Slashdot Mirror

nefertari writes: "It seems that comet Ikeya-Zhang will brighten a lot. A recent picture is today's APOD. Currently he should be visible in the evening, but from April on, you can watch him in the morning." We had an earlier story on this comet and several people posted good links.

nefertari writes: "It seems that comet Ikeya-Zhang will brighten a lot. A recent picture is today's APOD. Currently he should be visible in the evening, but from April on, you can watch him in the morning." We had an earlier story on this comet and several people posted good links.

Judebert writes "Working together, Galileo and Cassini found how the solar wind affects Jupiter, shaping its magnetosphere (the biggest object in the solar system with distinct boundaries) and triggering auroras. They also detected the magnetic footprints of Jupiter's moons in the auroras. The Hubble and Chandra also had a role in this display of inter-planetary teamwork. Of course, the big benefit you receive from your tax dollars is all the pretty pictures! New desktop images for me!"

Judebert writes "Working together, Galileo and Cassini found how the solar wind affects Jupiter, shaping its magnetosphere (the biggest object in the solar system with distinct boundaries) and triggering auroras. They also detected the magnetic footprints of Jupiter's moons in the auroras. The Hubble and Chandra also had a role in this display of inter-planetary teamwork. Of course, the big benefit you receive from your tax dollars is all the pretty pictures! New desktop images for me!"

shift8key writes: "Mars Odyseey finally reached orbit and sent back some good pictures. The New York Times (free registration) has a fairly good article with some images. NASA's site allows for tracking of Odyssey, with updates every ten minutes."

Default.cfg writes: "The telescope system for NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility arrived February 20 at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., where it will be integrated with the spacecraft. The system, called the cryogenic telescope assembly, contains the telescope, liquid helium cooling tank and three science instruments. It was shipped on February 19 from Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, Colo., where it was built. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility, scheduled to launch on January 9, 2003, will study the early universe and hunt for planet-forming regions in dust disks around nearby stars. It will also detect objects by looking for the heat they emit in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility is the fourth and final mission under NASA's Great Observatories Program, which includes the Hubble Space Telescope, the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and the Chandra Advanced X-ray Observatory. The observatory is also the first new mission of NASA's Origins Program, which will study the formation of galaxies, stars, planets and life, and seek to answer the questions: Where did we come from? Are we alone?"

Default.cfg writes: "The telescope system for NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility arrived February 20 at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., where it will be integrated with the spacecraft. The system, called the cryogenic telescope assembly, contains the telescope, liquid helium cooling tank and three science instruments. It was shipped on February 19 from Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, Colo., where it was built. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility, scheduled to launch on January 9, 2003, will study the early universe and hunt for planet-forming regions in dust disks around nearby stars. It will also detect objects by looking for the heat they emit in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility is the fourth and final mission under NASA's Great Observatories Program, which includes the Hubble Space Telescope, the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and the Chandra Advanced X-ray Observatory. The observatory is also the first new mission of NASA's Origins Program, which will study the formation of galaxies, stars, planets and life, and seek to answer the questions: Where did we come from? Are we alone?"

Default.cfg writes: "The telescope system for NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility arrived February 20 at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., where it will be integrated with the spacecraft. The system, called the cryogenic telescope assembly, contains the telescope, liquid helium cooling tank and three science instruments. It was shipped on February 19 from Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, Colo., where it was built. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility, scheduled to launch on January 9, 2003, will study the early universe and hunt for planet-forming regions in dust disks around nearby stars. It will also detect objects by looking for the heat they emit in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility is the fourth and final mission under NASA's Great Observatories Program, which includes the Hubble Space Telescope, the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and the Chandra Advanced X-ray Observatory. The observatory is also the first new mission of NASA's Origins Program, which will study the formation of galaxies, stars, planets and life, and seek to answer the questions: Where did we come from? Are we alone?"

