But, as I understand it, it is moving at greater than solar escape speed, so it didn't come from there originally.
Depends on what you mean by "there". It came from interstellar space and has thus been passing on a trajectory on its own, orbiting the galaxy very likely for billions of years, passing through all kinds of environments. It would be interesting to see someone do a study on probabilities of exposure to various environments over such a long time. How many stars does it make a pass around? How long in giant molecular gas clouds, and in dust clouds?
Slingshotting isn't to gain velocity; it's to change direction without expending fuel/reaction mass.
Correct, it is a velocity vector rotation about the center of mass of the object. However it is a rotation in the moving frame of reference relative to the Sun, so it typically does change the velocity relative to the sun (and yes speed also, but I really mean velocity).
Ah PLATO - a system I knew about back in the day, and which we actually had some terminals for on campus (down in the medical research center on campus) and which I spent most of an academic year trying to find someway to gain access, unsuccessfully! I had the endorsement of a couple of professors, and a upper division research course to provide justification, but - nope, no way to do it. They were installed as part of grant program to the medical center, and although no one was even using them I couldn't even see the terminals, much less touch or use them.
Imagine that the USAF investigated a UFO report, and found credible evidence that there was a real flying craft, and that it was of alien origin.
I'd imagine their budget for following up on UFO sightings would suddenly have three zeros added to it. The supposition that this didn't happen proves they haven't found anything of interest.
Well, it could be buried in a black budget, if there were billions be spent on studying aliens. But I quite agree, if we had any real evidence that alien intelligence were present the result would be a project like the Manhattan Project (i.e. highly classified) and Project Apollo (which was much bigger) rolled into one. Just from a purely national security view the mere of presence of an intelligence/technology capable of travelling between the stars threatens massive disruption. All security programs, policies and expenditures could overthrown. No way this would not result in a massive mobilization of resources.
I do not believe that there are any space aliens appearing on our skies. I am skeptical even that any genuinely unexplainable events are being regularly and reliably detected (the usual UFO scenario).
But absolutely I believe the military should maintain an on-going program to record and investigate unusual detections and reports of strange observations by trained personnel. Like listening for extra-terrestrial life with radio telescopes, if you don't look you will never see anything, and in any case this is important even if LGMs (little green men) are not even in the picture.
It could be secret programs of other countries (or even our own) or other sorts of organizations. Could be natural events not yet identified (sprites are good example of strange things that proved quite real). You need to look to see the rare black swan.
The eutectic has a melting point of 123.5 C. An unmentioned problem with lead-bismuth cooling is the volatile and extremely toxic polonium that is continuously produced by neutron bombardment of the bismuth.
The coolant doesn't need high pressure to keep it from flashing to vapor, and it doesn't explode on contact with water - both good things - but polonium release is a severe hazard.
But hey! Free polonium! (Free except for the cost of the purging system to remove it.)
Climate change is real. Solar has a low capacity factor(20>-30%), and storage is not viable.
Not a problem. Solar is becoming cheap enough that even with the extra capacity required it is still economical. And there is also wind, even cheaper, which blows at night. And storage is viable right now. Pumped water storage is a commercially viable proven technology. And with the nearly century old technology of high voltage DC power lines (no, they do not have to be "superconductive") the power can be shipped from where ever it is generated to where ever the demand or storage sites are, and likewise from storage to demand.
There is a reason a super majority of scientist support nuclear power.
Too bad the capitalists who build power plants for profit consider it a bad investment. Not so renewable power. The hard-nosed businessmen have spoken. The age of nuclear power plants has passed.
Your recollection of the situation is incorrect. Busy-body lawyers suing to have these signs placed are not the cause of that sign being everywhere (and it is). This did not happen.
The ubiquity of the sign is due to the fundamental defect in the proposition itself. It is drawn extremely broadly with the intention that manufacturers would have to label their product with it, forcing them to reformulate it to remove anything that might possibly be toxic in some amount if they were sold in California, and that retailers would stop carrying their products if they didn't. To whole objective of the proposition was to get any of a whole raft of materials removed from all products, without outright banning them.
