Unless you get hit by a car. Seriously, I rode a bike for years, and had a few encounters with cars (and their inattentive drivers) that could have ended fatally if I didn't have quick reflexes.
All this observation really implies is that the true and full size of the universe is much larger than what has been documented so far.
There is no reason to believe the universe would just stop at its observable boundaries. The Big Bang theory implies that our observable universe once was many magnitudes smaller. It is often depicted as a point expanding to a sphere, but in reality it was a certain volume of which each point expanded to its own sphere.
A galaxy near the border of our universe will be at the center of its own expanding observable universe, and see galaxies that we can never see.
We can currently see to the inner surface of that balloon, but the far greater mass of water outside of it remains hidden for now to our instrumentation.
Not only for now, but forever. Signals from outside our observable universe can never reach us, because that boundary is defined by the speed of light and the metric expansion of space. We can't even observe effects (gravity, light, whatever) that "outside" galaxies have on "inside" galaxies, because the effect would move at light speed but metric expansion of space causes the boundaries to move at light speed relative to us.
As a consequence, galaxies we can now observe at the boundaries will in time become unobservable to us because they start moving faster than c (apparent speed, relativity allows this since we can't observe it).
Complex systems will always tend to appear homogenous, given enough subjective distance.
Not true. Fractals are complex systems, some of which keep a non-homogenous structure at all scales. There are some indications that the universe has a fractal structure.
there is no way a spiral of such definition could form after only 50-odd rotations, and yet still be so topographically distinct from other such bodies.
Because you say so? Apparently there is, because it did.
Even if there is space-time outside of the observable universe, we know that 13.5 billion years ago the universe was in a hot condensed state that didn't allow for normal matter to exist. The universe was so dense that soundwaves are thought to be the cause of the largest structures we see in the universe. No galaxies then, even if you think that's not enough time.
since when does having a non mainline spin off count as being "open to user additions"?
There's no requirement for an open source project to be open to "user additions". When was the last time you added something to the Linux kernel? Maybe you did, but that process is tightly controlled by the kernel maintainers. Same thing for Firefox. You are free to fork Android, like CM did, and make your additions there. Or fork CM. I'm not saying Android couldn't be more open. But it's understandable that Google tries to keep control so they won't get sabotaged by Apple, Microsoft and others.
It's nice how our legal system has the concept of innocent until proven guilty
Actually "innocent until proven guilty" (or: beyond reasonable doubt) is only for criminal cases. In civil cases, like these, it's "preponderance of the evidence" which means they only have to show that it's more probable than not that you did it.
The sad truth is that a civil case can screw up your life more easily than a criminal case, financially speaking. But at least you don't rot in jail while awaiting trial.
The tortoise lays on its back, its belly baking in the hot sun, beating its legs trying to turn itself over, but it can't. Not without your help. But you're not helping. Why is that?
Hmmm, tough question Mr Deckard. Is it an African or European tortoise?
While I agree with you that in principle there is no reason for artificial meat to be inferior to natural meat, my experience with human nature disagrees.
I'll never forget a documentary about how inferior food products were "upgraded" to resemble quality products. One practice, for example, was to take waste from fish processing (low quality scraps of meat), grind it up into some paste, add some coloring and flavoring, form it into shrimp shapes, fry those and sell them as shrimp. While the fish paste food is called surimi and is common in Asia, often these products end up in Western markets as the real deal and at higher prices.
I think there will be roughly 3 phases here, as with most new products.
The first will be the experimental phase, where new processes are tried and perfected. Artificial meat from this phase will be acceptable in middle stages and fine in later stages.
The second (short) phase will be when small scale start-ups will start selling the meat. It will have a good quality, be higher priced but will probably sell because of the novelty value.
Once the second phase creates a market, the third phase will begin: large scale commercialization. Production will move to Asia, costs will be "optimized", volumes will grow quickly. It is in this phase that I fear that corners will be cut in the process, and history teaches that people will try anything they think they can get away with if it makes a few extra cents.
All I'm saying is that I think it's less easy to "cheat" with a real steak, or a fresh fish, because of regulations/checks and the fact that you have to keep the animals healthy until their ends.