tlon writes: "Pioneer 10, the spacecraft that brought us the first pictures of Jupiter, turned 30 today. Launched in 1972, the probe is now some 7.4 billion miles away, as it cruises out towards Aldebaran, the eye of Taurus. NASA will attempt to contact the spacecraft today, (it was successfully contacted last year), but the round trip time is over 22 hours. How's that for a ping latency? See Nasa's Pioneer 10 Page for more details."

tlon writes: "Pioneer 10, the spacecraft that brought us the first pictures of Jupiter, turned 30 today. Launched in 1972, the probe is now some 7.4 billion miles away, as it cruises out towards Aldebaran, the eye of Taurus. NASA will attempt to contact the spacecraft today, (it was successfully contacted last year), but the round trip time is over 22 hours. How's that for a ping latency? See Nasa's Pioneer 10 Page for more details."

Total Recall writes: "The Mars Odyssey spacecraft is finding large amounts of hydrogen in the southern hemisphere of Mars. This strongly indicates the presence of water ice (since H2O is both common and very stable). The data samples about the upper meter or so of the Martian surface. This apparently extends from the south polar cap up to about 60 south latitude. It suggests a permafrost of mixed ice and dirt."

mskfisher writes "NASA Science News is reporting a story on a NASA project called Ag20/20, which involves farmers using GPS-aided crop and field analysis to improve accuracy and yields. Instead of blanketing the whole area with a set level of pesticide or fertilizer, they can now vary it via computer, based on IR and soil data gathered from aircraft, satellites, and tractor-mounted sensors."

nickynicky9doors writes: "NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has an article on the Moon's Love number. A planet's Love Number is a measure of ... 'how much a planet's surface and interior move in response to the gravitational pull of nearby bodies.' To measure the Moon's Love Number Laser pulses are directed off discarded retroreflectors leftover from missions thirty years ago."

Metrollica writes: "Space.com features an article describing NASA's plans to prepare the Johnson Space Center that could one day house extraterrestrial life." An excerpt from the article: "It's human nature to clean for company more thoroughly than one would for oneself, but nowhere is this truth taken to greater extremes than at the Johnson Space Center. NASA's setting new standards of cleanliness in its labs that handle samples returning from space. And their efforts are laying the groundwork for samples that might some day contain evidence of extraterrestrial life from Mars, Europa, and other points little known."

Metrollica writes: "Space.com features an article describing NASA's plans to prepare the Johnson Space Center that could one day house extraterrestrial life." An excerpt from the article: "It's human nature to clean for company more thoroughly than one would for oneself, but nowhere is this truth taken to greater extremes than at the Johnson Space Center. NASA's setting new standards of cleanliness in its labs that handle samples returning from space. And their efforts are laying the groundwork for samples that might some day contain evidence of extraterrestrial life from Mars, Europa, and other points little known."

dnahelix writes: "From NASA, Patches for a Broken Heart Using a space-age device called a bioreactor, researchers have grown patches of tissue that beat and respond much like a human heart does. This was reported in October of 1999, Scientists Grow Heart Tissue in Bioreactor, however, it appears progress is being made. The new article includes an animated gif of pulsing tissue!" From the article: "They'll pick a rate and they'll beat at it," says Freed. "If you blow on them, they'll change." They're very sensitive to stimulation, she says. "If they warm up or cool down, if someone slams the door, their rate can change."

dnahelix writes: "From NASA, Patches for a Broken Heart Using a space-age device called a bioreactor, researchers have grown patches of tissue that beat and respond much like a human heart does. This was reported in October of 1999, Scientists Grow Heart Tissue in Bioreactor, however, it appears progress is being made. The new article includes an animated gif of pulsing tissue!" From the article: "They'll pick a rate and they'll beat at it," says Freed. "If you blow on them, they'll change." They're very sensitive to stimulation, she says. "If they warm up or cool down, if someone slams the door, their rate can change."

dnahelix writes: "From NASA, Patches for a Broken Heart Using a space-age device called a bioreactor, researchers have grown patches of tissue that beat and respond much like a human heart does. This was reported in October of 1999, Scientists Grow Heart Tissue in Bioreactor, however, it appears progress is being made. The new article includes an animated gif of pulsing tissue!" From the article: "They'll pick a rate and they'll beat at it," says Freed. "If you blow on them, they'll change." They're very sensitive to stimulation, she says. "If they warm up or cool down, if someone slams the door, their rate can change."

