The details vary but ultimately there does have to be some firmware located in a place that is non-volatile and directly accessible to kick off the boot process.
Older devices used paralell flash directly on the data bus. The bootloader was then executed directly from this flash and went on to load the kernel.
Most recent arm devices have a very small boot program on the chip itself. This chip then reads a bootloader from somewhere (usually NAND flash or SD card) which in turn loads the kernel.
The Pi is a bit unusual in that the GPU starts first. The GPU starts from a small peice of code on the chip itself, reads it's firmware from the SD card (in several stages) and then loads the kernel, resets the SD card device and starts up the arm core.
Farnell in Norway does NOT sell to end users, only companys and developers
They are making an exception for the Pi. Anyway just because farnell refuse to sell to end users in your country doesn't mean they do that everywhere.
It smells like some competitors have gotten their will here
I find it far more likely that someone in legal simply got worried when the saw the massive volumes stacking up and realised that the vast majority of those sales were almost certainly going to people who were not going to use it as a development board.
I think there is an important distinction to be made between writing your code in java and allowing untrusted code to run on your JVM.
Writing your code in a "safe" language like java rather than an "unsafe" language like C is good for security because it eliminates whole classes of vulnerability. Java simply will not let you cause memory corrupotion by running off the end of an array or using a stale pointer to a memory block that has been freed and reused.
Letting untrusted code run on your JVM is inherently risky, sure it's SUPPOSED to be sandboxed but one small error in the sandboxing code (and there is a LOT of it) can allow it to break out.
While steam themselves may not have a presense in australia they almost certainly have partners who do. In particular some games are sold retail and activated on steam (i'm pretty sure L4D2 comes into this category). So it probablly pays them to pay lip service to australian regulations (while making it fairly easy to bypass them for those in the know) .
Afaict consoles have traditionally used a three region system based on TV standards (NTSC/PAL/NTSC-J) which put australia in the same regoin as europe and most of asia. Afaict the xbox 360 still uses this system. The PS3 has it's own region system with more regions (not sure of the full list).
Reports i've seen online say that most xbox 360 and PS3 games are not actually region locked but there may be issues arround online play that vary by game and you are likely to have trouble purchasing DLC.
Note: all this is independent of the region coding systems used for DVD/blueray video. Afaict all consoles that can play video DVDs and/or blu-rays respect those formats region locks.
Firstly it was only a MOU not a directive so afaict it's only binding on those who signed it (which admittedly DOES include apple) and those signatories reserve the right to withdraw at any time....
"4.2.1 In order that compatibility of as many Mobile Phones as possible with a Common EPS may be enabled, if a manufacturer makes available an Adaptor from the Micro-USB connector of a Common EPS to a specific non-Micro-USB socket in the Mobile Phone, it shall constitute compliance to this article."
So it seems adaptors like the one apple offers are fine.
Even if (and it's a big if) this works with tolerable efficiency the electrical energy has to come from somewhere. Burning coal/gas/biomass to make electricity to make oil substitutes is unlikely to make sense compared to more direct conversion processes like fischer tropsch. So this kind of electricity to liquids conversion is only likely to be worthwhile in a world where the overwhelming majority of electricty comes from either nuclear or renewable sources.
AIUI If they can get control of the login server (including it's private key) and they can conveince your client to connect to thier host cache rather than the main host cache they can MITM your calls.
Now I do not remember the differences between expanded memory and extended memory, but at the time those differences were very significant.
Extended memory is memory at an address beyond the 1 megabyte boundry. Expanded memory is memory accessed through a window (located somewhere in the area between 640K and 1M) and bank switching.
An car originally requiring lead fuel can run just fine on unleaded
My understanding is (this is UK based, maybe US cars were different internally) that using normal unleaded fuel in a car without hardened valve seats will lead to premature wear of the valve seats in the cylinder head. To get around this you can either use a special additive in the fuel or you can have hardened valve seats fitted (which means removing the cylinder head and sending it off to a specialist).
