The reason that water is injected into a tubro/super charged system is this:
The compressor raises the temperature of the air when it is compressed. If the heated air in then directly pumped into the engine cyclinders and compressed then the fuel mixture will have what is called preignition (or knock). Modern cars have knock sensors and will retard your timing, fuel levels and just about everything else to reduce and remove knock since knock has the tendancy to eat engines for lunch.
So turbo manufacturers decided to cool the air before it is pumped into the engine. The easy choice is to add an intercooler. It looks like another radiator on the car.
Second choice is an intercooler with water jets. The water jets spray on the outside of the intercooler and evaporate, cooling the inside.
Then there is direct injection: Water is sprayed into the airstream. The water evaporates, reducing the air temperature in the engine.
I have one major comment about the article in general: a thrity-five percent efficient engine does not mean that only thirty-five percent of fuel was fully burned. Its means the thirty-five percent of the available energy in the fuel is usable as mechanical energy. Fuel when it is burned released energy in a mechanical form (ie push) and as heat. Currently most of the heat is discharged through the car's radiator or direct radiation into the air.
The increase in efficiency that is being talked about is due to the fact that hydrogen, when it bounds with oxygen gives off a great deal of energy and this energy helps the accelerate the combustion process. If the fuel is burning faster then less fuel is needed to get the same amount of force required to move the piston cylinder heads.
This idea is also skethcy since most modern car manufacturers try to get every little piece of hydrocarbon to burn completely. Unburnt hydrocarbons show up in the O2 test in a cars exhaust pipe. Before people flame me for being inaccurate: The car knows how much air went into the engine and how much fuel went into the engine and how well the car is running. So it knows how much unburnt O2 should be coming out of the pipe. If there is unburnt O2, then the system is running too lean and needs more fuel. If the system is two rich, then the system will start pinging or knocking and the car will adjust the mixture/timing back to help prevent that. Car manufacturers dont want the system to run too rich or too lean because you don't get the most out of the car as possible.
Realistically, an increase of more then 2-3% would be quite astounding given the chemistry of the matter: You still have to burn fuel to get power. You are adding a small amount of hydrogen to the mix from the beginning, which short cicuits the normal combustion process. To the machine's credit: it does add more energy to the combustion process, which helps the hydrocarbons break down. I would want to see some controlled tests over several thousand miles.
As a comparison for thought: Modern fuel cells (for house power) are talking a fuel efficiciency in the range of 40%, with the possibility of 50% if heat generation is recycled into a domestic hot water heater.
This sort of reminds me of people trying to put emissions restrictions on cars to lower the amount of Nitrogne-Oxide (and the rest of the NOx family) coming out of a tail pipe. The problem is that there is a fixed amount of nitrogen in the fuel due to impurities, it is going to come out of the tail pipe. The N2 in the air is not going to be a problem, its basiclly inert and you only have to account for how much energy is required to heat the N2 during combustion. But you can't reduce the NOx emissions without reducing the amount of Nitrogen in the fuel supply. Most fuel manufacurers don't want to do that because it would be very expensive to do that beyond the level they already have.
I just said that the populace was uneducated on the subject. A great many people look at it as "Well that's what I've got and I'll use it" not realizing that there is an alternative.
Yes that means a large percentage of our populace never checks its assumptions. I don't like that either. Or worse when they are forced to check their assumptions they sue to try to maintain them rather then change.
If you've been duped into thinking that the only browser available is IE then why go look for anything else since it doesn't exist. That's where alot of people stop, because: 1) they don't know that opera, mozilla, firefox, etc exist. 2) they don't have any programing knowledge or inclination. 3) They don't know the proper question to ask let alone the right person to ask.
Are they talking about the raw wood itself or the wood dust once it gets air borne during the machining of the wood? I know the more interesting woods (purple heart for instance) are highly reactive and you hve to use face masks when ding any heavy machining of the wood (power sanders, table saw etc).
Volatile organic compounds (or VOCs) are an actual issue with new products (you name it VOCs will be there).
The big culprits are rugs, and glues in woodworking. Most plastics (and those wonderful plasticizers) are to blame also. Chemicals such as formaldahyde (and a whole host of other wonderful compounds) are out gassed during the initial months of ownership of any newly manufactured items (it is also what gives you the 'new car smell' or the 'new computer smell').
