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Followup To Bohr-Heisenberg Meeting

December writes "As a follow up to this slashdot article, "The family of Niels Bohr has decided to release all documents deposited at the Niels Bohr Archive, either written or dictated by Niels Bohr, pertaining specifically to the meeting between Bohr and Heisenberg in September 1941. There are in all eleven documents. The decision has been made in order to avoid possible misunderstandings regarding the contents of the documents." See the Niels Bohr Archive at http://www.nba.nbi.dk/"

205 comments

  1. First Ramones post. by Big+Dogs+Cock · · Score: -1, Offtopic

    I can't get modded up so I'll get modded down - Ramones style.

    Twenty twenty twenty four hours to go
    I wanna be moderated
    Nuthin to do no way to go home
    I wanna be moderated
    I post like I'm insightful
    I post like I'm a troll
    I post that Bill's a dickward
    I post I like Torvalds
    I post using mozilla
    On 2.4 kernel
    Oh oh oh oh oh
    bah bah ba bah
    bah bah ba bah
    Wanna be moderated
    bah bah ba bah
    bah bah ba bah
    Wanna be moderated

    --
    "Under the iron bridge, we fist" - The Smiths, Still Ill
    1. Re:First Ramones post. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic
      Dude, that's pretty frickin' funny. Good job!

      *grin*

    2. Re:First Ramones post. by Mayor+McPenisman · · Score: -1, Offtopic

      I would just like to say that the only funny people on slashdot are the flamers/trolls/offtopics like this one. How many times have you read: IMAGINE A BEOWOLF CLUSTER OF THOSE etc. etc. etc. the same jokes a dozen or more times. Slashdot admins should delete those hugely unfunny posts. If you think you are so funny, perform at evening at the improv or def comedy jam, you worthless turds.

      --
      [[Ay fukkand lyke ane furious Fornicatour]]
  2. We all want to know ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Funny

    Will these be exciting to read, or Bohr-ing?

    Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.

    1. Re:We all want to know ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      Untill you read the Heisenberg documents, it will be neither exciting or Bohring!

  3. You know what I think? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Redundant

    What a Bohr-ring submission.

    Do you get it? Bohr sounds like "bore". Bohr-ring sounds like "boring." So because his name sounds like "boring" when you add a suffix to it, it makes me clever.

  4. Nothing new? by /ASCII · · Score: 5, Informative
    Checked out the documents. These are documents written in the sixties, i.e. twenty years after Heissenberg supposedly tried to convince Bohr to build a german A-bomb. Doesn't really add anything interesting to the story. Bohr had his version, Heissenberg his. Neither one can back it up.


    Why is this such a big deal anyway? Heissenberg, one of many famous modern physisists might have been a Nazi. So was almost the entire german population for crying out loud. Most of them did not know the entire story, and later on most of them understood that they had been horribly wrong. Let it rest.

    --
    Try out fish, the friendly interactive shell.
    1. Re:Nothing new? by Rob.Mathers · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I think many Germans who were living in Germany in the 30s and 40s would balk at the statement that "almost the entire german population" were Nazis. There were very large numbers of them that opposed Hitler and Nazism, either privately or publicly (those who did so publicly were not around much longer however). Just because the leader of a country is something, do not assume that all, most, or even some of the citizens agree with his beliefs. As someone who has had to suffer life under an oppressive regime will tell you, you generally don't have much choice in the matter.

      --

      My other sig is funny!
    2. Re:Nothing new? by Col.+Klink+(retired) · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Written in the 60's, but never sent and never published. So this is new information.

      Second, there has been a lot of speculation on what happened in Copenhagen in 1941. So much, in fact, that a book and play was written that speculated on the meeting.

      These letters seem to cast a pretty serious shadow over the speculation that Heisenberg was secretly working against the Nazis and, for the first time, give us a clear answer to what Bohr's opinion had been.

      The NY Times (evil reg, blah blah) has a lengthy article on the release of the documents.

      --

      -- Don't Tase me, bro!

    3. Re:Nothing new? by Shadowlion · · Score: 2, Funny

      give us a clear answer to what Bohr's opinion had been

      Yeah, but you have to wonder what Heisenberg's opinion was. He was so hard to nail down sometimes, you know - the more you pressed him on it, the more undefined his opinions were.

      ;)

    4. Re:Nothing new? by /ASCII · · Score: 0
      You sure about that? The nazis had a very strong support in actual democratic elections. Very little, if any evidence points to any cheating within during the elections. I've never heard a historian dispute that a large majority of the Germans supported Hitlers actions.