With XP online activation was only used for retail and system builder copies. Big brand OEM copies use a bios lock system and volume license copies didn't have any activation requirements at all.
that publishers were annoyed about them selling second hand games
It's not like that is unique to game/gamestation. All the other game stores i've been to in recent years ( gamestop, grainger games and a couple of independents that have now closed) were pushing used games too and amazon have a marketplace system for selling used games (among other things).
Once we've removed Game and the high street is no longer saturated with mediocrity, smaller chains and indies may return and offer something better.
IMO you'd have to be pretty crazy to open a game store at this point, afaict most games stores make their real money on preowned games but many PC games already have anti-resale measures and console vendors are looking in that direction too.
That's called carrier based NAT and the carriers aren't setup for it. Further the regulators are hostile to it. So carriers would be looking at doing a change that's roughly as expensive as implementing IPv6 except they would also have to implement IPv6 soon thereafter
IPv4 addresses are going to run out for some providers before a critical mass of servers are available on IPv4. Those providers will HAVE to implement some kind of NAT like soloution at the ISP level regardless of whether they implement IPv6. The only question is whether it will be plain V4 NAT, an encapsulated soloution like DS-Lite or a protocol translation soloution like NAT64.
Carrier based NAT is not going to happen.
It's already happening with some providers, particually mobile ones.
Well since these are publicially traded companies it is usually about money (though i'm sure pride sometimes has an impact too). The main question is whether it is directly about money (judgements/settlements) or indirectly about money (squashing competition and/or forcing them to raise prices).
I think in this case it's pretty directly about money. SUN's model for java was that the desktop/server versions (J2SE/J2EE) are free but the mobile/embedded versions (J2ME) cost money. Google built the android UI/app system around a variant of java (same language but different VM and bytecode format) without using any of suns code in andriod itself (though I beleive they do use sun tools for development) and in the process basically killed J2ME (and it's associated revenue). Sun/oracle didn't like this and decided to throw all the patents they had at google, unfortunately for them (fortunately for google and android users) most of them didn't stick.
I dunno about carpathia in particular but afaict most hosting providers don't own their own datacenters. So unless they remove the servers and move them to storage (not sure if they would be allowed to do this or not) they will still be paying to rent the datacenter space those servers take up. They may well also be leasing the servers and/or have bought them on credit as well.
The diagrams i've seen of sodium reactors show a heat exchanger between sodium and water. Water reacts exothermically with sodium to produce hydrogen (and sodium hydroxide). If air is present then the hydrogen will probablly just burn straight away but if air is not present (as afaict it wouldn't be in a failed heat exchanger) then afaict it will just build up until it finds a way to escape.
Know what else has a Core i7 processor? a Mac Mini.
The chip in the Mac Mini is a mobile chip while the chip in this thing is an unlocked desktop chip. Don't let the fact that they share the i7 brand fool you into thinking they are the same thing.
Here in the UK train guards have taken credit cards and regular debit cards (though unfortunately they don't take solo/electron) for years. Nowadays the ticket machines the gaurds carry do "chip and pin" but before that was introduced they did "swipe and sign" like anywhere else that took cards did. There is also talk of introducing an oyster like system for the whole UK rail network. Making trains work without cash is far from an insurmountable problem.
This is where most Bitcoin explanations go all mumbly about how it's really really hard to trace... if the information is there in the inputs, all that remains to be done is keeping the transaction database to implement the traceability
You can trivially trace the sequence of "bitcoin addresses" that a coin passed between. What is much harder is pinning those addresses down to real people. Anyone can generate a bitcoin address (it's basically just a keypair) and most clients are setup to encourage use of one time addresses. Further because of the broadcast based distribution system for transactions it is virtually impossible to figure out where a transaction was first injected into the system.
If you could take over the exchanges then you could trace where value flowed in and out of the system but not who it had been passed to in-between. It would be essentially equivilent to a cash system where the banks scanned the serial numbers on banknotes as they were deposited and withdrawn.
Unfortunately fibers don't run in straight lines from place to place and there are processing/routing overheads too. Even so based on my own test it seems the authors of TFA are making the newbie mistake of confusing one way latency with round trip time (round trip time ~= 2x one way latency).