This is also what contributes to "sick building syndrome" and other air quality issues in large buildings (leading to some of the air conditioning and fresh air requirements in modern building codes). Sick building syndrome is when VOCs build up a concentration inside a building and people start having alergic reactions, breathing trouble and a whole host of other medical issues due to the VOCs. Sick building syndrome can most easily be noted if you seem to get sick alot while at the building (prolonged or repeated exposure is an important issue here) and it seems to go away after you haven't been in the building for a couple of days (say the weekend or a vacation).
An air quality study to find out what is in your air would also give you an idea as to whether your building's air quality is an issue.
So reducing the VOC concentration is the number one priority. Your choices can be boiled down to:
1. Stop introducing VOCs into the environment that you are in. The means finding products that will not out gas (or have a reduced out gassing) in their initial months after being installed. Other people have started noting items you can get.
2. Release the VOCs into the rest of the world. That is open the windows, run air conditioning that has a fresh air intake for some or part of its air.
3. Install plants that have been shown to reduce VOCs and improve air quality in buildings. Plants do this by consuming VOCs in the air as part of their respiration cycle (they also release O2 and water into the air further impoving air quality). There is an excellent book called: "Growing Fresh Air" it is based on a NASA study that was trying to study air quality for long term air quality in a sealed environment (ie space capsules, moon bases, etc). The study was adapted to use with Sick Building Syndrome. Good plants to pick (these are from memory since I don't have the book next to me) would be: the Boston Fern, Rubber Plant, Dragon palm.
Trying Googling for
Sick Building Syndrome
and
Growing Fresh Air
"Lets play Ro-Sham-Bo" and IBM said: "Fine, you can even go first" (IBM failed to mention that it was wearing a spiked cup for SCO's pleasure).
It looks to me like SCO has wasted its kick flailing around and whining alot. IBM has just begun its wind up: "IBM strongly believes in its counterclaims and looks forward to trying its case in the court of law" That means that IBM is going to follow through come hell or high water.
[If you don't know: Ro-Sham-Bo is a game where I kick you in the nuts and then you kick me in the nuts. Last one standing wins.)
Is there a decent clearing house of information that lists where alternatives to MSWindows products can be gotten?
The immediate alteratives (that I can think of) being:
Office Suite: OpenOffice
Star Office (OpenOffice+DataBase software @ $99)
Word Perfect Offcie Suite
Image Manipulation:
Gimp (Still not up the speed and power of Photoshop yet)
Movie and Sound editing:?
Micosoft never sold its software on it working well internally (we all know the guts suck); they sold it on ease of use for the end user who only knows where the ON switch is (if they're lucky). If LINUX cannot offer a product that is as easy to use as it is stable then no one will use it.
In this day and age of the stupid computer user if they cannot figure out how to use it in ten seconds or less they'll stay with they're current program (for good or for ill).
Try taking a look at a MAXIS game (SimCity 4 being a good choice) for an example of a program that is easy to use for the first time user. I had never played SC4 (or SC in ten years) and was playing it with no trouble in 10 minutes (sure I had traffic snarls and a crime problems but I was playing happily).
This is the kernel of the problem (pardon my pun): Linux has to be willing and able to sell itself to the joe sixpack computer user as a simple, easy to use, crash free computer. Right now it has crash free, the other two are sporadic (or annoying for newbies who get told RTFM when the MAN pages are not written for newbies).
So I drifted a little bit. Is there a listing of decent linux products and sofware somewhere so someone can stock their Linux box with what they need? And is this software usable by mere mortals who can't code their way out a punch card reader?
IBM Buying people out (they don't)
on
Back To SCO
·
· Score: 1
Big Blue has a very simple litigation history: It does not buy out anyone to who tries to sue it. Big Blue will instead counter sue you for patent infrigment. They have 40,000 patents (give or take), and I'm sure you're violating one or two of them right now.
IBM will thrash it out in court, they have the time and the money. They have enough money that they fought the US AG to a standstill for 25 years over antistrust litigation.
When IBM chose 4 patents to sue SCO over, those 4 patents cover every piece of SCO's product line.
