Since you cant really see if the cemented went okay, its many thousands of feet underground, its hard to tell if this is happening. When the high pressure drilling fluids are injected, they would easily flow right up that channel into the groundwater supply.
Since there is an economic incentive for the petroleum company to apply all that pressure and frac fluids ($$$ to the tune of 1/4 to 2/3 of the total cost of drilling the well) only to the hopefully-producing zone and nowhere else, you can rely on the cementing operations to be ordinarily done right, and then verified prior to frac-ing. Which isn't to say that things don't sometimes go wrong with cementing: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill
Note that in that well, I doubt that fracturing was even contemplated, since the reservoir was clearly capable of significant production without aid.
They say in the propoganda that there is many thousands of feet of impermeable rock between the pay dirt layer and the groundwater, but this doesnt mean much as you just drilled a hole through it all.
"Dirt" isn't the best choice of words to describe a rock formation which requires fracturing to liberate economic amounts of hydrocarbons. But, that said, we clearly know that ground water eventually seeps down to a certain depth when it encounters something that stops it and allows it to accumulate. The reverse is true of the natural gas trapped down below. It wants to escape upward. Something stops it. So the rock itself clearly is impermeable. During drilling, the fluid (drilling mud) is designed to be viscous and heavy enough to move the rock cuttings back to the surface and protect the rock formation itself. Again, there is an economic incentive to get this right, as you don't want to either have a blowout during drilling, if the mud is too light, or for the mud to be so heavy that it forces itself out into the formations you're drilling through, causing loss of circulation of the cuttings. Best practices require drilling an oversize hole with just water as the fluid down below the bottom of potential fresh water aquifer, then setting an initial "surface casing" and cementing that alone in order to protect the fresh water, before proceeding drilling within that casing down to the (much) deeper productive zones. Incidentally, that surface casing is also what gives you the opportunity to place a "blowout preventer (BOP)" in case something goes badly wrong during drilling. If you didn't have the surface casing, you'd have nothing to attach the BOP to--nothing to allow you to seal off the well in case of major problems.
The only way for your words to hurt me is for me to value your words. Since you aren't my mother, and you aren't my friend, nothing that you say can hurt me.
Two problems here with your line of thought. First, people who are capable of completely devaluing others' words (and, by extension, therefore, other people themselves) might just be tending towards sociopathy. This isn't normal behavior, and I'm not sure I'd much like a society where it was, or where it was encouraged to be.
Second, there is the matter of reputation. Even if the recipient of those words is able to emotionally brush them off in their direct impact (or appear to, so as to give a useful impression), the reaction of the rest of society to those words can be rather serious.
And most of that money going to the retired is money that they paid in themselves.
No, that money was spent long ago supporting a previous generation of the retired. The system was set up in such a way as to be pay-as-you-go, robbing Peter to pay Paul, as it were.
But, to take a narrow interpretation of your comment, tablets and cell phones are so monolithic because the big vendors want them to be, so we're forced into their proprietary app store/music store/pay-the-manufacturer-for-flash-memory-at-inflated-prices. It's become a manupulated market segmentation thing. SD card slots have become very rare as a result. But there is no technical reason why this has to be. All the ARM SoCs support SD cards (usually multiple ones). Most of the no-name Chinese tablets actually include microSD slots.
Other whitebox OS options in 1993 were Xenix, SCO, BSD/386, and Minix.
I think I still have my WorkGroup Systems disks/book as well as my Walnut Creek CDROMs. And my SIMTEL CDROMs.
Sometimes a short-term lose-lose situation creates the freedom to choose the long-term good. If you are in the judicial system, you have already lost in the short term. Better to recognize and accept the loss quickly.
Well, my theory is that I am better able to absorb the costs of those three days than the judicial system is. If even a tiny fraction of people contested these things, the judicial system would be so overwhelmed as to force change. I take civic pride in being among the tiny fraction.