Dare Obasanjo contributed this followup to an article entitled The Myth of Open Source Security Revisited that appeared on the website kuro5hin. He writes: "The original article tackled the common misconception amongst users of Open Source Software(OSS) that OSS is a panacea when it comes to creating secure software. The article presented anecdotal evidence taken from an article written by John Viega, the original author of GNU Mailman, to illustrate its point. This article follows up the anecdotal evidence presented in the original paper by providing an analysis of similar software applications, their development methodology and the frequency of the discovery of security vulnerabilities." Read on below for his detailed analysis, especially relevant with the currency of security initiatives in the worlds of both open- and closed-source software.

The Myth of Open Source Security Revisited v2.0 The purpose of this article is to expose the fallacy of the belief in the "inherent security" of Open Source software and instead point to a truer means of ensuring the quality of the security of a piece software is high.

Apples, Oranges, Penguins and Daemons

When performing experiments to confirm a hypothesis on the effect of a particular variable on an event or observable occurence, it is common practice to utilize control groups. In an attempt to establish cause and effect in such experiments, one tries to hold all variables that may affect the outcome constant except for the variable that the experiment is interested in. Comparisons of the security of software created by Open Source processes and software produced in a proprietary manner have typically involved several variables besides development methodology.

A number of articles have been written that compare the security of Open Source development to proprietary development by comparing security vulnerabilities in Microsoft products to those in Open Source products. Noted Open Source pundit, Eric Raymond wrote an article on NewsForge where he compares Microsoft Windows and IIS to Linux, BSD and Apache. In the article, Eric Raymond states that Open Source development implies that "security holes will be infrequent, the compromises they cause will be relatively minor, and fixes will be rapidly developed and deployed." However, upon investigation it is disputable that Linux distributions have less frequent or more minor security vulnerabilities when compared to recent versions of Windows. In fact the belief in the inherent security of Open Source software over proprietary software seems to be the product of a single comparison, Apache versus Microsoft IIS.

There are a number of variables involved when one compares the security of software such as Microsoft Windows operating systems to Open Source UNIX-like operating systems including the disparity in their market share, the requirements and dispensations of their user base, and the differences in system design. To better compare the impact of source code licensing on the security of the software, it is wise to reduce the number of variables that will skew the conclusion. To this effect it is best to compare software with similar system design and user base than comparing software applications that are significantly distinct. The following section analyzes the frequency of the discovery of security vulnerabilities in UNIX-like operating systems including HP-UX, FreeBSD, RedHat Linux, OpenBSD, Solaris, Mandrake Linux, AIX and Debian GNU/Linux.

Security Vulnerability Face-Off

Below is a listing of UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems with the number of security vulnerabilities that were discovered in them in 2001 according to the Security Focus Vulnerability Archive. AIX 10 vulnerabilities[6 remote, 3 local, 1 both] Debian GNU/Linux 13 vulnerabilities[1 remote, 12 local] + 1 Linux kernel vulnerability[1 local] FreeBSD 24 vulnerabilities[12 remote, 9 local, 3 both] HP-UX 25 vulnerabilities[12 remote, 12 local, 1 both] Mandrake Linux 17 vulnerabilities[5 remote, 12 local] + 12 Linux kernel vulnerabilities[5 remote, 7 local] OpenBSD 13 vulnerabilities[7 remote, 5 local, 1 both] Red Hat Linux 28 vulnerabilities[5 remote, 22 local, 1 unknown] + 12 Linux kernel vulnerabilities[6 remote, 6 local] Solaris 38 vulnerabilities[14 remote, 22 local, 2 both] From the above listing one can infer that source licensing is not a primary factor in determining how prone to security flaws a software application will be. Specifically proprietary and Open Source UNIX family operating systems are represented on both the high and low ends of the frequency distribution.