This means if IBM gets an injunction in place because of patent infringment SCO can no longer sell ANY product at all.
IBM standard procedure: Take you to court and win. or....
Take you to court and bleed you dry through lawyers fees until you capitulate because you cannot continue the litigation.
My boss was the principle in an engineering firm (bridges, HVAC, etc) and worked on Insurance cases also. If he had to send files out to clients, lawyers, engineers he did it in one way:
Burn it as a PDF to CD. It made it impossible to alter. Then he knew exectly what had been sent out.
Slashdot Mirror
So turbo manufacturers decided to cool the air before it is pumped into the engine. The easy choice is to add an intercooler. It looks like another radiator on the car.
Second choice is an intercooler with water jets. The water jets spray on the outside of the intercooler and evaporate, cooling the inside.
Then there is direct injection: Water is sprayed into the airstream. The water evaporates, reducing the air temperature in the engine.
The increase in efficiency that is being talked about is due to the fact that hydrogen, when it bounds with oxygen gives off a great deal of energy and this energy helps the accelerate the combustion process. If the fuel is burning faster then less fuel is needed to get the same amount of force required to move the piston cylinder heads.
This idea is also skethcy since most modern car manufacturers try to get every little piece of hydrocarbon to burn completely. Unburnt hydrocarbons show up in the O2 test in a cars exhaust pipe. Before people flame me for being inaccurate: The car knows how much air went into the engine and how much fuel went into the engine and how well the car is running. So it knows how much unburnt O2 should be coming out of the pipe. If there is unburnt O2, then the system is running too lean and needs more fuel. If the system is two rich, then the system will start pinging or knocking and the car will adjust the mixture/timing back to help prevent that. Car manufacturers dont want the system to run too rich or too lean because you don't get the most out of the car as possible.
Realistically, an increase of more then 2-3% would be quite astounding given the chemistry of the matter: You still have to burn fuel to get power. You are adding a small amount of hydrogen to the mix from the beginning, which short cicuits the normal combustion process. To the machine's credit: it does add more energy to the combustion process, which helps the hydrocarbons break down. I would want to see some controlled tests over several thousand miles.
As a comparison for thought: Modern fuel cells (for house power) are talking a fuel efficiciency in the range of 40%, with the possibility of 50% if heat generation is recycled into a domestic hot water heater.
This sort of reminds me of people trying to put emissions restrictions on cars to lower the amount of Nitrogne-Oxide (and the rest of the NOx family) coming out of a tail pipe. The problem is that there is a fixed amount of nitrogen in the fuel due to impurities, it is going to come out of the tail pipe. The N2 in the air is not going to be a problem, its basiclly inert and you only have to account for how much energy is required to heat the N2 during combustion. But you can't reduce the NOx emissions without reducing the amount of Nitrogen in the fuel supply. Most fuel manufacurers don't want to do that because it would be very expensive to do that beyond the level they already have.
It is a question of how many amps it is providing. Not volts, which is fixed.
The article mentions that the system is hooked up to your battery.
We go out and set up these big atmosphere processors. There's got to be 50 families down there now.
I just said that the populace was uneducated on the subject. A great many people look at it as "Well that's what I've got and I'll use it" not realizing that there is an alternative. Yes that means a large percentage of our populace never checks its assumptions. I don't like that either. Or worse when they are forced to check their assumptions they sue to try to maintain them rather then change.
If you've been duped into thinking that the only browser available is IE then why go look for anything else since it doesn't exist. That's where alot of people stop, because: 1) they don't know that opera, mozilla, firefox, etc exist. 2) they don't have any programing knowledge or inclination. 3) They don't know the proper question to ask let alone the right person to ask.
Are they talking about the raw wood itself or the wood dust once it gets air borne during the machining of the wood? I know the more interesting woods (purple heart for instance) are highly reactive and you hve to use face masks when ding any heavy machining of the wood (power sanders, table saw etc).
Volatile organic compounds (or VOCs) are an actual issue with new products (you name it VOCs will be there).
The big culprits are rugs, and glues in woodworking. Most plastics (and those wonderful plasticizers) are to blame also. Chemicals such as formaldahyde (and a whole host of other wonderful compounds) are out gassed during the initial months of ownership of any newly manufactured items (it is also what gives you the 'new car smell' or the 'new computer smell').