It actually can be done on the fly, though this, as you say, produces significant cognitive load. Speaking for myself, being in unfamiliar social situations where the stakes are high can be very draining. Also speaking for myself, my facility with reading other people has improved greatly. The cognitive burden is much less in middle age than it was when I was in school.
ultimately, i see this approach empowering smaller 3rd party companies to be able to re-enter the markets that they've been squeezed out of by the ever-decreasing margins of the PC business. the hard part, technically is the CPU Card. the most expensive part is the casework. not exactly sure how to deal with that: 3D printers sort-of spring to mind... anyway, just a thought.
Yes! From a hardware standpoint, anyway. Understanding this is key.
It's not just "in the card", it's in the CPU (SoC or System on a Chip in ARMese). The card is essentially just a carrier/socket for the CPU/RAM, which in ARM-land is typically soldered one-on-top-of-the-other directly onto the motherboard.
The division-of-labor between motherboard and CPU is different with ARM versus x86. ARM is more integrated, mostly because this is a good thing in typical ARM applications. A lot of what would be regarded as the duty of the motherboard in x86-land moves to the CPU in ARM. An ARM motherboard is going to be mostly about providing physical connectivity to the rest of the system.
The point of the card is to enable the development of the rest of the system (which takes significant engineering effort) without being tied to the current hotness in the ARM world. From the hardware design standpoint, it lets you hedge your bets for the future.
Your point about the software platform not benefiting from the engineering decision to put the CPU/RAM on a card/carrier is certainly true. You are correct that a given, say, Linux installation will not appreciate having a different CPU stuffed in, because of all the driver issues you mention. That said, it is also the case that the bet-hedging that modularizing the CPU/RAM buys applies to the software also. If, say, the open-source Mali driver never takes off, and Intel suddenly drops a good open source PowerVR driver, you could switch from the AllWinner A10 to a TI CPU and pivot quickly. If, say, NVIDIA provides a good open source driver for their GPU, you could go that way. The ARM driver situation is kindof at a tipping point at present. It's hard to guess who's going to be the first manufacturer to provide a suitable open source environment. Whoever does, while delivering something "good enough" from a hardware standpoint (which is constantly changing), made widely available in smaller quantities, at a reasonable price, stands to gain a significant market advantage. The Allwinner A10 is very close, if they could just be made to understand the importance of getting their cedarx and Mali drivers open sourced.
Meantime, though, the work of designing tablets and notebooks and netbooks and servers and routers and other form factors can proceed. Sourcing screens and keyboards and touchpads and touchscreens and batteries and designing enclosure molds and all that stuff takes time too, and can be happening in parallel.
Because all the peripherals mentioned are part of the CPU, which in x86 terms has an integrated southbridge. As far as I am aware, ARM and PCIe don't go together in the same sentence. I'm guessing PCIe would require more bandwidth and/or more power than would be available in most likely use scenarios.
Mali may currently be proprietary, but I'd say in 6 months to a year, that won't be the case anymore. Just my subjective feeling.
I personally am mulling the notion of ripping out the motherboard from a Thinkpad 600 and replacing it with an ARM motherboard. The TP600 is still a great form factor and case design.
In my opinion, Intel and AMD were both caught flat-footed by the rise of ARM. Both used to build ARM CPUs and both divested themselves of those divisions. D'oh!
I'd say neither wants to kill the x86 goose that lays their golden eggs. They are accustomed to the sort of margins which ARM will never offer. Embracing the creative destruction ARM offers would mean becoming a different sort of company.
Incidentally, FYI AMD is offering embedded versions of their Brazos CPUs.
It's an attempt to create a standardized form factor for open/modular highly portable inexpensive computing device CPUs. It intends to do for these markets what the AT/ATX motherboard/case design and ISA/PCI buses and Socket 3/5/7 did for the desktop computing market. Additionally, it is doing this with openness (libre open source software stack) clearly an important design criterion, besides the technical/performance ones.
Will it take time to mature? Yes. But less than one might think. It's farther along than might appear.
