The reason is that currently, the western militia there must import lots of fuel to provide electricity. That is EXPENSIVE. VERY EXPENSIVE. Instead, the groups could put up one of these that have say 5-50 MW and then put small collectors on the ground. It would be MUCH cheaper than bringing in the equipment and fuel. In addition, if a base is overrun, it would be easy to prevent enemy (read Al Qaeda) from using the equipment and new equipment would be much lighter, easier to take care of, etc. Also, once several of these were up there, they could be shifted around to help on Emergency locations. For example, helping Hurricanes, tsunami, Chinese EarthQuake, 9/11, etc. The ability to get power into a large disaster area means, LITERALLY life or death. If we put at least one over every major continent, they could be used normally to help a city that already has coal/gas, but then moved ahead of time for when a disaster is heading there way (hurricanes), or a day or two for unseen disasters that happen. Heck, if done right, private space industry should push this private tugs. These can then be used for doing other work (perhaps getting rid of space junk).
China is a sovereign nation and can do as it pleases within its own borders as long as no international laws are broken; Trade restriction. And EU is bringing that up to UN. Just like America did recently about CHina restricting EXPORTS of Steel making minerals. China is cheating all the way to the bank, and the west either needs to crack down on China, or better yet, SLOWLY raise similar barriers. For example, slowly drop the dollar and Euro against the Yuan on imports. That will encourage China to free their money. Likewise, if China does not drop their trade barriers like they agreed to do by 2002, then we should slowly and methodically raise ours.
Chinese Govt WANTS that. They are busy pushing Baidu, and about to push Baidu into western world. Right now, Baidu controls ~65% of chinese search, while Google is only ~25%. The reason is that Chinese gov PUSHES Baidu and creates rules to help them. For example, Baidu copied Google's 'Im feeling Lucky', so the gov told Google to no longer allow it because it was leading to too many porn sites, but did not do the same on Baidu. What was interesting is that a study was done, it showed that Baidu had either the same rate or possibly more of porn. The big difference is that Baidu will not lead to anti-gov stuff while google might.
Funny thing is, that there are more Western made products at Wally world these days, though Target remains a front-end for China (little there is NOT made in china). What is funny is that I have noticed that generics at places like King Soopers and safeway is being made In America, Mexico and Canada. Perhaps America can get the trade imbalance back into shape. My guess is that if oil continues upwards slowly, we will see more items move back to the west, and more trade by countries that are close.
pubs and dems speak of. Problem is that we have to go countries like Chana, Russia, China, Venezuela, Iran, and North Korea to get it. Hopefully, Obama realizes that Security MUST change. We need to worry more about other nations and the companies that we employ, and less about spying on our citizens.
injecting high pressure water CAN trigger them. And make them much worse.
And yes, this is about injecting water to be heated. With that said, I suspect that they have done their homework and figured things out. The venture in EU was a disaster, because the company did not do their homework and literally hit a known fault.
Oh, I LOVE the orbital fuel depots. I really like the idea of it for DIRECT. The reason is that it would enable us to send a LOT OF CARGO to the moon each month. In addition, it would allow for much larger volume, which the EELV and falcon9 do not do well. In addition, the falcon 9 will get at MOST 29000 KG to LEO and Delta IV Heavy even less, while direct will do 64000KG up 92000 KG to leo. That is a good enough size for a time, and that can be pushed cheaply to the moon via the fuel depot. In addition, something of Direct size will allow us to send more LARGE sats for exploratory. Basically, we NEED something of Direct size, while also needing the falcon and EELVs.
Heck, as to costs, just the 64000KG launcher can be had for CHEAP. It is only when adding the second (and possibly a third ) stage that costs go up. That is because, the core is pretty much stolen from what we currently use. Even if we do a re-fuel in space, that will add some costs, but something like that would allow us to send 64K or 92KG to the moon. That would be either 1.5 or 2x what the saturn sent. BTW, even Musk is not suggesting using falcon for moon shots.