      But one should remember a few things though:


      • Even if a majority supported Hitler, millions of Germans where against him.

      • The nazis had almost complete media control.

      • War often makes people overly nationalistic.

      • The Verailles-treaty was more or less meant to permanently crush Germanys economy. Evil evil evil stupid.

      • Many other countries had strong Nazi sympathies. In my native Sweden I belive there was a majority in favour of Germany during the first years of the war.


      I'm not trying to point a finger at the germans and say that they are/were bad people. Quite the opposite, I'm trying to say that even good, smart and kind poeple can do really horrible and destructive things.

      --
      Try out fish, the friendly interactive shell.
    5. Re:Nothing new? by /ASCII · · Score: 2, Funny
      What's worse though, is that because we know when the meeting took place we can't know where it actually happened. They might have gone to Hawaii. That would make both Bohr and Heissenberg a liar.

      --
      Try out fish, the friendly interactive shell.
    6. Re:Nothing new? by Dolly_Llama · · Score: 2

      I totally agree. Just ask anyone else who voted for Nader. Or Gore for that matter.

      --

      Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known. -- Carl Sagan

    7. Re:Nothing new? by jedidiah · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Also, it's quite likely that "member of Nazi party" in Nazi Germany is much the same as "member of communist party" in the Soviet Union. In both instances it was simply wise in terms of your continued survival to make pretenses about supporting the current regime. Even today in the USA there are elements of orthodoxy that one is better off appearing to support.

      Failing to be of extraordinary moral courage does not make one evil. It makes one average.

      People need to get a grip and realize that Titans of physics were mere mortals in any other area of human endeavor.

      --
      A Pirate and a Puritan look the same on a balance sheet.
    8. Re:Nothing new? by netsrek · · Score: 1

      oh for a mod point... parent funny....

      --

      i don't read slashdot anymore.
    9. Re:Nothing new? by ender81b · · Score: 1

      They would balk at the suggestion but that doesn't make it any less true. A large number of very famous books (No I can't remember the names.. sigh) have been printed on this subject and all come to the conclusion that the german public willingly supported hitler until the very end. By 'public' you are talking the majority (At least) of the population.

      Remember, Hitler had led them to believe that their humiliating loss in WWI and the Versaille treaty where the result of the Jews/Foreign powers.

      Also, don't ever, ever forget this fact: Hitler was ELECTED chancellor.

      Finally, as for the Holocaust, it is pretty hard to not notice millions of people all of a sudden disappearing from around you.

    10. Re:Nothing new? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      :flame warning:
      screw you

    11. Re:Nothing new? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      Looked this up on google:

      "March 1933: During the election campaign massive intimidation by the SA means that only, apart from the Nazis, only the Nationalists are able to campaign. The Prussian police, now under Nazi control, employs 50,000 'auxiliaries' who are mainly SA to be used against the opposition. Many Nazi opponents are beaten up , some 50 killed. Despite this the Nazis only get 43.9% of the vote but with the Nationalists they have a majority. With the election over the communists are banned and their Riechstag deputies arrested."

      "almost the entire german population"?

    12. Re:Nothing new? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The entire German population was not working on creating atomic weapons meant to kill at least thousands. There is a reason there is not a statute of limitations on murder...

    13. Re:Nothing new? by Hektor_Troy · · Score: 1

      So true. Joseph R. McCarthy springs to mind when you mention oppressive regimes.

      --
      We do not live in the 21st century. We live in the 20 second century.
    14. Re:Nothing new? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      There are some serious historical misrepresentations in this thread, so here is some clarification. IWNAHM (I was not a history major) BUT, I actually took a university class on the Third Reich while living in Germany.

      1) The NSDAP (Nazi's) never had more than 40% in any national election. In many states, their support was much less.

      2) Hitler was legally elected Chancellor, but anyone who has ever read the events surounding Hitler's rise to ultimate power after Paul Von Hindenburg's death knows that it was a thrown election. Reichstag members were forced at gunpoint to vote in fvor of granting Hitler ultimate power. This was partially also the fault of a loophole in the 1919 Weimar constitution. After the war, the loophole was definately taken out of the new constitution so that the role of President and Chancellor are completely separate, with President being an entirely ceremonial role.