Will it therefore fail, by missing out on the window for Cortex A8? No. It's modular enough to continue even after the Cortex A8 CPU is obsolescent. The Allwinner A10 was chosen in part because it is currently available and cheap.
This will open up niche markets which the major manufacturers are not servicing. High-resolution debian ARM netbook? Can be done. 7" Netbook? Can be done. Pixel Qi Tablet? Can be done. Desktop ARM terminals? Can be done.
I've been following this project for a while now, and it is going in a direction which I believe in. I am getting tired of proprietary ARM hardware and software.
Betrayal may be too strong a word. More like the end of naïveté, IMHO. The US, despite our limited intervention in WWI, was not a global power. Our initial WW2 strategic plan, once we became involved, revolved around hemispheric defense. That's just how we thought, militarily. And the US public had a strong tendency toward noninterventionism. After WW2 ended, there was a tension between the military-industrial complex's desire to remain relevant and ordinary Americans' desire to get back to what we were doing before we had to go deal with what seemed like other people's problems. Eventually, the military-industrial complex prevailed when they convinced people that there was an exaggerated Soviet threat. And then cue the anti-Communist and anti-Russian propaganda. So, IMHO, through naïveté, America initially underestimated the Soviets' intentions, then realized their error which paved the way for the same sort of overreaction we have today with the forever "war on terror." Given we still misunderstand the Cold War, mostly seeing the ideological propagandistic side, I'm not too sanguine on how quickly we will come to see the "war on terror" clearly either.
Ideology was the rationalization, IMHO. You're right that it wasn't nukes. I think the Cold War is best understood as a sort of continuation of WW2.
The US and the USSR were pretty much the only major powers which weren't gutted by WW2. The USSR nearly was, and probably bore the true brunt of the defeat of the European Axis powers. It was just big enough to absorb its losses, whereas Britain and France were not. The Soviet entry into the Pacific theater against Japan was probably at least as significant in the Japanese acceptance of unconditional surrender as was the use of atomic weapons by the US, which is not really understood by the public at large.
Churchill was very conscious of Stalin's ambitions, and sought to position the West favorably for the postwar period for probably a year before the end of the war. But the British star was already waning and it was America which was already sitting at the head of the table. Truman and Eisenhower were looking more toward ending the war in Europe with fewer American casualties (looking to finally focus on the Japanese), and were willing to let the Soviets bleed Hitler from the East, and let the Russians pay the price in lives for doing so. Which made the loss of Eastern Europe into the Soviet sphere of influence inevitable.
I give Stalin a lot of credit for quickly building the Soviet economy after the end of the war, despite grievous losses. While Americans were demobilizing and reaping the peace dividend and building the consumption economy, the Soviets were making sure their near-defeat never happened again. It took a while before the American public noticed there was a new global competitor, so it became necessary for American leaders to propagandize the matter, and make the public afraid. Which is where the anti-communist ideology and space race and nuclear arms race came in so handy. People who are afraid are more easily led.
The Baby Boom generation has been rather non-introspective about these matters, as has America as a whole. We haven't really figured out what it all means and drawn mature conclusions because we just haven't bothered to examine it very closely. Godwin's Law is a great illustration of this.
I have a question. Is the city-state of Washington DC run mostly by leftists or conservatives?
Irrelevant. It is run by authoritarians, which is on an axis orthogonal to liberal-conservative, and which is the true underlying cause of why things are the way they are with respect to the police confiscating cameras.
Or, alternately
It is run by conservatives, because that's about all there are left in politics anymore. Some are Democrats, some are Republicans, but they're all pretty far to the right by most any sane set of definitions.
There is also federal law under Title 18, USC Section 242. The FBI maintains a summary of federal civil rights law here.
The key search terms are "violation of civil rights under color of law". The FBI maintains a color of law page here, including methods for formally reporting abuses.