But it was too broad and was unworkable, and retailers were afraid of the liability, so those signs went up entirely voluntarily to prevent lawsuits (for carrying toxic unlabeled products). This entirely defeated the whole motivation for the proposition. Nothing was removed, nothing was labeled, except to tell you that products containing a potentially toxic substance was present somewhere in the store. No activist lawyers cared about a stupid and useless sign like this.
This is a very impressive advance in astronomy since now we can "weight" all main sequence stars, not just the ones in binary systems (although this is fair proportion of them).
And gravity wave astronomy is becoming routine now - in a few years the detectors will be making daily stellar merger events, and likely events that are a complete surprise to us.
The Twenty First Century is going to be an amazing period for understanding the Universe!
The article cites one reason why this wine glass size increase is less surprising - the practice of letting red wines "breathe". You aren't doing that in a two ounce glass. And is is not a common practice to fill a balloon-bowl wine glass close to the rim, especially with the aforementioned red wines. Looking at examples of properly served wines on-line I see such bowls never more than half full, and often as little as a quarter full.
Then too, consider that this may simply be to a shift in the role of wine as a beverage. Perhaps wine in 1700 was viewed similar to a cordial today, something consumed in small volumes for its flavor, part of social ritual perhaps. They were definitely drinking beers and distilled spirits in many forms back then. So without taking those into account you cannot say anything at all about alcohol consumption.
I posit that wine has emerged recently as a principal beverage at meals, replacing beers, hard ciders or alcoholic punches that were formerly consumed in that role.
It's been a while since I studied CFD [computational fluid dynamics - which is the science that would show how atmospheric gases would "flow" around an meteorite as it entered the atmosphere - but I think it's fair to say that a "boundary layer" would form that might in fact make it ridiculously difficult for "high pressure air" to be "forced" into tiny cracks in the surface.
Try thinking of it this way.
The meteor is stationary and it is being hit by a 20 km/s stream of gas (far into the hypersonic range, so this gas cannot "flow" around it). When the gas hits the surface of the meteor it comes to a dead halt. All that kinetic energy is converted into internal energy of the gas - extremely high pressure as well as extremely high temperature. This pressure at the very least exerts intense force on the meteor accelerating it (in this frame of reference) and subjecting it to powerful one-sided compressive force which deforms the body at the macro level, creating lateral tensile stresses. At the same time this high pressure gas is operating at the micro level, exerting pressure in every single pore and crack. Why do you imagine this is "ridiculously difficult" instead of the real case, which is "completely unavoidable"?
What do you think this "boundary layer" is? A wall that keeps pressure from reaching the surface of the meteor? That is physically impossible simply due to conservation of momentum. Boundary layers on reentry bodies are simply cooler zones next to the surface of the body caused by ablation off of the surface. The pressure is exactly the same in the boundary layer as in front of it.
When it comes to athletics there's basically three ways to beat records, improve the talent pool (more healthy people), improve the training, improve the equipment, and doping.
You leave out one of the most important factors for athletics (and this an extremely common oversight, during the last Olympics I never heard a single commentator mention it): Increase the size of the talent pool! Now one can argue that this is a way of "improving the talent pool", but you parenthetic comment indicates that is not what you intended - that you were speaking of a separate thing, improving overall health of the existing pool.
A dominating factor of Olympic athletics from its inception in 1896 is the pool of people who were allowed or able to compete. The strict "amateur" requirement was initially a way to restrict competition to wealthy "sportsmen", poor proles who were paid for their athletic ability were prohibited from competing.
Among the way Communist countries set about excelling in the Olympics was to screen talented people from the entire population, and then set these "amateurs" up in state supported positions as full-time athletes.
What we have seen is that the "base" of the Olympic athlete recruitment pyramid got broader and broader as the various "country club" restrictions came down, athletes from third world countries started entering the game, and finally "professional" athletes were allowed in.
This process of base broadening is largely complete, sure it will continue to extend somewhat but most of that pool growth is now over.
As our recent flat earth coward knows that all gyroscopes are rigidly fixed in space (he says so!). This is why no one with a laptop with a harddrive (or an iPod) has ever been able to tilt it in operation! Mystery solved!
Are you really such an moron?
Of course it is clean energy.
