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User: Beliskner

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  1. Re:Shadow passwords on Passwords May Be Weakest Link · · Score: 3, Informative
    Not so dramatic - the previous kerberos did give credentials to an unauthenticated session, quoting from here
    In order to mount an offline dictionary or brute force attack, some data that can be used to verify the user's password is needed. One way to obtain this from Kerberos 5 is to capture a login exchange by sniffing network traffic.

    In Kerberos 5 a login request contains pre-authentication data that is used by the Kerberos AS to verify the user's credentials before issuing a TGT. The basic pre-authentication scheme that is used by Windows 2000 and other Kerberos implementations contains an encrypted timestamp and a cryptographic checksum, both using a key derived from the user's password.

    The timestamp in the pre-authentication data is ASCII-encoded prior to encryption, and is of the form YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ (e.g. "20020304202823Z"). This provides a structured plaintext that can be used to verify a password attempt - if the decryption result "looks like" a timestamp, then the password attempt is almost certainly correct. A password attempt that recovers a plausible timestamp can also be verified by computing the cryptographic checksum and comparing it to that in the pre-authentication data.
    The moral of this story is, kids, update your kerberos, as kerberos v5 is partially decapitated.
  2. Re:Passwords will always be the weakest link on Passwords May Be Weakest Link · · Score: 2
    Passwords need to be done away with,
    That's nonsense, passwords are cool. Just limit the damage if someone gets the password - audit trail and no crappy chgrp used in the wrong places by the wrong people.

    That way when (not if) an account is breached you can track what's been done, damage has been limited, and user privileges is where the buck stopped. Of course root needs to be locked up like a bull in a china shop. Make sure you're patched up. When you need high security like in the military you need to uhhh, not gonna finish this sentence I'm hungry gonna click submit and eat now

  3. Re:Shadow passwords on Passwords May Be Weakest Link · · Score: 2
    This link gives further info. Scroll the the bottom, shadowed passwords can be enhanced by the administrator changing the encryption algorithm used to something strong like Rijndael or whatever plus a bigger salt to thwart dic attacks. Lazy *EXPERIENCED* admins.

    Talking to yourself is the first sign of going nuts. Heh

  4. Shadow passwords on Passwords May Be Weakest Link · · Score: 2
    Haven't they heard of shadowed password files?

    THIS is what you get when you hire people with lots of experience and not fresh graduates. The more modern security measures that are taught in University in NetSecurity 101 such as using shadowed password files instead of using /etc/passwd for everything simply get "lost in the woodwork".

    Therefore by hiring only EXPERIENCED people these old security threats remain until these EXPERIENCED people retire.

  5. Re:It's a buyers market right now ... AGREED on Which IT Certifications for Specific IT Jobs? · · Score: 2
    There's a massive variance in University courses. My friend's business MSc is 2 lectures a week. My CS (aw fuck these American translations, it's actually a MEng) was 15 lectures a week in the 3rd and 4th year.

    Two years away isn't too bad, you'll probably come out just as the US economy is on the edge of going up. Unfortunately big companies take about a year after that to raise their hiring freeze, so then you'll get something 6 months after that when the Oxbridge people have cleared. These statistics don't lie. If you want to know about the UK economy (objectively, not some Merrill Lynch analyst talking crap) then uhhhhh I dunno. Maybe that's why those city people can bullshit everyone.

    Glasgow University has strong links with some large companies, and a lot of graduates do get some half-decent work at these firms (BT is the big one they're friendly with. IBM and Motorola are friendly too (which reminds me, in addition to the languages I mentioned earlier, we're also learning assembly for the MC6808 microcontroller)).
    BT is in deep trouble, hopefully within 1 year they'll be better. From their perspective this will be a good time to grab the best talent.

    I thought that I wanted to work in City, then when I had a second round in Lehman I saw the company behind the scenes. I saw the glamour of city life was all just a crock of shit. All that IT there does is bitch about Unix saying "When is Microsoft gonna make their OS scalable?" There was only *1* employee there doing R and D in reconfigurable GUIs (using XML from a server and translating it into parameters for a GridBagLayout in Java UI). They don't care about the technology, they just want point and click so that they can go snuff some coke or something. Now these people are probably out in the street, good, let's see how long they can live in their Porsche Carrera.