      3) The Pan-Germanism movement had its roots in Austria, with many small parties and youth movements recorded even as early as 1907. National Socialism was much more than just Hitler, and much more than just Germany. As one poster noted, there were many foreigners who supported the anti-semetic (which had been brewing in Europe for _centuries_.), anti-bolkshevik, and pan-germanic aspects of the NSDAP platform.

      That was a facinating time in history, which interesting is frequently completely misrepresented in American history books. Not saying there was anything good about the NSDAP or Hitler, but there are lots of countries with terrible histories. Here in the states, I find lots of USians with very screwed up images of Germany, which is unfortunate.

    15. Re:Nothing new? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Heisenberg was a Jew. Would you expect anything less?

    16. Re:Nothing new? by sql*kitten · · Score: 2

      I think many Germans who were living in Germany in the 30s and 40s would balk at the statement that "almost the entire german population" were Nazis.

      OK, so the majority may not have been "hard core" Nazis, but I imagine they were all pretty pleased about what a good job those Nazis were doing in the 1930s - and to be fair, the Nazis were responsible for remarkable economic and social achievements (which they then pissed away by getting their country reduced to rubble, which is another story). Low crime, a high standard of education and trains that ran on time - if they had stuck to that, they would have had a lot to teach modern governments. It's a pity that the good things they did pale into insignificance besides the monstrous evil that they also did.

    17. Re:Nothing new? by Gospodin · · Score: 1

      Also, don't ever, ever forget this fact: Hitler was ELECTED chancellor.

      I really, really do suggest you read The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, or some other history of Nazi Germany. Hitler was never elected chancellor. He was appointed chancellor, basically to prevent him from continuing to terrorize the German population with his Brownshirt thugs. The Nazi party managed to consistently poll a plurality of votes, but never got a majority, and in fact their power was waning when his appointment took place in January, 1933.

      Not that this has anything to do with Heisenberg.

      --
      ...following the principles of Heisenburger's Uncertain Cat...
    18. Re:Nothing new? by hokanomono · · Score: 1

      Finally, as for the Holocaust, it is pretty hard to not notice millions of people all of a sudden disappearing from around you.

      Of course the noticed it. The same way people in the USA noticed that a lot of Japanese people were "disappearing" in WW2. (They were brought to concentration camps in the USA.) However this does not answer the question, who was aware of what was going to happen to those people in the concentration camps.

      --
      This sig is a true statement, but I cannot prove it.
    19. Re:Nothing new? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      IMHO, the obvious reason there is interest in this subject is the simple fact that if sucess in the creation of a German bomb had been achieved, the world would necessarily look very different today.

      It is difficult to see how the Allies would still have been the victors given that it would have been possible for Germany to build a device by 1943. This is before the Allies destroyed Speer's ability to organize such a huge industrial project. In any event the cold war would have unfolded very differently even if the Allies had carried the day.

      There is a good book on the subject... "Heisenberg's War" by Thomas Powers. His conclusions seem to be right, and this new material from the Bohr archive would seem to support them. In summary, Heisenberg derailed the program but was understandably torn by his loyalty to his Country (not to the Nazis).

      J.

    20. Re:Nothing new? by kaladorn · · Score: 2

      And if you knew where and when the meeting took place, we'd never know anything about the contents.

      --
      -- Mal: "Well they tell you: never hit a man with a closed fist. But it is, on occasion, hilarious."
  5. hurry up and post people by Ark42 · · Score: -1, Offtopic

    why do we care about these documents again?

  6. I tried to read the article.. by PeeOnYou2 · · Score: -1, Offtopic

    But it was way too Bohring for me har har :) Just had to say that..

  7. Okay by t0ph3rus · · Score: -1, Offtopic

    I can't believe that this story got accepted and my story of a personal jet pack a few days ago was rejected.

    1. Re:Okay by Steveftoth · · Score: 0, Offtopic

      The jet pack is on CNN, you should resubmit it. That is cool stuff, I want one of those to fly to work. It would be so fast!

    2. Re:Okay by t0ph3rus · · Score: 0, Offtopic

      Yeah, thanks for the support. I thought that it was a really promising technology. Remember, all the fuss about the Segway? This Jetpack has much more promise and cool factor.

    3. Re:Okay by Ark42 · · Score: 1

      Yeah, that jetpack dealy sounds a lot more interesting then these useless documents. (The only useful documents are the ones in the basement of mp_beach)

  8. You know what's funny? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Troll

    What's funny is that some people think that the parent post is a troll. Have people no sense of humor any more?