Yeah, it is kind of odd. I have always been a fan of Ares V, but have been re-thinking things. It seems to me that Direct really is the better START PATH to the moon. We have the infrastructure in place and jobs spread out. The development cost for it is LESS than what remains on Ares I, let alone Ares V. It seems to me that if we were smart, we we would boost COTS and perhaps fund something like spacedev's dream chaser, and buy one to two Bigelow units while at the same time doing Direct. Direct would give us capacity to get to the moon, while SpaceX's dragon, Scaled Composite's SS3, Orbital's new cargo capsule, and DreamChaser/ULA EELV would provide us with redundant launch facility for access to space. That would be less in price than development on the Ares V. Somewhere down the road, we could fund creating an Ares VI, once we have started real access to space.
Basically, it is in ALL OF OUR INTEREST in getting multiple systems competing so that we have guarenteed low cost access.
The pols that are fighting against SpaceX and even ULA, are the ones that pushing for Russian launches. Why? Because EVERY LAST ONE OF THEM ARE WORRIED ABOUT JOBS IN THEIR AREA. They would rather ignore what is happening to America, ignore the issues of depending on a country that is NOT our best friend, to protect a few measly jobs.
It is a sad state of affairs that the west has become.
And that would be the BIGGEST mistake that we would ever make. Health care can be addressed WHEN WE CHOSE TO. Sadly, we have too many big business in this. The reason of pushing for the moon and beyond is because of LIMITED RESOURCES. Do not tell me that we do not have limited resources. We have lots of rare earth items that are found in various countries that are currently being grabbed by CHina. Down the road, the west will not have access to many elements that we will need. The simple fact is that it will lead to WAR if we stay here and do what you propose. INSTEAD, we should get on the moon and/or mars ASAP. In particular, if going for the moon, we should be building several mag-rail launchers on there. If designed right, These could LITERALLY THROW a sat into a fast path out into the outer solar system to explore a number of asteroids. Add vasmir on these, and we have the ability to send sats throughout our solar system to explore and look for potential resources. Once we find a number of promising asteroids loaded with minerals, then we put a vasmir on it, slow it down, and allow the sun to pull it towards earth. Once started, then vasmir can speed things up. By sending minerals our way, we could have cheap resources and avoid future wars.
Americans, even the west, USE to think long term. Since 1980, we have been HORRIBLY short-sighted. Time to change for the good of the world.
Asians, esp Indians, also suffer an extremely high incidence rate of diabetes. It does not matter if a southern Indian (vegetarian) or Northern Indian (balanced; basically a meat eater) or wether in India, USA, or Europe. They still suffer from high rates. That says it is Genetics. Is there a study about diabetes in USA amongst blacks vs. those living elsewhere? Without it, then your statement could easily be incorrect. It is possible that diabetes runs in blacks. Consider that the original blacks brought here were captured by other tribes in a limited number of areas. That means that it should be possible to do a limited study of blacks here descendanted from slaves vs. some of the original tribes. If nothing else, it would be a useful genetics vs. environment study, as well as perhaps an indication of where to spend some money. If diet really is the backbone of expensive medical costs, then such a study would encourage us to spend future money on changing ppl's behavior.
Actually, Canadians have ALWAYS been easily admitted to the states. They are one of our closest allies. Only UK rates above them. Until W, we had MANY joint operations occurring, such as NORAD.
Well, it depends. Do you have insurance that covers it. If you do not, then there is gov. insurance in medicare/medicaid. In general you get on a waiting lists. Of course, it has to match your histochemistry and size (the liver from a 10 y.o. is not going to go into a person of say 300-400 lb). BTW, my mother-in-law just had a kidney put in (here in colorado). It took 2 years. Chance are that Jobs waited 2-3 years for one.
What is impressive is that he did not go to India. Many of the wealthy like to go to India to buy them. LITERALLY. There are operations there that run out and steal the organs from a number of live ppl, or will take them from ppl dying of aids and other diseases (but claim otherwise). In spite of this, westerners run out there, pay the 20K and get the operations. That is because India has their money tied to the dollar, so from our POV, it is cheap.
Far from it. TN has a serious drinking problem (IIRC, it is actually one of the higher ones). OTH, you would have a higher mortality rate amongst younger folks, typically from accidents. This has a double advantage in that a younger person is less likely to have viruses. Getting a liver from somebody older and you are likely to pick up a variety of virus. As it is, our increased cancer rate can most likely be tied to blood transfusions as well as transplants.