    Don't undersell yourself, those companies worship us together with Altera and Xylinx, but the position of these companies is far from omnipotent right now. They'll see your CV and say, "Yes, we'll interview you just as a formality. Now the number of positions we have open is -200. Ummmmm, ahhhh I'm sorry I've got to sack some people and then I'll call you back after 2 years."

    I'm studying my degree mostly to feed my interest in computing. I'm not battling through exams just to get a CS degree in the vain hope of getting a high paid job.
    Good, but a high paid job would be *nice*.
    Many people, unfortunately do take computing because of the promise of money. This is probably why of the 500 first year CS students that I was one of, there are now only around 230 in 2nd year. That'll probably be around 140 that get into 3rd year, and somewhere in the region of 80-100 that progress into 4th year. That means that ~80% of the people who tried it just couldn't cope. And that doesn't take into account the number of people that actually do pass the honours exams.
    Same dropout rate as us. Sounds like you've been interested in this stuff since you were 8 years old. People like us are best at cutting it, although in the fourth year you will realise the futility of exams that only test complex knowledge like comparing quantitatively the scalability of RIP and EIGRP, both in bandwidth and router CPU usage terms with formulae.
    Its a competitive field, at university as well as in the "real world"
    With one crucial difference - University exams are set by professors who know what they're doing (more or less ;-) ), in the real world some semi-literate recruitment agency staff or dumb ex-military hiring manager is looking at your CV. The only way to impress him is by talking about golf for an hour (this happened to my coursemate, seriously). At my last interview I was lucky and asked the line manager, "Soooo, what car do you have?" and then started talking about cars, and about how his Vectra is secretly better than any other car because of the engine faults in the early Vectras, Vauxhall had to drop their prices after repairing the problem => killer deal. Now the Mondeo is about 40% more expensive than the Vectra.

    Difficult times aren't crap, if you study about the world economic system (take a macroeconomics and politics module, just for a laugh) you'll see that the entire Banks system of gearing ratios leads to booms and busts. What does suck is the catch-22 of normal jobs are unavailable, and if you take a lower job your career ends up on the wrong track for the rest of your life.

  6. Re:Great... on Coasters to Face G-Force Limits? · · Score: 2
    Oh man, you just don't get it. That's like saying RMS can put a back door into PGP because it's "his product, his creation, and not illegal". That's exactly what Enron is saying, "Our services, our prices, our profits/losses, our accountantcy company (private), our accounts are DMCA-protected (the way current laws are headed). The IRS may not audit me because viewing my personal accounts would violate the DMCA as it's stored in Quicken, a DMCA-protected app. LOL!

    I see it this way, as soon as they enter *your* park, they are *your* guest and you have to see to all of their needs, hotels have a concierge for this. If I had to join a 1 hour queue just to take a leak, or bottled water wasn't available free on every street corner, then you're not being a good host. If I came to your house, asked for a drink and you told me to wait an hour or queue for an hour outside a putrid toilet I'd walk out straight out the door.

    I've found a workaround for my problem - when the rollercoaster makes a turn I just tense my legs and the blood goes back into my brain and I feel great. I don't get scared nor do I get an adrenalin rush on rollercoasters for some reason, maybe I'm just crazy. Parachuting though *does* give me an adrenalin rush, either that or it scares the hell out of me, heh, even if I just watch it on HDTV (not on normal TV). The Nemesis ride that I went on is a vertical drop for 150 metres then a sudden jerk to 4G vertical as it pulls up, the remaining 250 metres brings the coaster back to the beginning. The sudden jerk from freefall (vertical drop) to 4G pull-up definitely catches you by surprise.

    I think the rule is the G-force just moves the blood around and that's the danger there. The body automatically compensates by tensing the neck muscles, etc. The jerk is different, if your support muscles are relaxed (freefall) or tensed (turning) then suddenly changing G-direction would cause a shearing force proportional to rate of G-change plus the force of your support muscles (because they are all of a sudden now pushing in the wrong direction) => whiplash