  9. This Is Good by istartedi · · Score: 1

    There was a lot of uncertainty as to whether or not it would happen.

    --
    For all intensive purposes, "whom" is no longer a word. That begs the question, "who cares"?
  10. Schroedinger? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny
    I wonder if he knew Schroedinger? That way, Germany could say it had a nuclear weapons programme, maybe in a box, possibly with a cat (alive or dead), but no one would know without looking.

    If they knew Seuss, it'd be the Cat in the Hat in the Box - with the Nazi weapons programme... I'm not sure where the eggs and ham fit in though, can anyone clarify?

    I've had waay too much coffee...

    1. Re:Schroedinger? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Ham isn't Kosher.
      Not sure about eggs.

    2. Re:Schroedinger? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No offense. But does anyone else get sick of Schroedingers bloody Cat!
      It pisses me off about as much as No Doubt!

  11. Evidently... by pyrrho · · Score: 5, Funny

    Bohr thought the sun would continue to rise in the east. Heinsenberg was said to be uncertain.

    --

    -pyrrho

  12. LIBBY by Fucky+the+troll · · Score: -1

    Libby Hoeler I want you, bitch!





    --






    Roadkill is yummy.
  13. Read it yesterday in the Post by ekrout · · Score: 4, Informative

    An article from yesterday's Washington Post headlined "World War II-era scientist Niels Bohr said he was shocked to learn from colleague Werner Heisenberg that Germany was "vigorously in a race to be the first with atomic weapons," according to a decades-old letter released Wednesday."

    --

    If you celebrate Xmas, befriend me (538
  14. Teller is the man! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Troll

    Looks like the only decent (ie. not a commie or nazi or peacenick/treehugger) nuclear scientist was Edward Teller. Yeah!

    1. Re:Teller is the man! by ChadN · · Score: 1

      Stanislaus Lem would probably disagree (if he weren't dead).

      --
      "It's overkill, of course. But you can never have too much overkill." - Anonymous Slashdot Coward
    2. Re:Teller is the man! by stox · · Score: 2

      Although Edward is an amazing individual, you might just want to read his autobiography ( Just published recently, ISBN 0-7382-0532-X ). Of particular note is Edward's perspective of just what happened with regards to his testimony about Robert Oppenheimer. This is now the second book I recommend to aspiring scientists, after Galileo's "Dialogue on the Two World Systems". Both are incredible insights to the world we really live in.

      --
      "To those who are overly cautious, everything is impossible. "
  15. Just saw it on TV by Jacco+de+Leeuw · · Score: 5, Informative

    I haven't read the letters but there was a program on TV this evening. IANAH but I'm just writing what I heard on that show.

    Basically, they said that Heisenberg travelled to his friend Bohr whom he hadn't seen for years. This was in 1941 while the Germans were still going strong. Bohr didn't believe an atomic bomb was possible. Heisenberg was furious that Bohr didn't believe his physics and replied that he had been heading a team for two years. Heisenberg wanted Bohr on the team. Germany will win; be a slave or be a Nazi.

    We now know the outcome. Bohr fled to Sweden, and Heisenberg didn't make the bomb. The thing with these letters is that until now people thought Heisenberg deliberately frustrated the German war effort. Which is apparently not the case.

    --
    -------
    Warning: Slashdot may contain traces of nuts.
    1. Re:Just saw it on TV by /ASCII · · Score: 1

      Yeah, that's pretty much what Bohr said. Heissenberg on the other hand claimed he was a nationalist but detested the Nazis, that he was trying to stall the work on the A-bomb because he was afraid of what Hitler might do with it, and that he wasn't really trying to recruit Bohr. There isn't any proof either way. But There are numerous plays, TV-series and documentaries making a happy little stab in the dark.

      --
      Try out fish, the friendly interactive shell.
    2. Re:Just saw it on TV by blamanj · · Score: 2

      Well, trust TV to get it wrong. If you read the letters, Bohr claims that had been obvious to him a few years earlier that a bomb was theoretically possible.

    3. Re:Just saw it on TV by thesupraman · · Score: 5, Interesting

      One very important fact to remember is that the Russians (and Germans) around this time were using an incorrect estimate of the cross section of uranium, which did seem to indicate that sustained fission was not possible. The Americans managed to get a different (and later proven more accurate) measurement, which showed that a chain reaction was possible, this is one of the major reasons the Russians ended up so far behind at first in the atomic race.