Tracing route to www.jp [210.157.1.134] over a maximum of 30 hops:
1 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms gw-umain.ee.umist.ac.uk [130.88.118.250]
2 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms gw-rh.its.manchester.ac.uk [130.88.250.14]
3 12 ms 1 ms 1 ms gw-uom-rh.its.manchester.ac.uk [130.88.250.78]
4 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms gw-man-rh.netnw.net.uk [194.66.26.105]
5 10 ms 1 ms 1 ms so-1-2-0.leed-sbr1.ja.net [146.97.42.169]
6 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms ae12.manc-sbr1.ja.net [146.97.33.157]
7 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms ae1.man11.ip4.tinet.net [77.67.94.169]
8 168 ms 168 ms 175 ms xe-4-1-0.sjc12.ip4.tinet.net [89.149.186.205]
9 159 ms 159 ms 159 ms pacnet-gw.ip4.tinet.net [77.67.68.234]
10 277 ms 277 ms 277 ms gi1-0-0.cr2.nrt1.asianetcom.net [202.147.0.58]
11 270 ms 270 ms 270 ms ge-2-1-0-0.gw3.nrt5.asianetcom.net [202.147.0.182]
12 279 ms 279 ms 279 ms GMO-0003.gw3.nrt5.asianetcom.net [203.192.150.246]
13 274 ms 271 ms 271 ms c7-e-1-1.interq.or.jp [210.172.191.122]
14 272 ms 273 ms 271 ms g-svc3-po-1.interq.or.jp [210.172.191.134]
15 269 ms 269 ms 271 ms dfltweb1.onamae.com [210.157.1.134]
Trace complete.
So were are talking 270 milliseconds to get from my desktop at uni to a machine somewhere in japan AND BACK. Based on that the articles 230ms "current best case" figure is belivable as a round trip time but not as a one way latency.
Slashdot Mirror
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqvzkrzuYhI&feature=related
The details vary but ultimately there does have to be some firmware located in a place that is non-volatile and directly accessible to kick off the boot process.
Older devices used paralell flash directly on the data bus. The bootloader was then executed directly from this flash and went on to load the kernel.
Most recent arm devices have a very small boot program on the chip itself. This chip then reads a bootloader from somewhere (usually NAND flash or SD card) which in turn loads the kernel.
The Pi is a bit unusual in that the GPU starts first. The GPU starts from a small peice of code on the chip itself, reads it's firmware from the SD card (in several stages) and then loads the kernel, resets the SD card device and starts up the arm core.
Farnell in Norway does NOT sell to end users, only companys and developers
They are making an exception for the Pi. Anyway just because farnell refuse to sell to end users in your country doesn't mean they do that everywhere.
It smells like some competitors have gotten their will here
I find it far more likely that someone in legal simply got worried when the saw the massive volumes stacking up and realised that the vast majority of those sales were almost certainly going to people who were not going to use it as a development board.
I think there is an important distinction to be made between writing your code in java and allowing untrusted code to run on your JVM.
Writing your code in a "safe" language like java rather than an "unsafe" language like C is good for security because it eliminates whole classes of vulnerability. Java simply will not let you cause memory corrupotion by running off the end of an array or using a stale pointer to a memory block that has been freed and reused.
Letting untrusted code run on your JVM is inherently risky, sure it's SUPPOSED to be sandboxed but one small error in the sandboxing code (and there is a LOT of it) can allow it to break out.
While steam themselves may not have a presense in australia they almost certainly have partners who do. In particular some games are sold retail and activated on steam (i'm pretty sure L4D2 comes into this category). So it probablly pays them to pay lip service to australian regulations (while making it fairly easy to bypass them for those in the know) .
Afaict consoles have traditionally used a three region system based on TV standards (NTSC/PAL/NTSC-J) which put australia in the same regoin as europe and most of asia. Afaict the xbox 360 still uses this system. The PS3 has it's own region system with more regions (not sure of the full list).
Reports i've seen online say that most xbox 360 and PS3 games are not actually region locked but there may be issues arround online play that vary by game and you are likely to have trouble purchasing DLC.
Note: all this is independent of the region coding systems used for DVD/blueray video. Afaict all consoles that can play video DVDs and/or blu-rays respect those formats region locks.
