A friend was recently going to a vacation home and asked me for help working out the problem of how many gallons of water could be heated by a battery-powered generator operating a water heater. Do you start by converting gallons and Fahrenheit into kg and Celcius, or do you work the other direction and convert Volt-Amperes into Btu/h? That's a rhetorical question.
You read the specsheet on the water heater, which will tell you how much power it draws and how many gallons/liters/hogsheads it holds. Then compare that to the output of the generator. Done....
Good rule of thumb: if someone offers to sell you an SUV, but what he actually has to sell is a Honda Civic, don't buy from him.
No matter what they're being advertised as, they're not "assault rifles", and may or may not be "assault weapons" depending on the details of the rather bizarre definitions attached to the Assault Weapon Ban (which made the AR15 an "assault weapon", but placed the functionally identical Ruger Mini-14 onto the list of "exempt weapons" so that even the arcane rules couldn't make it an "assault weapon".
Which rather pissed me off at the time, as I recall. When I saw the proposed rules, I went out and bought a new front sight assembly which included a flash-hider and a synthetic stock with pistol grip, just so my Mini-14 would magically become an "evil assault weapon". Then my wife pointed out that the mini-14 was on the exempt list....
No comments about twelve years old, but two of the High Schools I attended had Rifle Teams, one had a Pistol Team. One of them did very well at State-level competitions, even.
And yeah, I expect that that sort of thing doesn't happen much anymore....
One calorie??? Wait, isn't the SI unit of energy the joule?
Also, it should be noted that a cc of water doesn't "weigh" one gram, since the gram is a unit of mass, not of force. And even if we let you fudge on the mass/force units, a cc of water only "weighs" one gram at 4C. At other temps, its density is different.
Oh, and the hydrogen thing is only true if your "hydrogen" is pure protium, with no deuterium or tritium included. Alas, the Real World(tm) insists on the presence of deuterium unless you make major efforts to remove it.
As to your final question (How much energy does it take to boil a room-temperature gallon of water?), it should be noted that local atmospheric pressure affects that (as it does in your "metric" example), which is why the phrase STP (Standard Pressure and Temperature) was invented. Note that at STP, one calorie will NOT increase the temp of a cc of water by 1C.
And all this ignores latent heat of vaporization (the energy required to transition from a liquid at the boiling point to a gas at the boiling point), which you didn't touch on at all in your learned (for values of learned more or less equal to "ignorant") comment.
but since there are more than 4 liters in a gallon
Fewer than four liters in a gallon. 3.8 liters per gallon. Well, 3.78-odd, but close enough.
And at the time that gas stations tried to switch from gallons to liters, they were also going to the trouble of quietly raising the price of gas during the conversion - a buck a gallon becomes $0.30 per liter, for instance....
First off, it hardly matters to most people (American or foreign) whether we're metric or not.
Everything in the USA is sold with both SI and Imperial units (except shotgun ammo, of course, which as far as I know, is still sold in the rest of the world the same way it's always been - 12gauge, 16gauge, 20gauge), so it's not like the rest of the world is terribly handicapped figuring out US products, since they can look on the box.
Ditto foreign products sold here. Okay, it's metric. It'll generally have a line of print with Imperial measurements on it for the people who can't do the conversions in their head.
Only real difference is that the native SI stuff uses round numbers of SI units and odd amounts for the Imperial translations, while the native Imperial stuff has round numbers of Imperial units and odd amounts of SI units.
Face it, noone much cares whether the gas can for their lawnmower is 1 gallon (3.8L) or 4.0L, nor do they really much care which of those numbers is written in the fine print on the box....
I am talking about guns that are specifically designed for combat situations, and whose specifications in terms of low accuracy, high firing rate etc,
Note that most military rifles (including the M16) are quite accurate. Or didn't you know that they were used at the National Matches at Camp Perry? Along with the M1 Garand, 1903A3 Springfield....
Note also that the "high firing rate" you speak of is pretty much the same firing rate a.22LR Ruger 10/22 has. Or a Winchester or Remington semiauto.22, for that matter. Or a 12 gauge semiauto shotgun (Browning, Winchester, Remington, many others). Or, for that matter, an M1 Garand, which has never been defined as an "assault weapon", but which couples that "high rate of fire" with a rather more powerful cartridge (.30-06) making it a FAR more deadly weapon....