The choice was made back in mid 90's. The university keeps trying to go to it, BUT, others fight it. Basically, ColoState is new coke. The top ppl push it for a marketing ploy, but just about everybody fights that. That stuff happens all the time. "Invesco field at Mile High" name replaced Mile High Stadium, and other name for it; Diaphragm stadium. Oddly, it was the employees of Invesco that pointed it out and nick named it due to the same waviness and curvature of one.
Actually, Colorado State University has not gone by CSU since mid 90's. It wants to be known as ColoState. The problem was the CSU is used by California State University.
there. The reason is because Mars CAN be terriformed by plummitting a a few ammonia based asteroids from further out as well as a couple of ice based asteroids. It obviously would not occur overnight, but, once vasmir occurs, I would not be surprised to see us sending exploratory missions to locate resources on these asteroids. BUT, once life is discovered there, the west will not proceed with that (though I suspect more than a few other countries would push for it regardless of the life).
Anytime you have a large number of countries who are building something in which each is trying to gain control of it, there will be costs overrun. In addition, the IFR is capable of burning the WASTE nuke supplies. If advanced countries put these in, then the world will have but a fraction of the waste. 3rd world countries (developing nations; whatever) can put in older reactors that use simple reaction. And the argument about plutonium going to bomb making is a total fraud. As it is, we have Iran and North Korea creating bombs.
USSR was bankrupted back in the 70's. reagan kept them alive by re-starting the grain deal and offering them loans.
As to research, yes, he CUT research dollars greatly, and then shifted a lot more into DARPA spending. I know, because the research I was on back then was converted to DARPA.
The amount of research that America does is but a fraction of what we use to do. In addition, reagan and W have pushed this concept that America does not need to develop engineers, whereas from the 40 through the 70's, our nation PUSHED IT HARD. America MUST re-gain its push for good education and science.
Not sure what foreign students have to do with this discussion? Having foreign students here is not a bad thing. In fact, I would like to see us rethink it and offer easy citizenship paths for these, whereas the dems are about to offer easy citizenship paths to illegals who simply swam across the river or walk 2 days in the desert (what a waste of slots).
It was the 80's. reagan and the neo-cons PURPOSELY cut the RD in science that we had back then. MASSIVE CUTS. The idea was that the large number of RD labs that we had would do the work. Bell Labs, Watson Labs, Ge Labs and nearly all major labs were killed, cut, or moved to other nations. Basically, the RD labs that we had were tied to the gov's huge budgets as well as our education, which was THE TOPS. Now, they are simply moved elsewhere and we have been witness to the largest 30 year dismantling of one of the few historical superpower nations.
It is not about downstream rights, but PRIOR rights. Big difference. Out here in the west, our saying is:
Whiskey is for drinking, and water is for fighting.
Sadly, it seems like Texans and Easterners want to come here and pollute our water (which we have precious little of).
But all that MAY be changing. We, as individuals, have been prevented from capturing the runoff due to western water law. However, some lawyer and engineers have recently figured out that due to all concrete, farm lands, etc and our attempts to make sure that we obey the law that we are allowing upwards of 33% more water to run off to the east (TX, OK, NE, NM and KS). Colorado is building a case for holding ~33% more of the water based on that. Needless to say, that will produce some SEVERE repercussions here. In addition, Utah is also looking at how much they are losing. They think that it is something like 20% and our western slope sends another 20% to NM, AZ, NV, and CA. If this is true, it will mean that downstream may see a MAJOR cutback over there.
Western water laws are interesting.
Personally, I like the idea of trying to saturate the air over in CA, and the gulf, and working better with the weather patterns to drop more snow and rain over the west. In addition, the larger amount of clouds would block more light from coming.
As pointed out, there are two different philosophies. The first says that the pilots will do the right thing esp. during an unusual situation, while the second says that the CPU will do the right thing since the exception is the rare condition.
The pilots WILL do the right things if they are trained for it AND the follow it. But as has been seen lately with the flight school in Florida (for delta airlines), there is not always rigorous training. In addition, there are unusual circumstances such Walt Lux's AA DC-10/Chicago where he lost his hydraulics and lost all lives; Later, new training was put in place that acted different from how pilots were trained to handle that situation; Or the United DC-10 that crashed in Iowa (lost a prof. in that one, but many other passengers were saved) BUT it was because of human intervention that it was. Of even the recent ditching by sulley in which his years of training handled a situation that no CPU could ever do.
Then we have the most likely NUMEROUS saves from simple errors in which the craft has an immediate automatic fix in place by the CPU to override dangerous situations.