  7. Re:It's a buyers market right now ... AGREED on Which IT Certifications for Specific IT Jobs? · · Score: 2
    I'm more likely to get a decent job (ie one that doesn't pay too badly, and we're not talking about what type of work we're involved in here) with that CS degree sitting on the CV
    Unfortunately CS also alienates you from jobs here in the UK. I don't know if you've lived in the UK all your life, so I'll say it - here the culture is more military and less meritocratic. Salary caps on young employess isn't unusual here. If you apply for an apprenticeship or technician job you'll get your CV binned because at the very least they'll assume you're canvassing, or at worst far too overqualified and desperate. In other words "this is not your station". In the United States writing on your CV that you're Head of Networks CCIE, then for 1 year worked at a gas station or as a secretary is no problem. In the UK they'll think you're a weirdo unless it's WWII or something. Therefore in the UK you have the added burden of having to get at least a technical computing role, which is simply unavailable right now. Otherwise you'll set your career on the wrong path, like the train that crashed at Potters bar. They call it 'retired at 21' syndrome. Unfortunately this is simply a fact of life of these times.

    Even in the United States there are so many highly skilled coders, etc. available that they're starting to write off people because they've been out of IT for 6 months. This is just another way to filter the CVs because they have so many, soon they'll also consider your astrological star signs and tarot cards but will still have 1,000 applicants per position. In a massive UK telecom company they've got 50 positions available and 17,000 applications. Not good.

  8. Re:It's a buyers market right now ... AGREED on Which IT Certifications for Specific IT Jobs? · · Score: 2
    "To say 'I have a degree, I'm guaranteed a job' is bullshit, I know, but to cast it off completely and say a degree just says you know how to pass the exam, is also bullshit."
    You are correct. Trouble is that hiring managers can be so fussy that the latter is closer to reality. Being talked down to by a snobby semi-literate recruitment agency employee feels really bad, but I'm used to it now, they hold the cards now. Google has shown me your league table is here (staff:student is bollox, we all know it's just damn lecture notes). I'm talking secretarial jobs. Yeah anyway I'll quote you an email I recently received,
    man u have to get a job. I had no luck as yet... well I have exams anyway. can't belive ma studying for 5 years now... thas 0.5 of a decade ... and still without a job. though ur case is also unique... apply for BT.. they are still recruiting. so is BAE ..
    In addition he's coded simplex algorithm optimisation for the supercomputer in Fortran 77, and taught me how to use gcc on linux. He's got a good Computing BSc from Imperial College, an MSc in Computing from Leeds, and soon a BA in Economics from LSE. And he doesn't have a job. Imperial man, baJesus. Another friend of mine graduated from Cambridge a year ago and is also on welfare.
    As for the IQ, I'm surprised at your accuracy -- my IQ is 121, apparently :)
    From the way you talk and complexity of stuff you have described plus the subtle undertones of "surely this recession doesn't apply to me, I'm not exactly amazingly stupid". Unfortunately now that America's making a stuttering lethargic recovery, the UK's own recession (cyclic) is due soon, although this America-induced recession might have realigned the UK economy for a very light recession ourselves.

    All in all there are a lot of good people out here on our asses, just the way it goes at the moment.

  9. Re:Great... on Coasters to Face G-Force Limits? · · Score: 2
    I haven't heard of any theme park (or corporate owner thereof) making a ride without consideration of their customers. (Perhaps you can name one for me.)
    I've heard Microsoft saying "We're not a monopoly".

    I've heard the telcos saying that mobile phones don't cause cancer for years. Oh what's the legally correct statement they always make when asked about it "We are unaware of strong evidence at this time conclusively indicating that mobile phone radiation can cause adverse effects". If that's not carefully crafted by lawyers then I don't know what is.

    I don't believe a word these people say, have these companies paid millions of dollars to independent scientists to actually find out whether G-forces harm people? OK I'll admit that the probability of finding a weakness in peoples' bodies during the ride is high, same as when a guy gets mugged and runs away a lot of the time he has a heart attack. His heart couldn't take a sudden stress shock because he works in a comfortable air conditioned office and drives a Cadillac Seville with leather seats where the most exciting thing he's seen is a guy doing a rolling STOP 2 years ago. This is especially true with Canadians, just say, "Can I borrow your wallet?" Canadian replies, "Yeah sure, here ya go. When are you gonna give it back?" and you say, "How about I take the cash out and give you your wallet back RIGHT NOW", Canadian says, "Great! Thank you" and then happily goes on his merry way.