Look up STEN gun sometime. The Brits developed it as a SMG that could be easily manufactured just about anywhere (including your garage), Just In Case the Germans invaded the UK. It was later used by the British Army in WW2, and not really all that different from what you're describing here.
Pardner, I can go by my local "Grab a Gun" and buy any one of dozens of assault rifles.
Interestingly enough, none of the guns you linked to were selective fire (which is part of the definition of "assault rifle"). What they are is rifles that look evil, but are functionally identical to a Mini-14, which was on the EXEMPT list of the "assault weapon ban"....
Even more interesting is that they're all "peashooters". Sorry,.223 isn't really much of a rifle round. Not even legal for hunting deer most places. Unlike my.30-06 single shot....
But why is the threat dealt with differently than one done in person?
Because threats of violence are easier to consummate from three feet away than from 1000 miles away?
Seriously, can you actually see an imminent threat being meaningful when the threatener and threatenee are separated by a continent? Or even a State (well, maybe not one of those tiny States in New England, but a real State...)?
The problem is that a few states have actually refused to recognize same-sex marriages from other states, and most purportedly "states rights" proponents in this debate supported them in that (I have no idea where Rand stands on it personally).
Irrelevant. Refusing to recognize valid marriages from another State is clearly unconstitutional, and grounds for the Supremes to bitchslap the State(s) in question. Article IV, Section 1 is pretty clear....
And how does that work once people that are married in one state travel to a different state, or conduct any sort of activity that is affected by their marital status across state lines?
Pretty much the same as things worked back in the day when only Nevada allowed for quick & easy divorces. Note that those divorces were perfectly valid in all States, since the Full Faith and Credence Clause requires all States to honor that sort of thing when done by other States (note that you don't have to remarry when you move from State to State, even though the marriage is done under State law).
In other words, if the Feds stay out of the marriage business, if you want to get married to someone of your own sex, then just go to a State that allows that sort of thing, get married, then head home...
And I'm sure the railroad barons felt the same way.
I'm sure they did.
And the evidence is that they were right, by the by. Note that sans railroads, the USA would probably be five or six nations now. Running a nation that requires literally months to cross isn't practical....
There's also no ability to bail out like they did with Apollo 13. Once they are on their way there, there is no possibility of turning around. Even when you get there, you have to wait about 6 months for the planets to get into the right alignment for the trip home.
Hmm, Apollo 13 "bailed out" by taking advantage of its Earth Return Trajectory (it was launched on a path that would come back here unless there was a burn to put it into Lunar orbit).
Likewise, it's possible to do an Earth Return Trajectory for Mars. It's a two year orbit that comes back here at a time when Earth is at the same point in its orbit. More fuel intensive, but quicker (it'll take about six months to get near Mars).
I find myself curious as to which world you live in...
Amazon's Kindle format comes with DRM (just got a note from B&N telling me that they're no longer allowed to do unencrypted Kindle format for their eBooks (though they provided a helpful guide to removing the DRM for backup purposes).
Default for most Nook books is encrypted ePub, though there are a few publishers that don't require encrypted ePub.
So, where are the "most books" coming from that are not DRM'd?
They want a bike that can go zero to sixty in two seconds. Yet the human eyeball flattens enough under that kind of acceleration that vision is severely limited.
Interesting theory you have there, Butch...
0-60mph in two seconds is 1.37g. Which is comparable to the acceleration you'd experience landing after jumping to the ground from a height of three feet or so....
It doesn't have to be loaded with graft & corruption to be a waste of time.
TFA talks about a 2.5KW system. Which is about 10 panels. So this whole program is going to provide free solar to 150-200 homes in a State with 38.8 million people.
Wow, a program to provide free solar to 0.0025% of CA's population!! Really generous program you've got there, guys....
How has the US/Russia/etc negotiated in good faith on effective measures
Note that they're required to negotiate in good faith on "effective measures" - when they figure out some "effective measures", then you can complain about them not negotiating "in good faith".
And just curious, what "effective measures" can you think of? Especially in light of the fact that North Korea is NOT a signatory to the NPT....
It seems that the arsenals are growing, or if shrinking, they are becoming more powerful overall as they are replaced with more modern weapons.
As to that, no, they're not actually building more powerful nukes. The delivery mechanisms are getting more accurate, so smaller nukes are as effective as big nukes were back in the day. Note that there are no multi-megaton nukes left - they've been replaced with fractional-megaton weapons with a CEP small enough that it makes no difference.