Firstly it was only a MOU not a directive so afaict it's only binding on those who signed it (which admittedly DOES include apple) and those signatories reserve the right to withdraw at any time....
Further looking at the memor itself
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/rtte/files/chargers/chargers_mou_en.pdf
"4.2.1 In order that compatibility of as many Mobile Phones as possible with a Common EPS may be enabled, if a manufacturer makes available an Adaptor from the Micro-USB connector of a Common EPS to a specific non-Micro-USB socket in the Mobile Phone, it shall constitute compliance to this article."
So it seems adaptors like the one apple offers are fine.
Even if (and it's a big if) this works with tolerable efficiency the electrical energy has to come from somewhere. Burning coal/gas/biomass to make electricity to make oil substitutes is unlikely to make sense compared to more direct conversion processes like fischer tropsch. So this kind of electricity to liquids conversion is only likely to be worthwhile in a world where the overwhelming majority of electricty comes from either nuclear or renewable sources.
AIUI If they can get control of the login server (including it's private key) and they can conveince your client to connect to thier host cache rather than the main host cache they can MITM your calls.
Or finding a PCMCIA card for an old obsolete laptop.
Assuming the slots support cardbus (and a machine that is only 10 years old they almost certainly will) that isn't all that hard
http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B001QER6EC/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_2?pf_rd_p=103612307&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=B000NOSCDU&pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&pf_rd_r=038QS3P3H8C542S74C1X
Or even an IDE laptop hard drive.
Every time i've looked (including just now) i've found themin stock at my regular parts suppliers.
Now I do not remember the differences between expanded memory and extended memory, but at the time those differences were very significant.
Extended memory is memory at an address beyond the 1 megabyte boundry.
Expanded memory is memory accessed through a window (located somewhere in the area between 640K and 1M) and bank switching.
An car originally requiring lead fuel can run just fine on unleaded
My understanding is (this is UK based, maybe US cars were different internally) that using normal unleaded fuel in a car without hardened valve seats will lead to premature wear of the valve seats in the cylinder head. To get around this you can either use a special additive in the fuel or you can have hardened valve seats fitted (which means removing the cylinder head and sending it off to a specialist).
With XP online activation was only used for retail and system builder copies. Big brand OEM copies use a bios lock system and volume license copies didn't have any activation requirements at all.
that publishers were annoyed about them selling second hand games
It's not like that is unique to game/gamestation. All the other game stores i've been to in recent years ( gamestop, grainger games and a couple of independents that have now closed) were pushing used games too and amazon have a marketplace system for selling used games (among other things).
Once we've removed Game and the high street is no longer saturated with mediocrity, smaller chains and indies may return and offer something better.
IMO you'd have to be pretty crazy to open a game store at this point, afaict most games stores make their real money on preowned games but many PC games already have anti-resale measures and console vendors are looking in that direction too.
That's called carrier based NAT and the carriers aren't setup for it. Further the regulators are hostile to it. So carriers would be looking at doing a change that's roughly as expensive as implementing IPv6 except they would also have to implement IPv6 soon thereafter
IPv4 addresses are going to run out for some providers before a critical mass of servers are available on IPv4. Those providers will HAVE to implement some kind of NAT like soloution at the ISP level regardless of whether they implement IPv6. The only question is whether it will be plain V4 NAT, an encapsulated soloution like DS-Lite or a protocol translation soloution like NAT64.
Carrier based NAT is not going to happen.
It's already happening with some providers, particually mobile ones.
Well since these are publicially traded companies it is usually about money (though i'm sure pride sometimes has an impact too). The main question is whether it is directly about money (judgements/settlements) or indirectly about money (squashing competition and/or forcing them to raise prices).
I think in this case it's pretty directly about money. SUN's model for java was that the desktop/server versions (J2SE/J2EE) are free but the mobile/embedded versions (J2ME) cost money. Google built the android UI/app system around a variant of java (same language but different VM and bytecode format) without using any of suns code in andriod itself (though I beleive they do use sun tools for development) and in the process basically killed J2ME (and it's associated revenue). Sun/oracle didn't like this and decided to throw all the patents they had at google, unfortunately for them (fortunately for google and android users) most of them didn't stick.
the focus should really switch to increasing coverage and caps.