Factors that have been known to influence the security and quality of a software application are practices such as code auditing (peer review), security-minded architecture design, strict software development practices that restrict certain dangerous programming constructs (e.g. using the str* or scanf* family of functions in C) and validation & verification of the design and implementation of the software. Also reducing the focus on deadlines and only shipping when the system the system is in a satisfactory state is important.

Both the Debian and OpenBSD projects exhibit many of the aforementioned characteristics which help explain why they are the Open Source UNIX operating systems with the best security record. Debian's track record is particularly impressive when one realizes that the Debian Potato consists of over 55 million lines of code (compared to RedHat's 30,000,000 lines of code).

The Road To Secure Software

Exploitable security vulnerabilities in a software application are typically evidence of bugs in the design or implementation of the application. Thus the process of writing secure software is an extension of the process behind writing robust, high quality software. Over the years a number of methodolgies have been developed to tackle the problem of producing high quality software in a repeatable manner within time and budgetary constraints. The most successful methodologies have typically involved using the following software quality assurance, validation and verification techniques; formal methods, code audits, design reviews, extensive testing and codified best practices.

1. Formal Methods: One can use formal proofs based on mathematical methods and rigor to verify the correctness of software algorithms. Tools for specifying software using formal techniques exist such as VDM and Z. Z (pronounced 'zed') is a formal specification notation based on set theory and first order predicate logic. VDM stands for "The Vienna Development Method" which consists of a specification language called VDM-SL, rules for data and operation refinement which allow one to establish links between abstract requirements specifications and detailed design specifications down to the level of code, and a proof theory in which rigorous arguments can be conducted about the properties of specified systems and the correctness of design decisions.The previous descriptions were taken from the Z FAQ and the VDM FAQ respectively. A comparison of both specification languages is available in the paper, Understanding the differences between VDM and Z by I.J. Hayes et al.
   
   
2. Code Audits: Reviews of source code by developers other than the author of the code are good ways to catch errors that may have been overlooked by the original developer. Source code audits can vary from informal reviews with little structure to formal code inspections or walkthroughs. Informal reviews typically involve the developer sending the reviewers source code or descriptions of the software for feedback on any bugs or design issues. A walkthrough involves the detailed examination of the source code of the software in question by one or more reviewers. An inspection is a formal process where a detailed examination of the source code is directed by reviewers who act in certain roles. A code inspection is directed by a "moderator", the source code is read by a "reader" and issues are documented by a "scribe".
   
   
3. Testing: The purpose of testing is to find failures. Unfortunately, no known software testing method can discover all possible failures that may occur in a faulty application and metrics to establish such details have not been forthcoming. Thus a correlation between the quality of a software application and the amount of testing it has endured is practically non-existent.
   
   There are various categories of tests including unit, component, system, integration, regression, black-box, and white-box tests. There is some overlap in the aforementioned mentioned testing categories.
   
   Unit testing involves testing small pieces of functionality of the application such as methods, functions or subroutines. In unit testing it is usual for other components that the software unit interacts with to be replaced with stubs or dummy methods. Component tests are similar to unit tests with the exception that dummmy and stub methods are replaced with the actual working versions. Integration testing involves testing related components that communicate with each other while system tests involve testing the entire system after it has been built. System testing is necessary even if extensive unit or component testing has occured because it is possible for seperate subroutines to work individually but fail when invoked sequentialy due to side effects or some error in programmer logic. Regression testing involves the process of ensuring that modifications to a software module, component or system have not introduced errors into the software. A lack of sufficient regression testing is one of the reasons why certain software patches break components that worked prior to installation of the patch.
   
   Black-box testing also called functional testing or specification testing test the behavior of the component or system without requiring knowledge of the internal structure of the software. Black-box testing is typically used to test that software meets its functional requirements. White-box testing also called structural or clear-box testing involves tests that utilize knowledge of the internal structure of the software. White-box testing is useful in ensuring that certain statements in the program are excercised and errors discovered. The existence of code coverage tools aid in discovering what percentages of a system are being excercised by the tests.
   