The fact is, that both systems save lives. Assuming that this is a CPU issue, it is situations like this that get the press. The many saves by a CPU is not reported.
In the end, the smart thing is probably going to be that a pilot can override that by hitting a remote button, which would allow situations like Sulley or Iowa's, while at the same time, preventing dumb mistakes.
Slashdot Mirror
The reason is that currently, the western militia there must import lots of fuel to provide electricity. That is EXPENSIVE. VERY EXPENSIVE. Instead, the groups could put up one of these that have say 5-50 MW and then put small collectors on the ground. It would be MUCH cheaper than bringing in the equipment and fuel. In addition, if a base is overrun, it would be easy to prevent enemy (read Al Qaeda) from using the equipment and new equipment would be much lighter, easier to take care of, etc. Also, once several of these were up there, they could be shifted around to help on Emergency locations. For example, helping Hurricanes, tsunami, Chinese EarthQuake, 9/11, etc. The ability to get power into a large disaster area means, LITERALLY life or death. If we put at least one over every major continent, they could be used normally to help a city that already has coal/gas, but then moved ahead of time for when a disaster is heading there way (hurricanes), or a day or two for unseen disasters that happen. Heck, if done right, private space industry should push this private tugs. These can then be used for doing other work (perhaps getting rid of space junk).
China is a sovereign nation and can do as it pleases within its own borders as long as no international laws are broken;
Trade restriction. And EU is bringing that up to UN. Just like America did recently about CHina restricting EXPORTS of Steel making minerals. China is cheating all the way to the bank, and the west either needs to crack down on China, or better yet, SLOWLY raise similar barriers. For example, slowly drop the dollar and Euro against the Yuan on imports. That will encourage China to free their money. Likewise, if China does not drop their trade barriers like they agreed to do by 2002, then we should slowly and methodically raise ours.
Chinese Govt WANTS that. They are busy pushing Baidu, and about to push Baidu into western world. Right now, Baidu controls ~65% of chinese search, while Google is only ~25%. The reason is that Chinese gov PUSHES Baidu and creates rules to help them. For example, Baidu copied Google's 'Im feeling Lucky', so the gov told Google to no longer allow it because it was leading to too many porn sites, but did not do the same on Baidu. What was interesting is that a study was done, it showed that Baidu had either the same rate or possibly more of porn. The big difference is that Baidu will not lead to anti-gov stuff while google might.
Funny thing is, that there are more Western made products at Wally world these days, though Target remains a front-end for China (little there is NOT made in china). What is funny is that I have noticed that generics at places like King Soopers and safeway is being made In America, Mexico and Canada. Perhaps America can get the trade imbalance back into shape. My guess is that if oil continues upwards slowly, we will see more items move back to the west, and more trade by countries that are close.
Chinese version of Barack Obama
We did. They was reagan and W.
pubs and dems speak of. Problem is that we have to go countries like Chana, Russia, China, Venezuela, Iran, and North Korea to get it. Hopefully, Obama realizes that Security MUST change. We need to worry more about other nations and the companies that we employ, and less about spying on our citizens.
injecting high pressure water CAN trigger them. And make them much worse. And yes, this is about injecting water to be heated. With that said, I suspect that they have done their homework and figured things out. The venture in EU was a disaster, because the company did not do their homework and literally hit a known fault.
Oh, I LOVE the orbital fuel depots. I really like the idea of it for DIRECT. The reason is that it would enable us to send a LOT OF CARGO to the moon each month. In addition, it would allow for much larger volume, which the EELV and falcon9 do not do well. In addition, the falcon 9 will get at MOST 29000 KG to LEO and Delta IV Heavy even less, while direct will do 64000KG up 92000 KG to leo. That is a good enough size for a time, and that can be pushed cheaply to the moon via the fuel depot. In addition, something of Direct size will allow us to send more LARGE sats for exploratory. Basically, we NEED something of Direct size, while also needing the falcon and EELVs.
Heck, as to costs, just the 64000KG launcher can be had for CHEAP. It is only when adding the second (and possibly a third ) stage that costs go up. That is because, the core is pretty much stolen from what we currently use. Even if we do a re-fuel in space, that will add some costs, but something like that would allow us to send 64K or 92KG to the moon. That would be either 1.5 or 2x what the saturn sent. BTW, even Musk is not suggesting using falcon for moon shots.