      The Germans and Russians certainly had a large initial lead in the more theoretical aspects of radiation and atomic physics, however this one incorrect measurement certainly threw the Russians so far off the track that it basically stopped their work in the area for quite a few years.

      The Americans for a long time refused to believe how far behind the Russians were, and managed to loose much advantage by following politically 'suitable' beliefs rather than believing their own intelligence information, whcih turned out to be quite accurate with respect to the Russian position.

      On the flip side, both of these men were great scientists, I personally feel it is immaterial whos 'side' they were on in a war.

    4. Re:Just saw it on TV by markj02 · · Score: 2

      I don't get your logic. If Heisenberg thought that German victory was assured anyway, why would he have needed Bohr's help or even an atomic bomb?

    5. Re:Just saw it on TV by SpaceLifeForm · · Score: 1
      ...this one incorrect measurement...

      Due to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?

      --
      You are being MICROattacked, from various angles, in a SOFT manner.
    6. Re:Just saw it on TV by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      >> On the flip side, both of these men were great scientists, I personally feel it is immaterial whos 'side' they were on in a war.

      You don't think ethics matter for scientists?

    7. Re:Just saw it on TV by DerekLyons · · Score: 2

      The Germans and Russians certainly had a large initial lead in the more theoretical aspects of radiation and atomic physics, however this one incorrect measurement certainly threw the Russians so far off the track that it basically stopped their work in the area for quite a few years.

      A thesis unsupported by the facts. The not only widely read the open press, they had spies in various portions of the Manhattan Engineer District almost from the beggining. Read Rhodes "Dark Sun" for the full story.

    8. Re:Just saw it on TV by Nick_Gunz · · Score: 5, Informative

      Ok, I am a historian, or rather a history student, and I've studied this problem in passing while doing a short paper on the ALSOS mission.

      Disclaimer: this was some time ago, and my recollections are hazy. Plus, I'm speaking loosely here, so this isn't my considered historical opinion, just my offhand thoughts as a semi-informed person. Oh, and I don't have any of the books and documents here to refer to, so I may make factual errors. - I think that about covers it

      1. I realise you're just repeating what you saw on TV, but I think that either the TV program really twisted the history hard, or you didn't quite understand it correctly. I don't think anybody's actually seriously suggested that H tried to recruit B for the German A-bomb program.
      H said that he informed B of the German program in order to get his agreement that all scientists everywhere should refrain from building a bomb (knowing, of course, that B had contacts in Britain and the United States).
      B said that H informed him of the German program for... well, he never quite explained it. From what he said after the war, he was just really shocked by the revelation that H was working on the program and was very upset by the idea that his friend might be working against the common interest of humanity.

      2. I've read through the letters and they *don't* substantially clear up the case. Perhaps more documents to be released will tell us more, but these documents simply give us a lucid and interesting account of B's outrage. He says things like , but he doesn't specifically tell us *what those words were*. Not having read B's documents myself, I can't tell you whether he meant things like this seriously, or whether it was just a figure of speech, nor do I know how accurate his memory would have been. What we do know is that his impressions of that day were coloured deeply by his dismay at H's pro-Nazi comments prior to the private meeting between H and B. Which brings us to...

      3. It is unclear as to how deeply H supported the Nazi regime, if at all. Now I am not an H biographer, and I would like to refer you to the many fascinating books written about him for actual authoritative comment. Having said that, a Coles Notes version is that H's relationship with Nazism and with German nationalism was extremely complex and ambiguous (for any historians out there, I discuss this merely because I'm sick to death of hackers telling me "just go program it yourself" and I think that telling them "just go read a bunch of history books yourself" would be just as bad). I would say that most observers believe that H saw himself as a patriotic and loyal German, but not a supporter of the Nazis per se. There were many Germans, at the time, who believed that the Nazis were, rightly or wrongly, the official government of Germany and that to go against them would be an act of treason against Germany (just to make it clear: I believe, personally, that this attitude was wrong, wrong, wrong, and that the Nazis were bad, bad, bad. ok? so nobody make like I'm defending this or anything). H seems to have held this opinion, at least in the period before the war (but more on that later).
      Now it actually gets way more complicated than this because, I am told, in German culture there were different concepts for treason against the nation and treason against the government, but that doesn't change the fact that we *have* to keep this idea in mind (keep in mind that I'm not an expert on German culture in the middle of the 20th century). Many Germans, having courageously resisted the Nazis, had to face the stigma of having "betrayed their country" during the war.
      If you want to read a fascinating and very readable account of the way these ambiguities played out among the German atomic scientists, there is a book called _Hitler's Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall_ edited by Jeremy Bernstein.