   More information on testing can be found at the comp.software.testing FAQ .
   
   
4. Design Reviews: The architecture of a software application can be reviewed in a formal process called a design review. In design reviews the developers, domain experts and users examine that the design of the system meets the requirements and that it contains no significant flaws of omission or commission before implementation occurs.
   
   
5. Codified Best Practices: Some programming languages have libraries or language features that are prone to abuse and are thus prohibited in certain disciplined software projects. Functions like strcpy, gets, and scanf in C are examples of library functions that are poorly designed and allow malicious individuals to use buffer overflows or format string attacks to exploit the security vulnerabilities exposed by using these functions. A number of platforms explicitly disallow gets especially since alternatives exist. Programming guidelines for such as those written by Peter Galvin in a Unix Insider article on designing secure software are used by development teams to reduce the likelihood of security vulnerabilities in software applications.

Projects such as the OpenBSD project that utilize most of the aforementioned techniques in developing software typically have a low incidence of security vulnerabilities.

Issues Preventing Development of Secure Open Source Software

One of the assumptions that is typically made about Open Source software is that the availability of source code translates to "peer review" of the software application. However, the anecdotal experience of a number of Open Source developers including John Viega belies this assumption.

The term "peer review" implies an extensive review of the source code of an application by competent parties. Many Open Source projects do not get peer reviewed for a number of reasons including

• complexity of code in addition to a lack of documentation makes it difficult for casual users to understand the code enough to give a proper review
  
  
• developers making improvements to the application typically focus only on the parts of the application that will affect the feature to be added instead of the whole system.
  
  
• ignorance of developers to security concerns.
  
  
• complacency in the belief that since the source is available that it is being reviewed by others.
  
  

Also the lack of interest in unglamorous tasks like documentation and testing amongst Open Source contributors adversely affects quality of the software. However, all of these issues can and are solved in projects with a disciplined software development process, clearly defined roles for the contributers and a semi-structured leadership hierarchy.

Benefits of Open Source to Security-Conscious Users

Despite the fact that source licensing and source code availability are not indicators of the security of a software application, there is still a significant benefit of Open Source to some users concerned about security. Open Source allows experts to audit their software options before making a choice and also in some cases to make improvements without waiting for fixes from the vendor or source code maintainer.

One should note that there are constraints on the feasibility of users auditing the software based on the complexity and size of the code base. For instance, it is unlikely that a user who wants to make a choice of using Linux as a web server for a personal homepage will scrutinize the TCP/IP stack code.

References

1. Frankl, Phylis et al. Choosing a Testing Method to Deliver Reliability. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Software Engineering, pp. 68--78, ACM Press, May 1997. < http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/frankl97choosing.html >
   
   
2. Hamlet, Dick. Software Quality, Software Process, and Software Testing. 1994. < http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/hamlet94software.html >
   
   
3. Hayes, I.J., C.B. Jones and J.E. Nicholls. Understanding the differences between VDM and Z. Technical Report UMCS-93-8-1, University of Manchester, Computer Science Dept., 1993. < http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/hayes93understanding.ht ml >
   
   
4. Miller, Todd C. and Theo De Raadt. strlcpy and strlcat - consistent, safe, string copy and concatenation. Proceedings of the 1999 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, FREENIX Track, June 1999. < http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix99/full_papers/ millert/millert_html/ >
   
   
5. Viega, John. The Myth of Open Source Security. Earthweb.com. < http://www.earthweb.com/article/0,,10455_626641,00 .html >
   
   
6. Gonzalez-Barona, Jesus M. et al. Counting Potatoes: The Size of Debian 2.2. < http://people.debian.org/~jgb/debian-counting/coun ting-potatoes/ >
   
   
7. Wheeler, David A. More Than A Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size. < http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram-0003.html >
   
   