Note, by the by, that CEP is a function of the rocket (or bomber), not the nuke. And improved versions of rockets/bombers aren't limited by the NPT in any case.
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You read the specsheet on the water heater, which will tell you how much power it draws and how many gallons/liters/hogsheads it holds. Then compare that to the output of the generator. Done....
Good rule of thumb: if someone offers to sell you an SUV, but what he actually has to sell is a Honda Civic, don't buy from him.
No matter what they're being advertised as, they're not "assault rifles", and may or may not be "assault weapons" depending on the details of the rather bizarre definitions attached to the Assault Weapon Ban (which made the AR15 an "assault weapon", but placed the functionally identical Ruger Mini-14 onto the list of "exempt weapons" so that even the arcane rules couldn't make it an "assault weapon".
Which rather pissed me off at the time, as I recall. When I saw the proposed rules, I went out and bought a new front sight assembly which included a flash-hider and a synthetic stock with pistol grip, just so my Mini-14 would magically become an "evil assault weapon". Then my wife pointed out that the mini-14 was on the exempt list....
No comments about twelve years old, but two of the High Schools I attended had Rifle Teams, one had a Pistol Team. One of them did very well at State-level competitions, even.
And yeah, I expect that that sort of thing doesn't happen much anymore....
One calorie??? Wait, isn't the SI unit of energy the joule?
Also, it should be noted that a cc of water doesn't "weigh" one gram, since the gram is a unit of mass, not of force. And even if we let you fudge on the mass/force units, a cc of water only "weighs" one gram at 4C. At other temps, its density is different.
Oh, and the hydrogen thing is only true if your "hydrogen" is pure protium, with no deuterium or tritium included. Alas, the Real World(tm) insists on the presence of deuterium unless you make major efforts to remove it.
As to your final question (How much energy does it take to boil a room-temperature gallon of water?), it should be noted that local atmospheric pressure affects that (as it does in your "metric" example), which is why the phrase STP (Standard Pressure and Temperature) was invented. Note that at STP, one calorie will NOT increase the temp of a cc of water by 1C.
And all this ignores latent heat of vaporization (the energy required to transition from a liquid at the boiling point to a gas at the boiling point), which you didn't touch on at all in your learned (for values of learned more or less equal to "ignorant") comment.
Not even the UK. Association Football was used as distinct from Rugby Football in the UK.
And American Football is a descendent of Rugby Football, hence the "football" name....
Ahh, Jack D. Ripper. I really need to take the time to watch that movie again soon....
Fewer than four liters in a gallon. 3.8 liters per gallon. Well, 3.78-odd, but close enough.
And at the time that gas stations tried to switch from gallons to liters, they were also going to the trouble of quietly raising the price of gas during the conversion - a buck a gallon becomes $0.30 per liter, for instance....
No. I don't.
First off, it hardly matters to most people (American or foreign) whether we're metric or not.
Everything in the USA is sold with both SI and Imperial units (except shotgun ammo, of course, which as far as I know, is still sold in the rest of the world the same way it's always been - 12gauge, 16gauge, 20gauge), so it's not like the rest of the world is terribly handicapped figuring out US products, since they can look on the box.
Ditto foreign products sold here. Okay, it's metric. It'll generally have a line of print with Imperial measurements on it for the people who can't do the conversions in their head.
Only real difference is that the native SI stuff uses round numbers of SI units and odd amounts for the Imperial translations, while the native Imperial stuff has round numbers of Imperial units and odd amounts of SI units.
Face it, noone much cares whether the gas can for their lawnmower is 1 gallon (3.8L) or 4.0L, nor do they really much care which of those numbers is written in the fine print on the box....
Ditto for almost everything else....
Note that most military rifles (including the M16) are quite accurate. Or didn't you know that they were used at the National Matches at Camp Perry? Along with the M1 Garand, 1903A3 Springfield....
Note also that the "high firing rate" you speak of is pretty much the same firing rate a .22LR Ruger 10/22 has. Or a Winchester or Remington semiauto .22, for that matter. Or a 12 gauge semiauto shotgun (Browning, Winchester, Remington, many others). Or, for that matter, an M1 Garand, which has never been defined as an "assault weapon", but which couples that "high rate of fire" with a rather more powerful cartridge (.30-06) making it a FAR more deadly weapon....