That being said, I'm looking forward to the time when it will no longer be necessary to cull intelligent animals for their meat or hides. Paradoxically, that might cause cows/chicken/pigs to go extinct though...
NTVDM was an emulation layer to allow Win32 to run 16-bit DOS/Windows programs. The whole reason being that at that time "DOS/Win16 and all that" was keeping people at using Windows (95/98).
It got removed years later (since Vista I think), so it's no longer possible to run old DOS/Win16 software, and some industrial systems keep running Windows XP (or older) because of it.
If Ms would create an "NTVDM32" of sorts, that would just keep the Win32 APIs available. It would be better separated that way, I guess, but the parent post was calling for removing Win32 completely.
Well yeah, that's why I mentioned them. But at least with livestock these things are regulated and random samples are tested in labs. And still there is abuse.
The difference is: you can probably do a lot of crazy things with "dummy" meat that you couldn't do with live animals because you don't have to consider their organs (brain, liver, heart) or bodily functions. Large amounts of ethanol in the blood? Would put a cow in a coma, but no problemo for a living steak since it has no brain.
My point is: you have to do *some* work from the VM, what else is the point of having one. And whatever data is needed in there is at risk.
Most of the home users don't have the desire or the knowledge to keep their "stuff" separate. They just want it to work. If they find a setting to share their whole system disk with the VM, they will use it, because it makes things easier.
Don't browse or do e-mail in the VM? Good luck keeping users from opening trojan attachments that compromise the "real" OS and steal/corrupt their data. Most browsers already use VM-like sandboxing and still get compromised.
In which case the viruses/trojans will just infect the VM. Sure, the "real" OS wasn't compromised, but the bad guys still got your credit card numbers, private pictures, bitcoin wallets and whatnot, and loaded your VM up with ads, porn and toolbars.
So long as the Win32 apps need access to the user's data, that data is not secure.
And VMs have been compromised in the past to allow root access to the host system (even through bugs in the *hardware* hypervisor).
It's past time for Microsoft to start over. They definitely need to dump Win32 and all that. Do it right instead of piling on thing after thing after thing for decades.
The only problem is that "Win32 and all that" is exactly what keeps people at using Ms Windows. It's less now for ordinary people because they spend most time on the web playing flash games and on Facebook. But at work they still need to be able to run their Win32 software.
Something grown in a clean environment (though of course the bodies of the animals are likely good at keeping themself clean except for some parasites and such) imho seem less yucky
Well, there's the problem right there: animals are self-contained systems. They have a circulatory system that filters out all kinds of bad stuff and keeps a delicate balance, they have an immune system that wards off bacteria, fungi and viruses. They move around by themselves.
I guess most people find the thought of some meat "living" in a petri dish revolting, but the actual "yuck" factor should come from all the chemicals needed to grow the meat.
Prevent infections? Add some more antibiotics and preservatives. Needs a better color? Add some food dyes. Need more muscle? Grind up some dead fish for protein, filter and add to artificial blood stream.
I assume that in the end it will all be strictly regulated, but as with all regulations, people tend to work around them if it saves them pennies. Before these regulations are in place, I will be very weary of eating artificial meat.
Myself, I would have no problem eating a burger made from crickets. Most people eat shrimp, so why not insects? As a vegan, I assume you wouldn't eat those either, but you have to draw the line somewhere, because in the end all our food is/was alive.
It's a water model in the classical world. It doesn't model everything from the quantum world, but makes it easier to understand the concepts.
Imagine a long vertical tube, closed off at the bottom. When it's empty, it has minimal entropy (a measure for the amount of disorder). When you add an amount of water (which models energy here), the water level rises and so does the entropy.
Now the definition of temperature is amount of heat energy per amount of entropy (T=dQ/dS). In the above situation, both amounts are positive, so the temperature is also positive.
Now imagine we close off the tube at the top too. This will leave an amount of air trapped there. When we add an amount of water (using a valve to make sure the air doesn't escape), at first the system will behave exactly the same. But when the water level gets near the top, the air gets pressurized and starts pushing back. And this increasingly so until it's almost full.