And reducing latency/jitter. The latency spikes mean using things like ssh over cellular links is often highly annoying in my experiance.
I dunno about carpathia in particular but afaict most hosting providers don't own their own datacenters. So unless they remove the servers and move them to storage (not sure if they would be allowed to do this or not) they will still be paying to rent the datacenter space those servers take up. They may well also be leasing the servers and/or have bought them on credit as well.
The diagrams i've seen of sodium reactors show a heat exchanger between sodium and water. Water reacts exothermically with sodium to produce hydrogen (and sodium hydroxide). If air is present then the hydrogen will probablly just burn straight away but if air is not present (as afaict it wouldn't be in a failed heat exchanger) then afaict it will just build up until it finds a way to escape.
Solar just passed the $1 per watt milestone
Is that watt of installed capacity or watt of average output?
Know what else has a Core i7 processor? a Mac Mini.
The chip in the Mac Mini is a mobile chip while the chip in this thing is an unlocked desktop chip. Don't let the fact that they share the i7 brand fool you into thinking they are the same thing.
Here in the UK train guards have taken credit cards and regular debit cards (though unfortunately they don't take solo/electron) for years. Nowadays the ticket machines the gaurds carry do "chip and pin" but before that was introduced they did "swipe and sign" like anywhere else that took cards did. There is also talk of introducing an oyster like system for the whole UK rail network. Making trains work without cash is far from an insurmountable problem.
You can trivially trace the sequence of "bitcoin addresses" that a coin passed between. What is much harder is pinning those addresses down to real people. Anyone can generate a bitcoin address (it's basically just a keypair) and most clients are setup to encourage use of one time addresses. Further because of the broadcast based distribution system for transactions it is virtually impossible to figure out where a transaction was first injected into the system.
If you could take over the exchanges then you could trace where value flowed in and out of the system but not who it had been passed to in-between. It would be essentially equivilent to a cash system where the banks scanned the serial numbers on banknotes as they were deposited and withdrawn.
Unfortunately fibers don't run in straight lines from place to place and there are processing/routing overheads too. Even so based on my own test it seems the authors of TFA are making the newbie mistake of confusing one way latency with round trip time (round trip time ~= 2x one way latency).
Tracing route to www.jp [210.157.1.134]
over a maximum of 30 hops:
1 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms gw-umain.ee.umist.ac.uk [130.88.118.250]
2 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms gw-rh.its.manchester.ac.uk [130.88.250.14]
3 12 ms 1 ms 1 ms gw-uom-rh.its.manchester.ac.uk [130.88.250.78]
4 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms gw-man-rh.netnw.net.uk [194.66.26.105]
5 10 ms 1 ms 1 ms so-1-2-0.leed-sbr1.ja.net [146.97.42.169]
6 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms ae12.manc-sbr1.ja.net [146.97.33.157]
7 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms ae1.man11.ip4.tinet.net [77.67.94.169]
8 168 ms 168 ms 175 ms xe-4-1-0.sjc12.ip4.tinet.net [89.149.186.205]
9 159 ms 159 ms 159 ms pacnet-gw.ip4.tinet.net [77.67.68.234]
10 277 ms 277 ms 277 ms gi1-0-0.cr2.nrt1.asianetcom.net [202.147.0.58]
11 270 ms 270 ms 270 ms ge-2-1-0-0.gw3.nrt5.asianetcom.net [202.147.0.182]
12 279 ms 279 ms 279 ms GMO-0003.gw3.nrt5.asianetcom.net [203.192.150.246]
13 274 ms 271 ms 271 ms c7-e-1-1.interq.or.jp [210.172.191.122]
14 272 ms 273 ms 271 ms g-svc3-po-1.interq.or.jp [210.172.191.134]
15 269 ms 269 ms 271 ms dfltweb1.onamae.com [210.157.1.134]
Trace complete.
So were are talking 270 milliseconds to get from my desktop at uni to a machine somewhere in japan AND BACK. Based on that the articles 230ms "current best case" figure is belivable as a round trip time but not as a one way latency.