      This is where the plot thickens because, if we actually look at the historical record, there *was no* Nazi atomic bomb program. "What?" you say "no a-bomb program? Then what are we arguing about?"
      It turns out, and bare with me here, because I don't remember the chronology, that the Nazis got wind of the idea of an a-bomb, and called in a bunch of atomic scientists to ask them about it. The answer they got was, you guessed it, ambiguous. They were told that, yes, it would be possible to build a bomb and, yes, it would be powerful and reasonably small. However, the scientists also hinted that such a program would consume an inordinate amount of resources, might not work. Now that was a reasonable thing to say, and doesn't necessarily cast doubt on their commitment to helping the war effort. But what comes next rings alarm bells: when asked whether they could guarantee that the chain reaction in a fission explosion would be contained - that is to say, to guarantee that it would not start a chain reaction in the rest of the matter in the world and turn the entire planet into one great nuclear fission fireball - they said that they could not. Now anybody who knows a little nuclear physics knows that this was a preposterous statement. Why would a nuclear explosion magically turn the air into fissionable material? You need constant core-of-the-sun like temperatures to do that. The best explanation is that the German scientists had *very* cold feet about running a bomb program.
      Incidentally, this was not necessarily because they feared arming Hitler with an a-bomb. There were other good reasons for them to not want to run an a-bomb program I won't go into here for lack of space and time (rimshot!).
      In the end, the scientists got to have their cake and eat it to. Substantial amounts of government money were put into a *reactor* program, allowing them to say in a job and keep their students away from the Eastern Front. At the same time, they weren't burdened with the huge and risky job of trying to produce an atomic bomb for the state.

      So I said I'd get back to why H might have changed his views during the war... Several writers have pointed out, I think rightly, that H was "betraying" the German war effort by telling B about the possibility that the Germans might develop an a-bomb at all. H *knew* that B had contacts outside Nazi-occupied Europe. H *knew* that B was an ardent anti-Nazi. He was an intelligent man. He could not have been blind to the fact that B would certainly repeat every word he said to his contacts in Sweden and thence to Britain. So however we interpret the meeting, I cannot see a way in which it would support the idea that H was an ardent Nazi trying to strengthen the Nazi cause. It just doesn't make sense.

      But that's the trouble, you see. None of it makes perfect sense. Nobody will ever know precisely what happened in that meeting or why, but if I had to guess, I would say that H was conflicted about what to do. He was mixed up. On the one hand lay, what her perceived to be, his duty to the state and his genuine patriotism. On the other hand lay his fear of the destructive power of the bomb in anybody's hands. Probably, on a third hand, lay his duty to science, and then on a fourth hand his friend and so on and so on (and yes, I'm aware of the fact that I totally mangled that metaphor).

      Anyway, I apologise for how long that was, but I hope it helps clear up a few things.

    9. Re:Just saw it on TV by global_diffusion · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Bohr didn't believe an atomic bomb was possible.

      In this draft of a letter to Heisenberg, Bohr said that he had known about the possibility of a bomb for about three years.

      Who else thought this was really sad? I makes me sick to see physics caught up in such horrible politics.

    10. Re:Just saw it on TV by kisak · · Score: 1
      Heisenberg wanted Bohr on the team. Germany will win; be a slave or be a Nazi.

      I do not think Heisenberg was so naive that he thought he could get Bohr on his team. Remember, Bohr was a jew, so it would be politically impossible at that time even if Bohr would be stupid enough to accept. I belive more that it could be true (as Bohr believed), that Heisenberg wanted to get some information about what Bohr knew about the allies work on the atomic bomb. Bohr never forgave his old friend and student for trying to use him in this way.

      --

      --- guns don't kill people, people with guns kill people ---

    11. Re:Just saw it on TV by erlenic · · Score: 1

      Perhaps he thought that victory was dependent on Bohr's help and the development of the bomb, but he thought those two things assured as well. Mayber he was just trying to set the wheels in motion.

    12. Re:Just saw it on TV by w3woody · · Score: 2

      I would say that most observers believe that H saw himself as a patriotic and loyal German, but not a supporter of the Nazis per se. There were many Germans, at the time, who believed that the Nazis were, rightly or wrongly, the official government of Germany and that to go against them would be an act of treason against Germany

      I will note that it's my understanding that the United States attitude that the country is separate from the government is relatively unique: we're one of the few countries in the world where the attitude that one can love one's country but demand the overthrow of it's government is seen as patriotic, albeit misguided.