If we would make a hole in the middle of the tube, the water would squirt out until a pressure equilibrium was reached. We could extract work from this, to power a little water wheel. This means the "full" state had a lower entropy than the "middle" state.
So in this system, entropy went from a low value to a certain (maximum) higher value, and then back to a low value. This for an increasing amount of water (low, medium, max).
So what does this mean for temperature as defined above?
We kept adding the same amount of water (dQ in our model). The change in entropy (dS) this caused is the slope of a hill (low, max, low), so at first it is a positive amount, which gets smaller and smaller, to become zero at the equilibrium point. After that, adding more water (energy) will cause the entropy to go down again, so dS will become a small negative amount at first and a larger negative amount near "full".
When we plug this in in the equation for temperature (T=dQ/dS) we get:
Going from "empty" to "middle": dQ is positive and the same, dS is positive and gets smaller, approaching zero. So T starts at some positive value, then gets higher and higher approaching positive infinity.
Going from "middle" to "full": dQ is still positive and the same, the change in entropy dS is zero at first and then becomes smaller and smaller (negative). So T starts out at negative infinity and then gets higher and higher approaching some negative value.
This illustrates how the temperature scale goes for increasing heat energy: +0... +inf -> -inf... -0
So a system with negative temperature has more energy than the same system with any positive energy.
Slashdot Mirror
The end result in both cases is a higher price
The end result will be grease stained glossy screens that are unreadable outdoors or near windows.
Cycling is literally saving my life.
Unless you get hit by a car.
Seriously, I rode a bike for years, and had a few encounters with cars (and their inattentive drivers) that could have ended fatally if I didn't have quick reflexes.
All this observation really implies is that the true and full size of the universe is much larger than what has been documented so far.
There is no reason to believe the universe would just stop at its observable boundaries. The Big Bang theory implies that our observable universe once was many magnitudes smaller. It is often depicted as a point expanding to a sphere, but in reality it was a certain volume of which each point expanded to its own sphere.
A galaxy near the border of our universe will be at the center of its own expanding observable universe, and see galaxies that we can never see.
We can currently see to the inner surface of that balloon, but the far greater mass of water outside of it remains hidden for now to our instrumentation.
Not only for now, but forever. Signals from outside our observable universe can never reach us, because that boundary is defined by the speed of light and the metric expansion of space. We can't even observe effects (gravity, light, whatever) that "outside" galaxies have on "inside" galaxies, because the effect would move at light speed but metric expansion of space causes the boundaries to move at light speed relative to us.
As a consequence, galaxies we can now observe at the boundaries will in time become unobservable to us because they start moving faster than c (apparent speed, relativity allows this since we can't observe it).
Complex systems will always tend to appear homogenous, given enough subjective distance.
Not true. Fractals are complex systems, some of which keep a non-homogenous structure at all scales. There are some indications that the universe has a fractal structure.
there is no way a spiral of such definition could form after only 50-odd rotations, and yet still be so topographically distinct from other such bodies.
Because you say so? Apparently there is, because it did.
Even if there is space-time outside of the observable universe, we know that 13.5 billion years ago the universe was in a hot condensed state that didn't allow for normal matter to exist. The universe was so dense that soundwaves are thought to be the cause of the largest structures we see in the universe. No galaxies then, even if you think that's not enough time.
since when does having a non mainline spin off count as being "open to user additions"?
There's no requirement for an open source project to be open to "user additions".
When was the last time you added something to the Linux kernel? Maybe you did, but that process is tightly controlled by the kernel maintainers.
Same thing for Firefox.
You are free to fork Android, like CM did, and make your additions there. Or fork CM.
I'm not saying Android couldn't be more open. But it's understandable that Google tries to keep control so they won't get sabotaged by Apple, Microsoft and others.
Can I send them 3 take down notices and then pull their internet access and get them fined $15,000?
If you bring it to their attention, it wouldn't surprise me if they claim your work as theirs and get you fined $15,000...
No, my phone says "hey, I'm cheap".
Whenever mine starts saying that, I put it on mute. Being a smart phone, I only had to do it once.