Slashdot Mirror
Actually, there is technology for this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_bond_log
Since there is an economic incentive for the petroleum company to apply all that pressure and frac fluids ($$$ to the tune of 1/4 to 2/3 of the total cost of drilling the well) only to the hopefully-producing zone and nowhere else, you can rely on the cementing operations to be ordinarily done right, and then verified prior to frac-ing. Which isn't to say that things don't sometimes go wrong with cementing: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill
Note that in that well, I doubt that fracturing was even contemplated, since the reservoir was clearly capable of significant production without aid.
"Dirt" isn't the best choice of words to describe a rock formation which requires fracturing to liberate economic amounts of hydrocarbons. But, that said, we clearly know that ground water eventually seeps down to a certain depth when it encounters something that stops it and allows it to accumulate. The reverse is true of the natural gas trapped down below. It wants to escape upward. Something stops it. So the rock itself clearly is impermeable. During drilling, the fluid (drilling mud) is designed to be viscous and heavy enough to move the rock cuttings back to the surface and protect the rock formation itself. Again, there is an economic incentive to get this right, as you don't want to either have a blowout during drilling, if the mud is too light, or for the mud to be so heavy that it forces itself out into the formations you're drilling through, causing loss of circulation of the cuttings. Best practices require drilling an oversize hole with just water as the fluid down below the bottom of potential fresh water aquifer, then setting an initial "surface casing" and cementing that alone in order to protect the fresh water, before proceeding drilling within that casing down to the (much) deeper productive zones. Incidentally, that surface casing is also what gives you the opportunity to place a "blowout preventer (BOP)" in case something goes badly wrong during drilling. If you didn't have the surface casing, you'd have nothing to attach the BOP to--nothing to allow you to seal off the well in case of major problems.
Two problems here with your line of thought. First, people who are capable of completely devaluing others' words (and, by extension, therefore, other people themselves) might just be tending towards sociopathy. This isn't normal behavior, and I'm not sure I'd much like a society where it was, or where it was encouraged to be.
Second, there is the matter of reputation. Even if the recipient of those words is able to emotionally brush them off in their direct impact (or appear to, so as to give a useful impression), the reaction of the rest of society to those words can be rather serious.
Thanks for sharing this. I'd upmod you if I had points.
No, that money was spent long ago supporting a previous generation of the retired. The system was set up in such a way as to be pay-as-you-go, robbing Peter to pay Paul, as it were.
Richardson, a city of about 100,000 people where CircuitCo is located, is part of exurban Dallas, not exurban Fort Worth. The summary is incorrect.
That goal, writ large, is what EOMA68 is about. FYI.
http://liliputing.com/2013/06/eoma-68-pc-on-a-card-goes-dual-core-supports-debian-linux-has-new-accessories-in-the-works.html
But, to take a narrow interpretation of your comment, tablets and cell phones are so monolithic because the big vendors want them to be, so we're forced into their proprietary app store/music store/pay-the-manufacturer-for-flash-memory-at-inflated-prices. It's become a manupulated market segmentation thing. SD card slots have become very rare as a result. But there is no technical reason why this has to be. All the ARM SoCs support SD cards (usually multiple ones). Most of the no-name Chinese tablets actually include microSD slots.
Other whitebox OS options in 1993 were Xenix, SCO, BSD/386, and Minix. I think I still have my WorkGroup Systems disks/book as well as my Walnut Creek CDROMs. And my SIMTEL CDROMs.
That is a very interesting link. Thank you.
Sometimes a short-term lose-lose situation creates the freedom to choose the long-term good. If you are in the judicial system, you have already lost in the short term. Better to recognize and accept the loss quickly.
Well, my theory is that I am better able to absorb the costs of those three days than the judicial system is. If even a tiny fraction of people contested these things, the judicial system would be so overwhelmed as to force change. I take civic pride in being among the tiny fraction.
I wonder if this could be used to fabricate aerogels using something akin to a hot piezoelectric print head.
It actually can be done on the fly, though this, as you say, produces significant cognitive load. Speaking for myself, being in unfamiliar social situations where the stakes are high can be very draining. Also speaking for myself, my facility with reading other people has improved greatly. The cognitive burden is much less in middle age than it was when I was in school.