Either the manur rotts on the fields or wherever and creates CH4 and CO2 or you burn it in a gas plant, and create the same amount of CO2 in the end.
You are underselling the benefits here. Methane released into the atmosphere stays methane for about a century on average, and causes 25 times as much solar heat trapping as does the same amount of carbon as CO2. So this is a much "cleaner" (environmentally beneficial) situation than simply letting that manure rot and release the methane.
...But where did the carbon atom from the methane go. Typically, you burn methane to produce heat, water and carbon dioxide, the heat you use, the water usually goes down the drain and the carbon dioxide goes up the flue. Where did the carbon atom go in the process being set up here?
With just a moment of Googling I found a description of the process. The carbon is released as carbon dioxide, so it is swapping carbon releases as methane for carbon released as CO2. But since methane is 25 times as potent a greenhouse gas, molecule for molecule, this is a 25-fold reduction in greenhouse emissions.
I know. I'm thinking to much. It's a curse.
No bothering to do any research, and just thinking a little tiny bit is a curse I grant you.
Jesus, have you never seen a falling meteor? The intense heat would have smelted the iron and nickel, iron isn't on Earth and oxidizes
The intense heat does melt the surface of the meteor, in fact in vaporizes some of it (which you see, in part, in the meteor trail).
But if you have seen a falling meteor you will have notice that this fiery part of the descent lasts just a few seconds at most. And then ordinary air cooling as it falls quickly cools the surface down to ambient. The intense heat does not have time to penetrate very far, so most of the meteor is extremely cold when it lands on Earth.
Slashdot Mirror
Well, it passed through there to get here.
But, as I understand it, it is moving at greater than solar escape speed, so it didn't come from there originally.
Depends on what you mean by "there". It came from interstellar space and has thus been passing on a trajectory on its own, orbiting the galaxy very likely for billions of years, passing through all kinds of environments. It would be interesting to see someone do a study on probabilities of exposure to various environments over such a long time. How many stars does it make a pass around? How long in giant molecular gas clouds, and in dust clouds?
Slingshotting isn't to gain velocity; it's to change direction without expending fuel/reaction mass.
Correct, it is a velocity vector rotation about the center of mass of the object. However it is a rotation in the moving frame of reference relative to the Sun, so it typically does change the velocity relative to the sun (and yes speed also, but I really mean velocity).
Bowl shaped? BOWL SHAPED? If it were bowl shaped, the rain would eventually FILL IT UP and we would ALL DROWN!
No, the fallacy here is that there is a hole that constantly drains it out to provide water for the turtles that hold up the Earth.
Ah PLATO - a system I knew about back in the day, and which we actually had some terminals for on campus (down in the medical research center on campus) and which I spent most of an academic year trying to find someway to gain access, unsuccessfully! I had the endorsement of a couple of professors, and a upper division research course to provide justification, but - nope, no way to do it. They were installed as part of grant program to the medical center, and although no one was even using them I couldn't even see the terminals, much less touch or use them.
Imagine that the USAF investigated a UFO report, and found credible evidence that there was a real flying craft, and that it was of alien origin.
I'd imagine their budget for following up on UFO sightings would suddenly have three zeros added to it. The supposition that this didn't happen proves they haven't found anything of interest.
Well, it could be buried in a black budget, if there were billions be spent on studying aliens. But I quite agree, if we had any real evidence that alien intelligence were present the result would be a project like the Manhattan Project (i.e. highly classified) and Project Apollo (which was much bigger) rolled into one. Just from a purely national security view the mere of presence of an intelligence/technology capable of travelling between the stars threatens massive disruption. All security programs, policies and expenditures could overthrown. No way this would not result in a massive mobilization of resources.
I do not believe that there are any space aliens appearing on our skies. I am skeptical even that any genuinely unexplainable events are being regularly and reliably detected (the usual UFO scenario).
But absolutely I believe the military should maintain an on-going program to record and investigate unusual detections and reports of strange observations by trained personnel. Like listening for extra-terrestrial life with radio telescopes, if you don't look you will never see anything, and in any case this is important even if LGMs (little green men) are not even in the picture.
It could be secret programs of other countries (or even our own) or other sorts of organizations. Could be natural events not yet identified (sprites are good example of strange things that proved quite real). You need to look to see the rare black swan.