Here you go: http://download.cyanogenmod.org/?type=nightly .
It's nice how our legal system has the concept of innocent until proven guilty
Actually "innocent until proven guilty" (or: beyond reasonable doubt) is only for criminal cases.
In civil cases, like these, it's "preponderance of the evidence" which means they only have to show that it's more probable than not that you did it.
The sad truth is that a civil case can screw up your life more easily than a criminal case, financially speaking. But at least you don't rot in jail while awaiting trial.
It was already suspicious when he kept repeating: "Death to all humans!" .
The tortoise lays on its back, its belly baking in the hot sun, beating its legs trying to turn itself over, but it can't. Not without your help. But you're not helping. Why is that?
Hmmm, tough question Mr Deckard. Is it an African or European tortoise?
what GI is (gut-ingestion?) but I guess it's the stuff from the throat to the ass.
Gastrointestinal, your guess is correct: mouth-esophagus-stomach-intestines-anus. It's basically one continuous external surface inside the body.
While I agree with you that in principle there is no reason for artificial meat to be inferior to natural meat, my experience with human nature disagrees.
I'll never forget a documentary about how inferior food products were "upgraded" to resemble quality products. One practice, for example, was to take waste from fish processing (low quality scraps of meat), grind it up into some paste, add some coloring and flavoring, form it into shrimp shapes, fry those and sell them as shrimp. While the fish paste food is called surimi and is common in Asia, often these products end up in Western markets as the real deal and at higher prices.
I think there will be roughly 3 phases here, as with most new products.
The first will be the experimental phase, where new processes are tried and perfected. Artificial meat from this phase will be acceptable in middle stages and fine in later stages.
The second (short) phase will be when small scale start-ups will start selling the meat. It will have a good quality, be higher priced but will probably sell because of the novelty value.
Once the second phase creates a market, the third phase will begin: large scale commercialization. Production will move to Asia, costs will be "optimized", volumes will grow quickly. It is in this phase that I fear that corners will be cut in the process, and history teaches that people will try anything they think they can get away with if it makes a few extra cents.
All I'm saying is that I think it's less easy to "cheat" with a real steak, or a fresh fish, because of regulations/checks and the fact that you have to keep the animals healthy until their ends.
That being said, I'm looking forward to the time when it will no longer be necessary to cull intelligent animals for their meat or hides.
Paradoxically, that might cause cows/chicken/pigs to go extinct though...
NTVDM was an emulation layer to allow Win32 to run 16-bit DOS/Windows programs.
The whole reason being that at that time "DOS/Win16 and all that" was keeping people at using Windows (95/98).
It got removed years later (since Vista I think), so it's no longer possible to run old DOS/Win16 software, and some industrial systems keep running Windows XP (or older) because of it.
If Ms would create an "NTVDM32" of sorts, that would just keep the Win32 APIs available. It would be better separated that way, I guess, but the parent post was calling for removing Win32 completely.
Well yeah, that's why I mentioned them. But at least with livestock these things are regulated and random samples are tested in labs. And still there is abuse.
The difference is: you can probably do a lot of crazy things with "dummy" meat that you couldn't do with live animals because you don't have to consider their organs (brain, liver, heart) or bodily functions. Large amounts of ethanol in the blood? Would put a cow in a coma, but no problemo for a living steak since it has no brain.
Lol. I've even written (simple) VMs.
My point is: you have to do *some* work from the VM, what else is the point of having one. And whatever data is needed in there is at risk.
Most of the home users don't have the desire or the knowledge to keep their "stuff" separate. They just want it to work. If they find a setting to share their whole system disk with the VM, they will use it, because it makes things easier.
Don't browse or do e-mail in the VM? Good luck keeping users from opening trojan attachments that compromise the "real" OS and steal/corrupt their data. Most browsers already use VM-like sandboxing and still get compromised.
Here you go, some examples:
http://www.vupen.com/blog/20120904.Advanced_Exploitation_of_Xen_Sysret_VM_Escape_CVE-2012-0217.php
http://rdist.root.org/2010/01/27/how-the-ps3-hypervisor-was-hacked/
In which case the viruses/trojans will just infect the VM. Sure, the "real" OS wasn't compromised, but the bad guys still got your credit card numbers, private pictures, bitcoin wallets and whatnot, and loaded your VM up with ads, porn and toolbars.