  10. Re:It's a buyers market right now ... AGREED on Which IT Certifications for Specific IT Jobs? · · Score: 2
    As always, of course it depends on how good your University is. A graduate from Imperial, Cambridge, etc. is going to be damn good, but it takes a more knowledgable hiring manager to know the other Universities with good technical courses. Unforunately this knowledge is spread by rumours and whispers, same as sex education in the 70's.

    The real problem is that jobs are unavailable. If a system goes down or something small needs to be coded up, instead of calling a graduate who'll have to work out how their system is constructed, they'd rather call a guy that's worked on their system before OR a guy that's worked on similar systems before (READ: experience). That way when the new recruit walks in the door he'll head straight for the right machine, issue a few commands and be done in 5 minutes.

    A graduate on the other hand will see 15 Cisco 12016's, 20 Sun E15000 servers 8 feet tall, ten 5TB RAID systems and just simply gawk at it and be too afraid to do anything (although I'll admit it's worse to have someone who *thinks* he knows what he's doing). Haskell, C or Customers -> Products > Orders database design simply won't cut it in this environment, and employers know it.

    If you're a good graduate (sounds like you are) they would have trained you up (it sounds like you can hit the ground running though), but in the current environment this simply ain't gonna happen (because there's no ground to run on).

    To be honest, I felt the same way as you when I graduated, but a million lines of Visual C++ code is even now very daunting to me. As conselation, you'll know exactly how computers work when you graduate, and how routers and SDH/SONET/fibrechannel actually work on the inside, laughably inefficient RIP, better IGRP, EIGRP, BGP4, spanning tree, unfortunately this knowledge is targetted to telcos who are SCREWED. Take it from me, having all this knowledge trashed makes you feel like sh**t. From your knowledge it sounds like it'll take only 3 months to train you to advanced CCIE level, but I'm afraid nobody cares. C and Java will get you nowhere unless you lie on your CV (which all but the most naive person does). Form your own Limited Company (costs 200 quid) and say you're "The Head of Programming", sit on your ass for a couple of years and then say that you have 2 years of experience in whatever skills you want. By your tone it sounds like your IQ >> 120 so you can get away with this lie. Show your mate's address on your reference so they don't get suspicious when your reference address = your own home address. You can lie and say the company has 100 employees, half the commpanies fake their size on client visits anyway by renting extra office space for 1 day and getting schoolkids in to talk on dead phones, unfortunately I can't find the article again that says this. Sorry kiddo, your only other option is to do accountancy.


    Score: -2, Matrix violation, this level of knowledge about *the true system* is not allowed. Agent Smith will see to your needs. Only the blue pill can save you now.

  11. Re:Perhaps broadband should charge 'per megabyte'? on Death of Decent Australian Broadband · · Score: 1, Troll
    Very clever. All is fair in business. High bandwidth customers costing the Telco in bandwidth get *kicked*. The sweet customers that use ADSL only to check email (uhh big attachments??) won't notice the difference, and face it in Australia you have a LOT of Joe sixpacks drinking Castlemeine XXXX (Australian beer) according to the ads anyway.

    The solution is simple - switch to the other telco. The other telco if it's clever should start offering to pay the initial fee for your transfer to their service (like mortgage companies). Trouble is they'll have to charge more to allow for the hiher bandwidth customers switching to them.

  12. Re:Why ask /. ? on Which IT Certifications for Specific IT Jobs? · · Score: 1
    Hate to break it to you, but CMU isn't in the Ivy League. Of course, it still has a much better technical program than many of the Ivy schools...
    That's what I meant, that even among the hiring managers that know undergrad CMU tech kicks ass, no jobs.
  13. Re:Deaths? on Coasters to Face G-Force Limits? · · Score: 2

    Yeah, if I decide to hijack a plane and smash it into WTC what the fuck is the US government doing saying, "No, you people are too dumb to make your own decisions... we're going to protect you from yourselves". Its similar to the stupid McDonalds Coffee incident. People should be held accountable for their own [sometimes stupid] actions" Yeah, bring Mohammed Atta to trial.