Acknowledgements

The following people helped in proofreading this article and/or offering suggestions about content: Jon Beckham, Graham Keith Coleman, Chris Bradfield, and David Dagon. © 2002 Dare Obasanjo

descapa writes: "I just saw this site called BlueMarble that is brought to us by NASA. It has some new _very_ nice pics of Earth, check out the east hemisphere or the west hemisphere. Now I just need a bigger screen."

descapa writes: "I just saw this site called BlueMarble that is brought to us by NASA. It has some new _very_ nice pics of Earth, check out the east hemisphere or the west hemisphere. Now I just need a bigger screen."

descapa writes: "I just saw this site called BlueMarble that is brought to us by NASA. It has some new _very_ nice pics of Earth, check out the east hemisphere or the west hemisphere. Now I just need a bigger screen."

descapa writes: "I just saw this site called BlueMarble that is brought to us by NASA. It has some new _very_ nice pics of Earth, check out the east hemisphere or the west hemisphere. Now I just need a bigger screen."

Radiogal writes: "A great view of the area from NASA! See olympics.gsfc.nasa.gov." This is about all of the Olympics you're going to see on the web. :)

mojotek writes: "The NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts has a study(15Mb pdf) about the feasibility of a "Space Elevator" comprised of a 22,000 mile long cable built out of carbon nanotubes. In theory, it would be able to carry loads of 20 tons to space without using a single rocket engine. Sounded way too sci-fi for my taste at first, but this article at TechTV actually helped fill in the holes."

Snuffleupagus writes: "I found an interesting story at cnn.com about NASA's new standards for civilian space travel. It looks like if you have a history of drinking, lying and cheating you won't be going into space anytime soon, no matter how much money you have. Looks like I'll be stuck here on Earth for awhile." The guidelines for future space tourists are on NASA's site.

Snuffleupagus writes: "I found an interesting story at cnn.com about NASA's new standards for civilian space travel. It looks like if you have a history of drinking, lying and cheating you won't be going into space anytime soon, no matter how much money you have. Looks like I'll be stuck here on Earth for awhile." The guidelines for future space tourists are on NASA's site.

akiaki007 writes: "Here is an article on NYTimes (free reg.) that talks about the late discussions about how NASA is going to be spending their money. Looks like the decision to send a craft to Pluto has been made final. January 2006 has been set for the launch date. Pluto's atmosphere is expected to freeze around 2020, so this is the last chance to make any type of observations on the planet we will get until about 2200."

StephenMesser writes: "At the request of NASA, the National Research Council is conducting a planetary science community assessment of the priorities for the U.S. planetary research programs for the next 10 years. The Planetary Society has been asked to assist this "decadal survey" by seeking input from the general public about planetary exploration. Data must be input by January 31, 2002 to be counted on the survey. CNN has a story on the survey."

Last year we looked at the Challenger. This year: Apollo 1. On January 27, 1967, the three-man crew of Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White who were in training for the first Apollo flight were asphixiated in their capsule during a training exercise. The men reported communications glitches prior to the disaster, and it is believed that a spark in their pure-oxygen atmosphere quickly started an unstoppable blaze, consuming the many flammable components in the capsule. There were three hatches between the men and the outside of the capsule, which were not designed to be opened in less than 90 seconds. In addition, it is doubtful that the astronauts could have opened the internal hatch at all since pressure inside the spacecraft rose rapidly after the fire, exceeding the capacity of the pressure-equalization valves. Future designs were modified to remove most of the flammable components from the crew area and include a new quick-opening hatch. NASA has a retrospective.

Last year we looked at the Challenger. This year: Apollo 1. On January 27, 1967, the three-man crew of Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White who were in training for the first Apollo flight were asphixiated in their capsule during a training exercise. The men reported communications glitches prior to the disaster, and it is believed that a spark in their pure-oxygen atmosphere quickly started an unstoppable blaze, consuming the many flammable components in the capsule. There were three hatches between the men and the outside of the capsule, which were not designed to be opened in less than 90 seconds. In addition, it is doubtful that the astronauts could have opened the internal hatch at all since pressure inside the spacecraft rose rapidly after the fire, exceeding the capacity of the pressure-equalization valves. Future designs were modified to remove most of the flammable components from the crew area and include a new quick-opening hatch. NASA has a retrospective.