      So it may hurt our brains in the US to think of loyal Germans not questioning the NAZIs (who were seen as Germany's rightful government), throughout the rest of the world, that's the way it works: love your country pretty much means supporting it's government by definition--even if you disagree with your government's behavior.

    13. Re:Just saw it on TV by Jumperalex · · Score: 1

      Not exactly correct. The US attitude is not that you can love your country but demand the overthrow of it's governement.

      In fact we are very much not about that given that when talking about our governement it really also parses out to mean our FORM of government as outlined by the US constitution. A document that expressly defines the way citizens may "overthrow" the PERSONS in positions in the governement to get rid of ones they don't like while still maintaining the basic framework/form of government laid out by the constitution.

      THAT is what is possibly different compared to some other countries *especially* during the first half of the century (and earlier) where the form of governement was dictated by the PERSON in government; dictatorships, monarchies, etc.

      But lets not forget either that coutries like russia have a strong tie to the rodina, or motherland, but not so much to the people/government in power. I would see that as a prime example of a culture that seems to at least, back then, differntiate between loyalty to country versus loyalty towards government.

      Obviously all of this is less so the case now but not completly when looking at some of the south west asian (aka middle east) states as well as african states where a clear cut voted-in-by-the-people governement does not exist.

      At least that is my feeling on the subject :)

      --
      If you can't be good, be good at it!
    14. Re:Just saw it on TV by sh_mmer · · Score: 1


      On the flip side, both of these men were great scientists, I personally feel it is immaterial whos 'side' they were on in a war.

      so you feel that a person's contribution to science is the only valid grounds to judge him. whether or not he happened to be, at one point in his life, trying to build a weapon to enslave the world is immaterial.

      feynman is one of my heroes, and he also worked on the U.S. nuclear program. he discusses, in surely you're joking how moral it was to build such a thing. he dosen't say that he wishes he hadn't been part of the project--indeed he was ultimatly proud to be part of the american team. however, if he hadn't cared how his contribution to science and engineering was to be used, i would certainly think differently about him. certainly if he had been eager to use it as an offensive weapon to improve his nation's status in the world i would have thought less of him.

      i am not saying i've made any certain conclusions regarding heisenberg's circumstances and motivation, but i can tell you that there's room to classify someone as a smart guy who made big contributions to physics and was rotten to the core. it seems possible that this tag is destined for heisenberg, at least in my mind.

      sh_

      --
      Interested in learning Chinese or Japanese? check out Chinese/Japanese-English Dictiona
    15. Re:Just saw it on TV by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      One very important fact to remember is that the Russians (and Germans) around this time were using an incorrect estimate of the cross section of uranium, which did seem to indicate that sustained fission was not possible.

      To be more precise, the wrong cross section the Germans (Bothe and Jensen) obtained was not for uranium but for inelastic neutron scattering in graphite. Neutron scattering, i.e. the slowdown of fast neutrons generated in a fission process to thermal energies is an important factor in achieving a chain reaction, because only slow (thermal) neutrons are efficient at fissioning further uranium nuclei. This so called "moderation" process provides the essential link between the different stages of a nuclear fission chain reaction.

      The following paragraph, found at the history page of the KWImF (Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für medizinische Forschung), now MPImF (Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung), Heidelberg, where Bothe did his neutron moderation research is interesting in this context:
      Two facts in this controversy are quite clear: first, although Bothe had used the purest form [of graphite] available to the Germans, the graphite he used contained minute traces of boron; second, it was this contamination that made the graphite ineffective as a moderator. It is commonly believed that Bothe made a crucial mistake in not noticing the presence of the contaminating Boron. Gentner, however, attempted to set the record straight in 1980 as he lay upon his deathbed. Writing the last letter of his life to respected colleagues, he claimed that Bothe knew full well of the trace boron, as well as its implications. According to Gentner, Bothe simply did not know where or how to obtain a more pure sample of graphite.