  14. Re:Great... on Coasters to Face G-Force Limits? · · Score: 2
    This law is fair. I went on the Nemesis ride at Alton Towers a couple of years back. During the ride I almost passed out because of the g-forces (I thought that you were supposed to feel that - that it was part of the ride) and then 5 minutes later it turned into a splitting headache. I had to take a 2 hour break before being able to start driving back

    I'm surprised that everyone on /. thinks G-force limits is a stupid law. Think about it the theme park (large multimillion dollar corporation) makes a ride without thinking about the safety of people riding it. How is this differrent from the CDBPTA where Hollywood, actors and record companies are dazzled by CDPBTA being great because it obliterates our rights and gives them billions of dollars? The rollercoaster corporations aren't considering our safety and just building massive things with g-forces that'll knock your brain into your ass. Obviously the kids and /.'ers younger than 25 won't understand this, the only way they'll understand is if when they walk away from the ride one of them drops dead. And then they'll just feel bad for a month before forgetting it.

  15. Why ask /. ? on Which IT Certifications for Specific IT Jobs? · · Score: 1, Flamebait
    Dude, your first mistake - you've posted to /. which is predominantly IT specialists. /. people think it's all easy, but I bet if they actually went to their boss and asked, "So how many graduate recruits have we taken on this year?" they'll recoil in horror when they realise that there aren't enough jobs for the IT grads this year even if they come from Ivy league such as CMU.

    If you look at StandardPoor you'll find that we're at or near the peak of company defaults in the US.... Unfortunately everyone's banking on a rebound and therefore a rebound won't happen. Sorry dude, I think you're gonna join next year's CMU and Berkeley IT grads on welfare. After that maybe it'll get better. The economy hasn't yet crashed enough to allow a strong rebound, but I don't expect a Japanese-style stagnation (they're having it real tough there).

    The only cert that can get you a job is accountancy dude. But the rest of the /. people are going to try to make you feel good, and kid themselves that everything's OK. Wall Street does it as well, they're constantly 'talking up' the economy.

    The reality of the matter is that even if you can code circles around Linus, as a new grad with < 10 years experience, you're gonna be on welfare for at least 18 months. Good degree, bad timing => plain bad luck. Sorry.

  16. Re:Constructive comment on symbol names on What is Well-Commented Code? · · Score: 2
    Disagree. When reading this code, since it's sequential the former is better. The second code fragment jumps around like a Mexican jumping bean for no reason. Think about it, what you're actually doing when you reverse-engineer it is using your brain to mentally inline the actual code above.

    I do believe however that if you increase the complexity with a few if() conditional statements that the second form would be better BUT the support function declarations should be more compartmentalise by a
    /*
    SUPPORT FUNCTIONS, MAIN EXCUTION BELOW
    */

    What I HATE is unnecessary function calls that give you a 10-level deep stack trace for a simple "Hello world"

  17. Re:Excuse me but (this is totally off subject) on BusinessWeek on Open Source and Copy Protection · · Score: 2
    The blame for Iraqi's starving children lies solely on Saddam Hussein's pride. If he cared for his people, he would stop constructing his billion dollar palaces [state.gov] and spend the country's money on health care and food. There are few restrictions on importing basic humanitarian items like food or medicine, and a lot ($21 billion) has been delivered. For a better report on the import/export restrictions, check here. [state.gov]
    We can save those children at the drop of a hat by lifting the sanctions on Saddam, those are his terms. In effect he's holding them hostage, so do you negotiate with kidnappers? April Galespie screwed it up by telling Saddam that he could invade Kuwait and it would be "an internal matter". So America caused Iraq to invade Kuwait leading to the deaths of God knows how many.

    The lifting of sanctions would allow importing of dangerous materials so the US cannot lift them. One of the first guys Saddam would sell weapons to is binLaden.

    This makes it necessary for the US to maintain sanctions against Iraq despite the fact that Iraqi children are dying. I don't have a problem admitting that I am indirectly murdering thousands of Iraqi children to safeguard myself from binLaden getting nukes. I don't have to live in a dream world or invent a convoluted excuse that Saddam is killing them, if I wanted to lie to myself I would have taken the blue pill.

  18. Re:Excuse me but on BusinessWeek on Open Source and Copy Protection · · Score: 2
    Which DRM chip? Again you presume that everything resolves around the US. A very large portion of hardware is made outside of the US, mainly in Asia. And they are not covered by any US law, granted they will make DRM based systems for the US, and in all likelyhood non-DRM based for the rest of the world
    Everything does revolve around the US, in IT anyway. Most Japanese and Taiwan chip exports go to the US. George Bush has pledged to defend Taiwan from Chinese invasion and so they'll do DRM. Japan has thousands of US troops stationed there so they will also incorporate DRM into their systems.