EccentricAnomaly writes: "CNN reports that the Galileo spacecraft is about to perform its last flyby of Io. Galileo will skim a mere 100 km above Io to enter a trajectory that crashes into Jupiter in 2003. This is to avoid the spacecraft running out of fuel and accidentally crashing into Europa which might contaminate it with any bacteria spores on Galileo. This is a real concern - Apollo 12 found bacteria on Surveyor 3 that survived two and a half years on the moon."

EccentricAnomaly writes: "CNN reports that the Galileo spacecraft is about to perform its last flyby of Io. Galileo will skim a mere 100 km above Io to enter a trajectory that crashes into Jupiter in 2003. This is to avoid the spacecraft running out of fuel and accidentally crashing into Europa which might contaminate it with any bacteria spores on Galileo. This is a real concern - Apollo 12 found bacteria on Surveyor 3 that survived two and a half years on the moon."

Cally writes: "Space.com reports that Mars Odyssey has completed aerobraking and is ready to begin its main science mission. As the spacecraft has already produced exciting results before the start of the science mission proper, interesting data on the quantities of water in the Martian crust may be expected soon - not to mention that Odyssey provides another datapoint in the study of Gamma Ray bursts."

Cally writes: "Space.com reports that Mars Odyssey has completed aerobraking and is ready to begin its main science mission. As the spacecraft has already produced exciting results before the start of the science mission proper, interesting data on the quantities of water in the Martian crust may be expected soon - not to mention that Odyssey provides another datapoint in the study of Gamma Ray bursts."

Cally writes: "Space.com reports that Mars Odyssey has completed aerobraking and is ready to begin its main science mission. As the spacecraft has already produced exciting results before the start of the science mission proper, interesting data on the quantities of water in the Martian crust may be expected soon - not to mention that Odyssey provides another datapoint in the study of Gamma Ray bursts."

Cally writes: "Space.com reports that Mars Odyssey has completed aerobraking and is ready to begin its main science mission. As the spacecraft has already produced exciting results before the start of the science mission proper, interesting data on the quantities of water in the Martian crust may be expected soon - not to mention that Odyssey provides another datapoint in the study of Gamma Ray bursts."

Dr. A. van Code writes: "NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has captured a stunning view of the center of our Milky Way galaxy, with hundreds of white dwarf stars, neutron stars and black holes bathed in an incandescent fog of 10-million-degree gas around a supermassive black hole. Daniel Wang of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and co-workers took the 30 separate images covering a 400- by 900-light-year swath of the center of the galaxy, a region 26,000 light years away from Earth, using the orbiting X-ray satellite's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS). His paper appears in the Jan. 10, 2002, issue of the journal Nature. There is also a Chandra page at Harvard, and an AP wire story."

Dr. A. van Code writes: "NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has captured a stunning view of the center of our Milky Way galaxy, with hundreds of white dwarf stars, neutron stars and black holes bathed in an incandescent fog of 10-million-degree gas around a supermassive black hole. Daniel Wang of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and co-workers took the 30 separate images covering a 400- by 900-light-year swath of the center of the galaxy, a region 26,000 light years away from Earth, using the orbiting X-ray satellite's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS). His paper appears in the Jan. 10, 2002, issue of the journal Nature. There is also a Chandra page at Harvard, and an AP wire story."

cscx writes: "Today is the kickoff day of the 2002 FIRST Robotics Competition. For those of you that don't know what FIRST (Dean Kamen, Segway, IT) is, it's an organization meant to interest high-school students in science and engineering by giving them 6 weeks to build a complete functioning robot. (By the way, FIRST is what most likely inspired BattleBots) Teams, although they require funding to pay for the kits, receive many different mechanical and electrical (the programmable control system kicks ass! :) parts in the kits, along with full copies (donated by the companies) of Autodesk Inventor, Character Studio, 3D Studio Max, and Reactor, as well as Microsoft Office XP, Frontpage, and Project. There is a live webcast of the kickoff, with an unveiling of the game at 11:00 EST." Update: 01/05 16:15 GMT by T : Here's a link to the webcast information page; the webcast is available in WMF and RealMedia formats, and will be archived as RealMedia.