This is also what contributes to "sick building syndrome" and other air quality issues in large buildings (leading to some of the air conditioning and fresh air requirements in modern building codes). Sick building syndrome is when VOCs build up a concentration inside a building and people start having alergic reactions, breathing trouble and a whole host of other medical issues due to the VOCs. Sick building syndrome can most easily be noted if you seem to get sick alot while at the building (prolonged or repeated exposure is an important issue here) and it seems to go away after you haven't been in the building for a couple of days (say the weekend or a vacation).
An air quality study to find out what is in your air would also give you an idea as to whether your building's air quality is an issue.
So reducing the VOC concentration is the number one priority. Your choices can be boiled down to:
1. Stop introducing VOCs into the environment that you are in. The means finding products that will not out gas (or have a reduced out gassing) in their initial months after being installed. Other people have started noting items you can get.
2. Release the VOCs into the rest of the world. That is open the windows, run air conditioning that has a fresh air intake for some or part of its air.
3. Install plants that have been shown to reduce VOCs and improve air quality in buildings. Plants do this by consuming VOCs in the air as part of their respiration cycle (they also release O2 and water into the air further impoving air quality). There is an excellent book called: "Growing Fresh Air" it is based on a NASA study that was trying to study air quality for long term air quality in a sealed environment (ie space capsules, moon bases, etc). The study was adapted to use with Sick Building Syndrome. Good plants to pick (these are from memory since I don't have the book next to me) would be: the Boston Fern, Rubber Plant, Dragon palm.
Trying Googling for Sick Building Syndrome and Growing Fresh Air
The website for the United Areospace Corprotation has also gone live. All it is doing right now is counting down. It shows about 15 days left.
It looks to me like SCO has wasted its kick flailing around and whining alot. IBM has just begun its wind up: "IBM strongly believes in its counterclaims and looks forward to trying its case in the court of law" That means that IBM is going to follow through come hell or high water.
[If you don't know: Ro-Sham-Bo is a game where I kick you in the nuts and then you kick me in the nuts. Last one standing wins.)
Office Suite: OpenOffice
Star Office (OpenOffice+DataBase software @ $99)
Word Perfect Offcie Suite
Image Manipulation:
Gimp (Still not up the speed and power of Photoshop yet) Movie and Sound editing:?
Micosoft never sold its software on it working well internally (we all know the guts suck); they sold it on ease of use for the end user who only knows where the ON switch is (if they're lucky). If LINUX cannot offer a product that is as easy to use as it is stable then no one will use it.
In this day and age of the stupid computer user if they cannot figure out how to use it in ten seconds or less they'll stay with they're current program (for good or for ill).
Try taking a look at a MAXIS game (SimCity 4 being a good choice) for an example of a program that is easy to use for the first time user. I had never played SC4 (or SC in ten years) and was playing it with no trouble in 10 minutes (sure I had traffic snarls and a crime problems but I was playing happily).
This is the kernel of the problem (pardon my pun): Linux has to be willing and able to sell itself to the joe sixpack computer user as a simple, easy to use, crash free computer. Right now it has crash free, the other two are sporadic (or annoying for newbies who get told RTFM when the MAN pages are not written for newbies).
So I drifted a little bit. Is there a listing of decent linux products and sofware somewhere so someone can stock their Linux box with what they need? And is this software usable by mere mortals who can't code their way out a punch card reader?
IBM will thrash it out in court, they have the time and the money. They have enough money that they fought the US AG to a standstill for 25 years over antistrust litigation.
When IBM chose 4 patents to sue SCO over, those 4 patents cover every piece of SCO's product line.
This means if IBM gets an injunction in place because of patent infringment SCO can no longer sell ANY product at all.
IBM standard procedure: Take you to court and win. or....
Take you to court and bleed you dry through lawyers fees until you capitulate because you cannot continue the litigation.
Choice is: which will happen to SCO first?
My boss was the principle in an engineering firm (bridges, HVAC, etc) and worked on Insurance cases also. If he had to send files out to clients, lawyers, engineers he did it in one way: Burn it as a PDF to CD. It made it impossible to alter. Then he knew exectly what had been sent out.