Yeah, it is kind of odd. I have always been a fan of Ares V, but have been re-thinking things. It seems to me that Direct really is the better START PATH to the moon. We have the infrastructure in place and jobs spread out. The development cost for it is LESS than what remains on Ares I, let alone Ares V. It seems to me that if we were smart, we we would boost COTS and perhaps fund something like spacedev's dream chaser, and buy one to two Bigelow units while at the same time doing Direct. Direct would give us capacity to get to the moon, while SpaceX's dragon, Scaled Composite's SS3, Orbital's new cargo capsule, and DreamChaser/ULA EELV would provide us with redundant launch facility for access to space. That would be less in price than development on the Ares V. Somewhere down the road, we could fund creating an Ares VI, once we have started real access to space.
Basically, it is in ALL OF OUR INTEREST in getting multiple systems competing so that we have guarenteed low cost access.
The pols that are fighting against SpaceX and even ULA, are the ones that pushing for Russian launches. Why? Because EVERY LAST ONE OF THEM ARE WORRIED ABOUT JOBS IN THEIR AREA. They would rather ignore what is happening to America, ignore the issues of depending on a country that is NOT our best friend, to protect a few measly jobs.
It is a sad state of affairs that the west has become.
And that would be the BIGGEST mistake that we would ever make. Health care can be addressed WHEN WE CHOSE TO. Sadly, we have too many big business in this. The reason of pushing for the moon and beyond is because of LIMITED RESOURCES. Do not tell me that we do not have limited resources. We have lots of rare earth items that are found in various countries that are currently being grabbed by CHina. Down the road, the west will not have access to many elements that we will need. The simple fact is that it will lead to WAR if we stay here and do what you propose. INSTEAD, we should get on the moon and/or mars ASAP. In particular, if going for the moon, we should be building several mag-rail launchers on there. If designed right, These could LITERALLY THROW a sat into a fast path out into the outer solar system to explore a number of asteroids. Add vasmir on these, and we have the ability to send sats throughout our solar system to explore and look for potential resources. Once we find a number of promising asteroids loaded with minerals, then we put a vasmir on it, slow it down, and allow the sun to pull it towards earth. Once started, then vasmir can speed things up. By sending minerals our way, we could have cheap resources and avoid future wars.
Americans, even the west, USE to think long term. Since 1980, we have been HORRIBLY short-sighted. Time to change for the good of the world.
Asians, esp Indians, also suffer an extremely high incidence rate of diabetes. It does not matter if a southern Indian (vegetarian) or Northern Indian (balanced; basically a meat eater) or wether in India, USA, or Europe. They still suffer from high rates. That says it is Genetics. Is there a study about diabetes in USA amongst blacks vs. those living elsewhere? Without it, then your statement could easily be incorrect. It is possible that diabetes runs in blacks. Consider that the original blacks brought here were captured by other tribes in a limited number of areas. That means that it should be possible to do a limited study of blacks here descendanted from slaves vs. some of the original tribes. If nothing else, it would be a useful genetics vs. environment study, as well as perhaps an indication of where to spend some money. If diet really is the backbone of expensive medical costs, then such a study would encourage us to spend future money on changing ppl's behavior.
Actually, Canadians have ALWAYS been easily admitted to the states. They are one of our closest allies. Only UK rates above them. Until W, we had MANY joint operations occurring, such as NORAD.
What is their diet and exercise habit? Where is your study that compares the same economic-socio groups.
Well, it depends. Do you have insurance that covers it. If you do not, then there is gov. insurance in medicare/medicaid. In general you get on a waiting lists. Of course, it has to match your histochemistry and size (the liver from a 10 y.o. is not going to go into a person of say 300-400 lb). BTW, my mother-in-law just had a kidney put in (here in colorado). It took 2 years. Chance are that Jobs waited 2-3 years for one.
What is impressive is that he did not go to India. Many of the wealthy like to go to India to buy them. LITERALLY. There are operations there that run out and steal the organs from a number of live ppl, or will take them from ppl dying of aids and other diseases (but claim otherwise). In spite of this, westerners run out there, pay the 20K and get the operations. That is because India has their money tied to the dollar, so from our POV, it is cheap.