Low = around 150 degrees C, not room temperature.
The eutectic has a melting point of 123.5 C. An unmentioned problem with lead-bismuth cooling is the volatile and extremely toxic polonium that is continuously produced by neutron bombardment of the bismuth.
The coolant doesn't need high pressure to keep it from flashing to vapor, and it doesn't explode on contact with water - both good things - but polonium release is a severe hazard.
But hey! Free polonium! (Free except for the cost of the purging system to remove it.)
Climate change is real. Solar has a low capacity factor(20>-30%), and storage is not viable.
Not a problem. Solar is becoming cheap enough that even with the extra capacity required it is still economical. And there is also wind, even cheaper, which blows at night. And storage is viable right now. Pumped water storage is a commercially viable proven technology. And with the nearly century old technology of high voltage DC power lines (no, they do not have to be "superconductive") the power can be shipped from where ever it is generated to where ever the demand or storage sites are, and likewise from storage to demand.
There is a reason a super majority of scientist support nuclear power.
Too bad the capitalists who build power plants for profit consider it a bad investment. Not so renewable power. The hard-nosed businessmen have spoken. The age of nuclear power plants has passed.
That can be had, much, much cheaper. Hookers aren't $500k a pop.
It is the money that gives you the stamina and the super-versatile genitalia. It is not simply a matter of getting two chicks!
Your recollection of the situation is incorrect. Busy-body lawyers suing to have these signs placed are not the cause of that sign being everywhere (and it is). This did not happen.
The ubiquity of the sign is due to the fundamental defect in the proposition itself. It is drawn extremely broadly with the intention that manufacturers would have to label their product with it, forcing them to reformulate it to remove anything that might possibly be toxic in some amount if they were sold in California, and that retailers would stop carrying their products if they didn't. To whole objective of the proposition was to get any of a whole raft of materials removed from all products, without outright banning them.
But it was too broad and was unworkable, and retailers were afraid of the liability, so those signs went up entirely voluntarily to prevent lawsuits (for carrying toxic unlabeled products). This entirely defeated the whole motivation for the proposition. Nothing was removed, nothing was labeled, except to tell you that products containing a potentially toxic substance was present somewhere in the store. No activist lawyers cared about a stupid and useless sign like this.
This is a very impressive advance in astronomy since now we can "weight" all main sequence stars, not just the ones in binary systems (although this is fair proportion of them).
And gravity wave astronomy is becoming routine now - in a few years the detectors will be making daily stellar merger events, and likely events that are a complete surprise to us.
The Twenty First Century is going to be an amazing period for understanding the Universe!
The article cites one reason why this wine glass size increase is less surprising - the practice of letting red wines "breathe". You aren't doing that in a two ounce glass. And is is not a common practice to fill a balloon-bowl wine glass close to the rim, especially with the aforementioned red wines. Looking at examples of properly served wines on-line I see such bowls never more than half full, and often as little as a quarter full.
Then too, consider that this may simply be to a shift in the role of wine as a beverage. Perhaps wine in 1700 was viewed similar to a cordial today, something consumed in small volumes for its flavor, part of social ritual perhaps. They were definitely drinking beers and distilled spirits in many forms back then. So without taking those into account you cannot say anything at all about alcohol consumption.
I posit that wine has emerged recently as a principal beverage at meals, replacing beers, hard ciders or alcoholic punches that were formerly consumed in that role.
It's been a while since I studied CFD [computational fluid dynamics - which is the science that would show how atmospheric gases would "flow" around an meteorite as it entered the atmosphere - but I think it's fair to say that a "boundary layer" would form that might in fact make it ridiculously difficult for "high pressure air" to be "forced" into tiny cracks in the surface.
Try thinking of it this way.
The meteor is stationary and it is being hit by a 20 km/s stream of gas (far into the hypersonic range, so this gas cannot "flow" around it). When the gas hits the surface of the meteor it comes to a dead halt. All that kinetic energy is converted into internal energy of the gas - extremely high pressure as well as extremely high temperature. This pressure at the very least exerts intense force on the meteor accelerating it (in this frame of reference) and subjecting it to powerful one-sided compressive force which deforms the body at the macro level, creating lateral tensile stresses. At the same time this high pressure gas is operating at the micro level, exerting pressure in every single pore and crack. Why do you imagine this is "ridiculously difficult" instead of the real case, which is "completely unavoidable"?