No. You misheard. Indiana Jones seemed to have caught a bit of a sniffle . But it's easily misunderstood, what with the scots accent and all.
The reference
May I suggest you contact your state congresscritters, and take the matter up with them?
ultimately, i see this approach empowering smaller 3rd party companies to be able to re-enter the markets that they've been squeezed out of by the ever-decreasing margins of the PC business. the hard part, technically is the CPU Card. the most expensive part is the casework. not exactly sure how to deal with that: 3D printers sort-of spring to mind... anyway, just a thought.
Yes! From a hardware standpoint, anyway. Understanding this is key.
It's not just "in the card", it's in the CPU (SoC or System on a Chip in ARMese). The card is essentially just a carrier/socket for the CPU/RAM, which in ARM-land is typically soldered one-on-top-of-the-other directly onto the motherboard.
The division-of-labor between motherboard and CPU is different with ARM versus x86. ARM is more integrated, mostly because this is a good thing in typical ARM applications. A lot of what would be regarded as the duty of the motherboard in x86-land moves to the CPU in ARM. An ARM motherboard is going to be mostly about providing physical connectivity to the rest of the system.
The point of the card is to enable the development of the rest of the system (which takes significant engineering effort) without being tied to the current hotness in the ARM world. From the hardware design standpoint, it lets you hedge your bets for the future.
Your point about the software platform not benefiting from the engineering decision to put the CPU/RAM on a card/carrier is certainly true. You are correct that a given, say, Linux installation will not appreciate having a different CPU stuffed in, because of all the driver issues you mention. That said, it is also the case that the bet-hedging that modularizing the CPU/RAM buys applies to the software also. If, say, the open-source Mali driver never takes off, and Intel suddenly drops a good open source PowerVR driver, you could switch from the AllWinner A10 to a TI CPU and pivot quickly. If, say, NVIDIA provides a good open source driver for their GPU, you could go that way. The ARM driver situation is kindof at a tipping point at present. It's hard to guess who's going to be the first manufacturer to provide a suitable open source environment. Whoever does, while delivering something "good enough" from a hardware standpoint (which is constantly changing), made widely available in smaller quantities, at a reasonable price, stands to gain a significant market advantage. The Allwinner A10 is very close, if they could just be made to understand the importance of getting their cedarx and Mali drivers open sourced.
Meantime, though, the work of designing tablets and notebooks and netbooks and servers and routers and other form factors can proceed. Sourcing screens and keyboards and touchpads and touchscreens and batteries and designing enclosure molds and all that stuff takes time too, and can be happening in parallel.
My understanding (which is certainly from a distance) is that the goal is to use the leverage of (large) sales to prompt better cooperation.
Because all the peripherals mentioned are part of the CPU, which in x86 terms has an integrated southbridge. As far as I am aware, ARM and PCIe don't go together in the same sentence. I'm guessing PCIe would require more bandwidth and/or more power than would be available in most likely use scenarios.
Mali may currently be proprietary, but I'd say in 6 months to a year, that won't be the case anymore. Just my subjective feeling.
I personally am mulling the notion of ripping out the motherboard from a Thinkpad 600 and replacing it with an ARM motherboard. The TP600 is still a great form factor and case design.
In my opinion, Intel and AMD were both caught flat-footed by the rise of ARM. Both used to build ARM CPUs and both divested themselves of those divisions. D'oh!
I'd say neither wants to kill the x86 goose that lays their golden eggs. They are accustomed to the sort of margins which ARM will never offer. Embracing the creative destruction ARM offers would mean becoming a different sort of company.
Incidentally, FYI AMD is offering embedded versions of their Brazos CPUs.
It's an attempt to create a standardized form factor for open/modular highly portable inexpensive computing device CPUs. It intends to do for these markets what the AT/ATX motherboard/case design and ISA/PCI buses and Socket 3/5/7 did for the desktop computing market. Additionally, it is doing this with openness (libre open source software stack) clearly an important design criterion, besides the technical/performance ones.