Far from it. TN has a serious drinking problem (IIRC, it is actually one of the higher ones). OTH, you would have a higher mortality rate amongst younger folks, typically from accidents. This has a double advantage in that a younger person is less likely to have viruses. Getting a liver from somebody older and you are likely to pick up a variety of virus. As it is, our increased cancer rate can most likely be tied to blood transfusions as well as transplants.
The choice was made back in mid 90's. The university keeps trying to go to it, BUT, others fight it. Basically, ColoState is new coke. The top ppl push it for a marketing ploy, but just about everybody fights that. That stuff happens all the time. "Invesco field at Mile High" name replaced Mile High Stadium, and other name for it; Diaphragm stadium. Oddly, it was the employees of Invesco that pointed it out and nick named it due to the same waviness and curvature of one.
Actually, Colorado State University has not gone by CSU since mid 90's. It wants to be known as ColoState. The problem was the CSU is used by California State University.
there. The reason is because Mars CAN be terriformed by plummitting a a few ammonia based asteroids from further out as well as a couple of ice based asteroids. It obviously would not occur overnight, but, once vasmir occurs, I would not be surprised to see us sending exploratory missions to locate resources on these asteroids. BUT, once life is discovered there, the west will not proceed with that (though I suspect more than a few other countries would push for it regardless of the life).
Anytime you have a large number of countries who are building something in which each is trying to gain control of it, there will be costs overrun. In addition, the IFR is capable of burning the WASTE nuke supplies. If advanced countries put these in, then the world will have but a fraction of the waste. 3rd world countries (developing nations; whatever) can put in older reactors that use simple reaction. And the argument about plutonium going to bomb making is a total fraud. As it is, we have Iran and North Korea creating bombs.
USSR was bankrupted back in the 70's. reagan kept them alive by re-starting the grain deal and offering them loans.
As to research, yes, he CUT research dollars greatly, and then shifted a lot more into DARPA spending. I know, because the research I was on back then was converted to DARPA.
The amount of research that America does is but a fraction of what we use to do. In addition, reagan and W have pushed this concept that America does not need to develop engineers, whereas from the 40 through the 70's, our nation PUSHED IT HARD. America MUST re-gain its push for good education and science.
Not sure what foreign students have to do with this discussion? Having foreign students here is not a bad thing. In fact, I would like to see us rethink it and offer easy citizenship paths for these, whereas the dems are about to offer easy citizenship paths to illegals who simply swam across the river or walk 2 days in the desert (what a waste of slots).
It was the 80's. reagan and the neo-cons PURPOSELY cut the RD in science that we had back then. MASSIVE CUTS. The idea was that the large number of RD labs that we had would do the work. Bell Labs, Watson Labs, Ge Labs and nearly all major labs were killed, cut, or moved to other nations. Basically, the RD labs that we had were tied to the gov's huge budgets as well as our education, which was THE TOPS. Now, they are simply moved elsewhere and we have been witness to the largest 30 year dismantling of one of the few historical superpower nations.
It is not about downstream rights, but PRIOR rights. Big difference. Out here in the west, our saying is:
Whiskey is for drinking, and water is for fighting.
Sadly, it seems like Texans and Easterners want to come here and pollute our water (which we have precious little of).
But all that MAY be changing. We, as individuals, have been prevented from capturing the runoff due to western water law. However, some lawyer and engineers have recently figured out that due to all concrete, farm lands, etc and our attempts to make sure that we obey the law that we are allowing upwards of 33% more water to run off to the east (TX, OK, NE, NM and KS). Colorado is building a case for holding ~33% more of the water based on that. Needless to say, that will produce some SEVERE repercussions here. In addition, Utah is also looking at how much they are losing. They think that it is something like 20% and our western slope sends another 20% to NM, AZ, NV, and CA. If this is true, it will mean that downstream may see a MAJOR cutback over there.
Western water laws are interesting.
Personally, I like the idea of trying to saturate the air over in CA, and the gulf, and working better with the weather patterns to drop more snow and rain over the west. In addition, the larger amount of clouds would block more light from coming.
The fact is, that both systems save lives. Assuming that this is a CPU issue, it is situations like this that get the press. The many saves by a CPU is not reported.
In the end, the smart thing is probably going to be that a pilot can override that by hitting a remote button, which would allow situations like Sulley or Iowa's, while at the same time, preventing dumb mistakes.