What do you think this "boundary layer" is? A wall that keeps pressure from reaching the surface of the meteor? That is physically impossible simply due to conservation of momentum. Boundary layers on reentry bodies are simply cooler zones next to the surface of the body caused by ablation off of the surface. The pressure is exactly the same in the boundary layer as in front of it.
When it comes to athletics there's basically three ways to beat records, improve the talent pool (more healthy people), improve the training, improve the equipment, and doping.
You leave out one of the most important factors for athletics (and this an extremely common oversight, during the last Olympics I never heard a single commentator mention it): Increase the size of the talent pool! Now one can argue that this is a way of "improving the talent pool", but you parenthetic comment indicates that is not what you intended - that you were speaking of a separate thing, improving overall health of the existing pool.
A dominating factor of Olympic athletics from its inception in 1896 is the pool of people who were allowed or able to compete. The strict "amateur" requirement was initially a way to restrict competition to wealthy "sportsmen", poor proles who were paid for their athletic ability were prohibited from competing.
Among the way Communist countries set about excelling in the Olympics was to screen talented people from the entire population, and then set these "amateurs" up in state supported positions as full-time athletes.
What we have seen is that the "base" of the Olympic athlete recruitment pyramid got broader and broader as the various "country club" restrictions came down, athletes from third world countries started entering the game, and finally "professional" athletes were allowed in.
This process of base broadening is largely complete, sure it will continue to extend somewhat but most of that pool growth is now over.
Many analysts have warned that bitcoin represents an unsustainable bubble, though no one is quite sure when it will burst.
This is intrinsic it to it being "a bubble".
As our recent flat earth coward knows that all gyroscopes are rigidly fixed in space (he says so!). This is why no one with a laptop with a harddrive (or an iPod) has ever been able to tilt it in operation! Mystery solved!
Please mod this up "funny"!
I was missing these AC cow posts. Much more amusing than our recent flat earther coward.
Some people do it because they are perverts but most people do it to protect their property. Do remember that hotels also have hidden cameras.
Only in Russia do you expect those to be inside the hotel rooms!
Are you really such an moron? Of course it is clean energy.
Either the manur rotts on the fields or wherever and creates CH4 and CO2 or you burn it in a gas plant, and create the same amount of CO2 in the end.
You are underselling the benefits here. Methane released into the atmosphere stays methane for about a century on average, and causes 25 times as much solar heat trapping as does the same amount of carbon as CO2. So this is a much "cleaner" (environmentally beneficial) situation than simply letting that manure rot and release the methane.
...But where did the carbon atom from the methane go. Typically, you burn methane to produce heat, water and carbon dioxide, the heat you use, the water usually goes down the drain and the carbon dioxide goes up the flue. Where did the carbon atom go in the process being set up here?
With just a moment of Googling I found a description of the process. The carbon is released as carbon dioxide, so it is swapping carbon releases as methane for carbon released as CO2. But since methane is 25 times as potent a greenhouse gas, molecule for molecule, this is a 25-fold reduction in greenhouse emissions.
I know. I'm thinking to much. It's a curse.
No bothering to do any research, and just thinking a little tiny bit is a curse I grant you.
Because reducing the emissions is an activity of no value whatsoever?
Or merely rarely caught?
Or - more to the point, sufficiently rarely caught and publicized that a company flack thinks he can get away with calling it "incredibly rare"?
Jesus, have you never seen a falling meteor? The intense heat would have smelted the iron and nickel, iron isn't on Earth and oxidizes
The intense heat does melt the surface of the meteor, in fact in vaporizes some of it (which you see, in part, in the meteor trail).
But if you have seen a falling meteor you will have notice that this fiery part of the descent lasts just a few seconds at most. And then ordinary air cooling as it falls quickly cools the surface down to ambient. The intense heat does not have time to penetrate very far, so most of the meteor is extremely cold when it lands on Earth.
... which are only about 0.1% of all falls...
Typo. That should be 0.4% of all falls.