    It's not economical for hardware vendors to maintain seperate fabs one for DRM and one without DRM, so they'll all have DRM. Hardware only makes a few percent profit, Microsoft makes thousands of percent.

  19. Re:Excuse me but on BusinessWeek on Open Source and Copy Protection · · Score: 2
    I will concede the point that there are freedom hating people amoung the US population... but that is their right. Just like it is your right be a whiny little bitch. What you do not have the right to do is kill thousands of other citizens.
    Why not? Saddam Hussein already kills millions of his own children by saying "NO!" to US grain imports that are due under the oil-for-food programme. Saddam has $10billion of grain ready and waiting for shipping under this scheme but he's saying, "NO! Don't give me the grain, let my children starve so the US will lift Iraqi sanctions, making America look weak so that binLaden will gain supporters and attack the US again."

    Therefore in order that binLaden doesn't attack the US again, America must look strong, and maintain Iraqi sanctions at all costs, killing Iraqi children. People die, dude it's just the way the world works, that's why elections are such a big deal.

  20. Re:No Common Thread...but... on Ten Technology Disasters · · Score: 2

    typechecking might be due in Perl 6. No doubt Imperial will be one of the first places to upgrade. Is CSG finally installing JDK 1.2 as standard on the Win2k boxes?

  21. Re:No Common Thread...but... on Ten Technology Disasters · · Score: 2
    "use strict" It should do strict typechecking as well. Having to declare some variables isn't my idea of strict. Python's better because it's more difficult to make stupid programming errors. When I first saw "use strict" years ago I thought the command implied typechecking... Boy was I wrong, but in a way that gave me an introduction to the fact that a lot of stuff in Perl is not what it appears to be.

    taint is nice though, I like that.

  22. Re:No Common Thread...but... on Ten Technology Disasters · · Score: 2
    Yeah, with Perl you can say "use strict" but that's crap, shame really. With Perl compile-time stuff isn't so important when you're doing CGI 'cos all inputs will normally be automatically checked when your form POSTs its parameters to it.

    As for using Perl at the command-line I try to keep it as compartmentalised as possible, piping into it then piping out as quick as I can. No point hanging around in Perl for too long otherwise the code will look like damn spaghetti. Just use it for high speed text processing.

  23. Re:No Common Thread...but... on Ten Technology Disasters · · Score: 2
    True. No compiler errors -> ship is irresponsible whatever language you use.

    There's no substitute for going over all of your code and going "Yup, yup, yup, yup...." Strict typechecking eliminates one type of error, automatic garbage collection eliminates another type of error (double free and mem leaks). But these assume you know what you're doing. If in Java you keep all objects global, persistent and available then you are in effect disabling the garbage collector. That's why it's always best to start with C++ and move to Java, because then you know that these additional limited safety checks are just that and not "divine intervention - computer takes care of it". Jackasses still won't be able to program in Java because "it puts you in a padded room."

    When a good coder codes, he'll think, "Yeah, the line I've just written should give a compile error, let's just check... <compile>... Error. Yup as I expected. Perl taint should throw an exception at this line... Yup."

  24. Re:or Halifax. on Ten Technology Disasters · · Score: 2
    Imagine what a fully-laden oil supertanker could do. It says in the article that those things take 5km to stop. If somebody hijacks one and sets it on full speed ahead aiming straight into say San Francisco, how can it be stopped?

    They could put explosives into it to ignite the 180 million gallons of fuel after it crashes. If the Air Force or Navy tries to stop it, all they can do is sink it, and the oil spill would still happen.
    Dude, crude oil doesn't catch fire easily, nor does it spontanesouly explode. Even if binLaden did his worst with a supertanker, it would just sink the tanker and put some fireballs here and there. But that won't do anything to a bridge or anyone in their cars.

    Being stuck in a burning building with exits blocked is a far cry from a couple of fireballs here and there. Just use your legs and walk away from it.

  25. Re:He should go to college because on System Administrators - College or Career? · · Score: 2
    I never said true AI was even possible because its not
    You should see Star Trek more. Imagination is a good thing. Even if AI is impossible, I believe that in time computers will at least be able to emulate the human brain at the molecular level. With minor allowances for Heisenberg uncertainty.