Hmm, speed of light is ~300Mm/sec. a 250ms latency one way to Geosync would set Geosync at 75000 km up.
Alas, Geosync is rather lower than that. Closer to 42000 km, in fact. Which implies a latency of 140ms to 150ms one way....
Look up STEN gun sometime. The Brits developed it as a SMG that could be easily manufactured just about anywhere (including your garage), Just In Case the Germans invaded the UK. It was later used by the British Army in WW2, and not really all that different from what you're describing here.
Interestingly enough, none of the guns you linked to were selective fire (which is part of the definition of "assault rifle"). What they are is rifles that look evil, but are functionally identical to a Mini-14, which was on the EXEMPT list of the "assault weapon ban"....
Even more interesting is that they're all "peashooters". Sorry, .223 isn't really much of a rifle round. Not even legal for hunting deer most places. Unlike my .30-06 single shot....
Because threats of violence are easier to consummate from three feet away than from 1000 miles away?
Seriously, can you actually see an imminent threat being meaningful when the threatener and threatenee are separated by a continent? Or even a State (well, maybe not one of those tiny States in New England, but a real State...)?
Other than that phrase "for limited times" in the Constitution, you mean?
If he didn't want it, why did he renew it last time? He's got a veto for that sort of thing.
Note, by the by, that both this time and last time, the Dems in the Senate were pretty solidly in favor of renewal
Irrelevant. Refusing to recognize valid marriages from another State is clearly unconstitutional, and grounds for the Supremes to bitchslap the State(s) in question. Article IV, Section 1 is pretty clear....
Pretty much the same as things worked back in the day when only Nevada allowed for quick & easy divorces. Note that those divorces were perfectly valid in all States, since the Full Faith and Credence Clause requires all States to honor that sort of thing when done by other States (note that you don't have to remarry when you move from State to State, even though the marriage is done under State law).
In other words, if the Feds stay out of the marriage business, if you want to get married to someone of your own sex, then just go to a State that allows that sort of thing, get married, then head home...
I'm sure they did.
And the evidence is that they were right, by the by. Note that sans railroads, the USA would probably be five or six nations now. Running a nation that requires literally months to cross isn't practical....
Hmm, Apollo 13 "bailed out" by taking advantage of its Earth Return Trajectory (it was launched on a path that would come back here unless there was a burn to put it into Lunar orbit).
Likewise, it's possible to do an Earth Return Trajectory for Mars. It's a two year orbit that comes back here at a time when Earth is at the same point in its orbit. More fuel intensive, but quicker (it'll take about six months to get near Mars).
I find myself curious as to which world you live in...
Amazon's Kindle format comes with DRM (just got a note from B&N telling me that they're no longer allowed to do unencrypted Kindle format for their eBooks (though they provided a helpful guide to removing the DRM for backup purposes).
Default for most Nook books is encrypted ePub, though there are a few publishers that don't require encrypted ePub.
So, where are the "most books" coming from that are not DRM'd?
Interesting theory you have there, Butch...
0-60mph in two seconds is 1.37g. Which is comparable to the acceleration you'd experience landing after jumping to the ground from a height of three feet or so....
It doesn't have to be loaded with graft & corruption to be a waste of time.
TFA talks about a 2.5KW system. Which is about 10 panels. So this whole program is going to provide free solar to 150-200 homes in a State with 38.8 million people.
Wow, a program to provide free solar to 0.0025% of CA's population!! Really generous program you've got there, guys....
Note that they're required to negotiate in good faith on "effective measures" - when they figure out some "effective measures", then you can complain about them not negotiating "in good faith".
And just curious, what "effective measures" can you think of? Especially in light of the fact that North Korea is NOT a signatory to the NPT....
As to that, no, they're not actually building more powerful nukes. The delivery mechanisms are getting more accurate, so smaller nukes are as effective as big nukes were back in the day. Note that there are no multi-megaton nukes left - they've been replaced with fractional-megaton weapons with a CEP small enough that it makes no difference.
Note, by the by, that CEP is a function of the rocket (or bomber), not the nuke. And improved versions of rockets/bombers aren't limited by the NPT in any case.
It saves the government some money if the data is stored on someone else's hardware?
Or not, since they all still exist in the world today.