Will it take time to mature? Yes. But less than one might think. It's farther along than might appear.
Will it therefore fail, by missing out on the window for Cortex A8? No. It's modular enough to continue even after the Cortex A8 CPU is obsolescent. The Allwinner A10 was chosen in part because it is currently available and cheap.
This will open up niche markets which the major manufacturers are not servicing. High-resolution debian ARM netbook? Can be done. 7" Netbook? Can be done. Pixel Qi Tablet? Can be done. Desktop ARM terminals? Can be done.
I've been following this project for a while now, and it is going in a direction which I believe in. I am getting tired of proprietary ARM hardware and software.
There is no way to make sure you don't get sued. Wrong goal.
Betrayal may be too strong a word. More like the end of naïveté, IMHO. The US, despite our limited intervention in WWI, was not a global power. Our initial WW2 strategic plan, once we became involved, revolved around hemispheric defense. That's just how we thought, militarily. And the US public had a strong tendency toward noninterventionism. After WW2 ended, there was a tension between the military-industrial complex's desire to remain relevant and ordinary Americans' desire to get back to what we were doing before we had to go deal with what seemed like other people's problems. Eventually, the military-industrial complex prevailed when they convinced people that there was an exaggerated Soviet threat. And then cue the anti-Communist and anti-Russian propaganda. So, IMHO, through naïveté, America initially underestimated the Soviets' intentions, then realized their error which paved the way for the same sort of overreaction we have today with the forever "war on terror." Given we still misunderstand the Cold War, mostly seeing the ideological propagandistic side, I'm not too sanguine on how quickly we will come to see the "war on terror" clearly either.
Ideology was the rationalization, IMHO. You're right that it wasn't nukes. I think the Cold War is best understood as a sort of continuation of WW2.
The US and the USSR were pretty much the only major powers which weren't gutted by WW2. The USSR nearly was, and probably bore the true brunt of the defeat of the European Axis powers. It was just big enough to absorb its losses, whereas Britain and France were not. The Soviet entry into the Pacific theater against Japan was probably at least as significant in the Japanese acceptance of unconditional surrender as was the use of atomic weapons by the US, which is not really understood by the public at large.
Churchill was very conscious of Stalin's ambitions, and sought to position the West favorably for the postwar period for probably a year before the end of the war. But the British star was already waning and it was America which was already sitting at the head of the table. Truman and Eisenhower were looking more toward ending the war in Europe with fewer American casualties (looking to finally focus on the Japanese), and were willing to let the Soviets bleed Hitler from the East, and let the Russians pay the price in lives for doing so. Which made the loss of Eastern Europe into the Soviet sphere of influence inevitable.
I give Stalin a lot of credit for quickly building the Soviet economy after the end of the war, despite grievous losses. While Americans were demobilizing and reaping the peace dividend and building the consumption economy, the Soviets were making sure their near-defeat never happened again. It took a while before the American public noticed there was a new global competitor, so it became necessary for American leaders to propagandize the matter, and make the public afraid. Which is where the anti-communist ideology and space race and nuclear arms race came in so handy. People who are afraid are more easily led.
The Baby Boom generation has been rather non-introspective about these matters, as has America as a whole. We haven't really figured out what it all means and drawn mature conclusions because we just haven't bothered to examine it very closely. Godwin's Law is a great illustration of this.
I have a question. Is the city-state of Washington DC run mostly by leftists or conservatives?
Irrelevant. It is run by authoritarians, which is on an axis orthogonal to liberal-conservative, and which is the true underlying cause of why things are the way they are with respect to the police confiscating cameras.
Or, alternately
It is run by conservatives, because that's about all there are left in politics anymore. Some are Democrats, some are Republicans, but they're all pretty far to the right by most any sane set of definitions.
Pick one. Both are true.
There is also federal law under Title 18, USC Section 242. The FBI maintains a summary of federal civil rights law here.
The key search terms are "violation of civil rights under color of law". The FBI maintains a color of law page here, including methods for formally reporting abuses.
IANAL