So long as the Win32 apps need access to the user's data, that data is not secure.
And VMs have been compromised in the past to allow root access to the host system (even through bugs in the *hardware* hypervisor).
Lol. So you smear it over your keyboard instead?
It's past time for Microsoft to start over. They definitely need to dump Win32 and all that. Do it right instead of piling on thing after thing after thing for decades.
The only problem is that "Win32 and all that" is exactly what keeps people at using Ms Windows. It's less now for ordinary people because they spend most time on the web playing flash games and on Facebook. But at work they still need to be able to run their Win32 software.
Something grown in a clean environment (though of course the bodies of the animals are likely good at keeping themself clean except for some parasites and such) imho seem less yucky
Well, there's the problem right there: animals are self-contained systems. They have a circulatory system that filters out all kinds of bad stuff and keeps a delicate balance, they have an immune system that wards off bacteria, fungi and viruses. They move around by themselves.
I guess most people find the thought of some meat "living" in a petri dish revolting, but the actual "yuck" factor should come from all the chemicals needed to grow the meat.
Prevent infections? Add some more antibiotics and preservatives. Needs a better color? Add some food dyes. Need more muscle? Grind up some dead fish for protein, filter and add to artificial blood stream.
I assume that in the end it will all be strictly regulated, but as with all regulations, people tend to work around them if it saves them pennies. Before these regulations are in place, I will be very weary of eating artificial meat.
Myself, I would have no problem eating a burger made from crickets. Most people eat shrimp, so why not insects? As a vegan, I assume you wouldn't eat those either, but you have to draw the line somewhere, because in the end all our food is/was alive.
or: conned beef
So a system with negative temperature has more energy than the same system with any positive temperature.
FTFM :)
Here's my take on a layman explanation:
It's a water model in the classical world. It doesn't model everything from the quantum world, but makes it easier to understand the concepts.
Imagine a long vertical tube, closed off at the bottom.
When it's empty, it has minimal entropy (a measure for the amount of disorder).
When you add an amount of water (which models energy here), the water level rises and so does the entropy.
Now the definition of temperature is amount of heat energy per amount of entropy (T=dQ/dS). In the above situation, both amounts are positive, so the temperature is also positive.
Now imagine we close off the tube at the top too. This will leave an amount of air trapped there.
When we add an amount of water (using a valve to make sure the air doesn't escape), at first the system will behave exactly the same.
But when the water level gets near the top, the air gets pressurized and starts pushing back. And this increasingly so until it's almost full.
If we would make a hole in the middle of the tube, the water would squirt out until a pressure equilibrium was reached. We could extract work from this, to power a little water wheel. This means the "full" state had a lower entropy than the "middle" state.
So in this system, entropy went from a low value to a certain (maximum) higher value, and then back to a low value. This for an increasing amount of water (low, medium, max).
So what does this mean for temperature as defined above?
We kept adding the same amount of water (dQ in our model).
The change in entropy (dS) this caused is the slope of a hill (low, max, low), so at first it is a positive amount, which gets smaller and smaller, to become zero at the equilibrium point. After that, adding more water (energy) will cause the entropy to go down again, so dS will become a small negative amount at first and a larger negative amount near "full".
When we plug this in in the equation for temperature (T=dQ/dS) we get:
Going from "empty" to "middle": dQ is positive and the same, dS is positive and gets smaller, approaching zero. So T starts at some positive value, then gets higher and higher approaching positive infinity.
Going from "middle" to "full": dQ is still positive and the same, the change in entropy dS is zero at first and then becomes smaller and smaller (negative). So T starts out at negative infinity and then gets higher and higher approaching some negative value.
This illustrates how the temperature scale goes for increasing heat energy: ... +inf -> -inf ... -0
+0
So a system with negative temperature has more energy than the same system with any positive energy.
iLiner
We Have Met The Enemy and He Is Us
-- Walt Kelly