspective: You get 600-1000 milliRem a year from existing on Planet Earth. A license for radioactive material (reactors included) requires the holder to prove that members of the general public DO
NOT receive more than 100 milliRem a year from actions of the licensee. (Medical X-ray is a spacial case and has other regs) The legal max exposure for trained nuclear workers is 5000 milliRem a calendar year. Most radiation workers receive 1000 milliRem a year due to occupational exposure. I've measured 250 milliRem for a chest X-Ray and 118 milliRem for a panoramic Dental X-Ray but that is a special case in the regs.
Based on a few readings I took myself and maximizing legal flight hour limitations on air crew; I came up with around 2500 milliRem a year if they are at cruising altitude 80% of the time they are working. Note: my personal readings maxed at 0.75 milliRem/hr (7.5 microSievert/hr) with an instrument calibrated for Cs-137 at about 20,000 feet cruising altitude. This is something I did when I was flying a lot back in the 90s long before flight crew and passenger radiation exposure was addressed in officialdom.
Assuming my 3 readings would be in the same ballpark as a properly done study; it means that air crew gets a bit over twice what I get working around reactors but less than the threshold for documented increased cancer risk.
You can see the measurements that NASA measures and posts in order to estimate air crew exposure at:
http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html
FAA website on in flight radiation exposure:
https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/aeromedical/radiobiology/reports/
If you want more detail and theory; use the search term "Health Physics".
The airplane crew really gets upset if you break out a dose rate meter at cruising altitude and turn on the audible indication. Especially since you can have a dose rate meter that is a smart phone accessory that is smaller than a pen. But, the headline on this is pure click bait.
An air flight at 30,000 feet will have a higher dose rate than standing right next to the primary shielding of a SHUT DOWN light water reactor as long as you are not within ten feet of coolant piping. This would be adjacent to the drywell of a BWR or at the bioshield around he core vessel of a PWR. At power, the dose rate would be a bit more than the dose rate at 30,000 feet.
No, this is not data from a study but stating what I've seen from working many power plant outages and several times taking readings on flights. (And being told to put that damn thing away before the stewardess calls the air marshal on me for scaring fellow passengers. Actually, the passengers around me were just curious as can be about what I was doing.)
The comparison of high altitude radiation to the radiation emitted from a reactor is valid only to the extent that a Gray [hps.org] is a measure of radiation absorbed by flesh. Counts (scintillation counter) don't tell us much about the energy of the individual particles or how they transfer energy to flesh.
The gamma is gamma. And the damage from photons really doesn't care if it is gamma originating in a nucleus of an atom or an X-Ray originating from the electron cloud of an atom. High altitude radiation is high speed particles and gamma from solar sources and gamma radiation from high speed particle collisions with the atmosphere. The radiation in a power plant is high speed particles and gamma radiation originating from fission material in the reactor core. To use an analogy; your eye doesn't really care if the light is from the sun or from a light-bulb as long as it lets you see.
You don't use a scintillation counter set up for counts per minute (or per second) for measuring dose rates. Usually you use an ion chamber or a Geiger-muller tube. Low level fields may be measured with a scintillation detector but it will be in gross accumulation mode. The relation to biological damage is set with the calibration of the instrument when you calculate the efficiency for various incident photon energies. The comparison between high altitude radiation and power plant radiation is direct and consistent.
If you want to be pedantic; you can report results as "equivalent" based on calibration energies. i.e. I remember the footnote on Navy radiation survey report forms noting that all readings were "Equivalent Cobalt-60 readings" because we used GM tubes calibrated for the 2.2 MeV gamma of Cobalt-60. If you use an ion chamber type detector; the output is proportional to the energy of the incident photon. For a true comparison; you would do a pressure correction if you had an open ion chamber.
The thing is; hand held instruments are only good for one or two decimal places and the differences in readings due to air pressure differences and photon energy only kick in at the 3rd decimal or greater over a rather large range of energies. The difference in readings from 1-2 MeV power plant gammas and 4-7 MeV gammas up near the Van Allen belt aren't aren't significant unless doing physics research. A living organism reacts the same with +/- 10% accuracy as with +/- 1% accuracy you would want for experimentation.