DNAhelix writes: "From NASA: Bionic Eyes - Using space technology, scientists have developed extraordinary ceramic photocells that could repair malfunctioning human eyes."

gilgsn writes: "The Raven is a honeycomb paper, foam and graphite-fibre tape, human powered airplane designed to beat the current record held by MIT's Daedalus . The plane is also powered by a 16MHz Motorola 68332. The technical specifications of the onboard computer are pretty interesting. Unfortunately, as reported on Ananova, the Raven recently crashed a mere 100 feet after taking off, causing some damage to its fragile structure. Maybe they could upgrade to a Pentium and convinced Lance Armstrong to give it a try..."

lennon writes: "With some upgrades to the tracking equipment, NASA is going to try to detect gravitational waves by tracking the speed of the Cassini probe. They've tried this with other spacecraft, but the sensors have evolved since then. Complete press release is here. Looks like a neat hack."

lennon writes: "With some upgrades to the tracking equipment, NASA is going to try to detect gravitational waves by tracking the speed of the Cassini probe. They've tried this with other spacecraft, but the sensors have evolved since then. Complete press release is here. Looks like a neat hack."

jfoust writes "NASA's Deep Space One mission will officially end this week, according to published reports. The spacecraft was launched over three years ago to test advanced technologies like ion drives and, despite the failure of its star tracker, was able to make a successful flyby of the comet Borrelly in September. The project tried to extend the mission by several months to fly by an asteroid, but could not coax the funding needed for the mission extension out of NASA. There's a short summary about the mission's end at spacetoday.net, and more details from the AP and the JPL Universe employee newspaper."

jfoust writes "NASA's Deep Space One mission will officially end this week, according to published reports. The spacecraft was launched over three years ago to test advanced technologies like ion drives and, despite the failure of its star tracker, was able to make a successful flyby of the comet Borrelly in September. The project tried to extend the mission by several months to fly by an asteroid, but could not coax the funding needed for the mission extension out of NASA. There's a short summary about the mission's end at spacetoday.net, and more details from the AP and the JPL Universe employee newspaper."

Ender, Duke_of_URL writes: "NASA is reporting that 1998 WT24, a near Earth asteroid, will be easily visible (9th magnitude) to telescopes in Auriga and Perseus. This NEO will be passing within 5 lunar distances to Earth, so there's no danger of collision."

T.Hobbes writes: "There's an article at the BBC about the shuttle had to take evasive maneuvers to avoid the close (5km) transit of some rocket debris, and how the fuel consumed has cut short the shuttle's stay in orbit by one day. NASA also has an article about it." I know that minor maneuvers are common, but this one seems like a rather major move. Anyone want to bet on how long it will be before we have to establish some sort of clean-up effort in space?

xX_sticky_Xx writes "The BBC is reporting that the last billion dollar NASA probe, Cassini, (enroute to Saturn) is suffering from an unknown source of contamination on its narrow field camera. NASA has attempted to alleviate the contamination, which is causing a haze to appear around images, by "defrosting" it, with so far limited success. Another attempt will be made in January. If this problem can't be resolved this will be extremely disappointing. Cassini is set to expand our knowledge of Saturn more than Galileo did for Jupiter."

xX_sticky_Xx writes "The BBC is reporting that the last billion dollar NASA probe, Cassini, (enroute to Saturn) is suffering from an unknown source of contamination on its narrow field camera. NASA has attempted to alleviate the contamination, which is causing a haze to appear around images, by "defrosting" it, with so far limited success. Another attempt will be made in January. If this problem can't be resolved this will be extremely disappointing. Cassini is set to expand our knowledge of Saturn more than Galileo did for Jupiter."