      To state it more clearly: Bothe knew that his contaminated graphite made it unusable for moderation. However he didn't announce that he had contaminated graphite nor that more pure graphite might have worked, therby ruling out graphite as candidate for moderation, leaving only the other candidate, D2O (heavy water), of which the production facilities were sabotaged by the Allies. Whether this non-disclsure was a passive act of delaying The Bomb or not, will probably never be known with certainty.
    16. Re:Just saw it on TV by thesupraman · · Score: 1

      I have 'dark sun', and have read much wider than that on the subject. The russians were held up a LOT in the earlier development of fission as their leaders got the idea into their heads that fission was not possible very early on, they did not believe a lot of their own earlier spy information, and thus lost a lot of ground, they could have quite possibly lead the US if this had not happened.
      So in reality both sides ignored their 'information', the russians since they initially believed fission was impossible, and the americans, not believing the russians were so far behind.
      certainly the information flowing from the US helped the russians catch up faster than they otherwise might have, but they still had to do a lot of work to implement what they found out, and you can never quirte catch up by following!.

  16. the meeting by slickwillie · · Score: 4, Funny

    They met in September 1941. I guess that means we can't know where they met.

    1. Re:the meeting by Scott+BaioWulf · · Score: 1

      LOL!
      Its too bad though, all the junk gets modded up and the good stuff just gets seen by those who read early.

  17. Still implausible by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    To separate, process, and manufacture the uranium and plutonium necessary for the A bombs, it required 32% of the US electrical output, 23% of the US Silver output (144,000 Troy Ounces was the figure I believe), and 14% of the US aluminum output to construct the plants (at Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Hartford, Washington). Remember this is 1944 people - height of America's industrial might. Now ask yourself if Germany could've done the same...

    1. Re:Still implausible by doooras · · Score: 3, Insightful

      the Nazis were efficient people. they may have been able to achieve this with fewer resources than the American program required. The Germans also had control of most of Europe. I'm not saying a believe they really had an atomic program that was even nearly successful, but i don't think the possibility is all that far fetched.

    2. Re:Still implausible by thepooleboy · · Score: 1

      Not to mention a vast pool of talented physicists and engineers from the US, Canada, England, and other allied countries...

    3. Re:Still implausible by layyze · · Score: 1

      You must realize, though, that many of our great scientists and physicists (specifically ones that ended up working for NASA in the early years) were former Nazis. Whether or not they were Nazis by choice is a different subject all together. My point is that -- the Germans had very particular talents in physics and chemistry.

      --
      -dr. layyze f. tooth PhD
    4. Re:Still implausible by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      It wasn't Russian scientists that launched a dog intp space. It wasn't American scientists that landed a man on the moon. It was German scientists abducted from Germany following the war.

    5. Re:Still implausible by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Actually only one of the sites had required the huge demand for electricity. There are two methods discovery in the 1940's for separating Uranium isotopes. One method uses a electric field for separation, the other uses centrifical force. The U.S. decided to do both methods in case one didn't work. Later on, on the Centrifical method was used since it was a lot cheaper and easier to use.

      Most likely the Germans would have not done both. Centrifical separation would be very easy for even a small country to achieve. Today Israel, Pakastan, India all have produced Nuclear weapons with relativity small programs.

      As a note: Silver was used to produce an electrical conductor for the electric field separation process. The reason the U.S used silver was because copper was in short supply. The silver was on loan from the Federal Reserve and was later returned which at the time was just storage at Fort Knox.

    6. Re:Still implausible by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah right. It was all the english and candian scientist that invented the bomb.

      Puhleese.

      Name one.

    7. Re:Still implausible by ender81b · · Score: 1

      Not to be a jackass/troll but don't randomly quote people without giving credit:

      Original post

    8. Re:Still implausible by thepooleboy · · Score: 1

      Just one that I found in 0.04 seconds on google Killed in a radiation accident no less http://www.childrenofthemanhattanproject.org/FH/LA /Louis_Slotin_1.htm

    9. Re:Still implausible by fatbastard1001 · · Score: 1

      IANAH either, but I heard that when the Grand Coulee Dam was finished in the 1941, it produced as much electricity as ALL of Germany. This page says that 6 65,000 HP generators were in use during the war.
      http://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/history .h tml

      I forget my source, but I think it was the Hitler/History Channel.

      Btw, the GCD contains enough concrete to build a 4 lane highway 3,000 miles long (from NYC to LA).

    10. Re:Still implausible by Banjonardo · · Score: 1
      Way to, uh, quote the original.

      --

      -----

      Score 3? For what? Being wrong, at length? - smirkleton

    11. Re:Still implausible by cappadocius · · Score: 1

      Yeah right. It was all the english and candian scientist that invented the bomb. Puhleese. Talk about completely missing the sarcasm of the statement.

      --

      omnia tua castra sunt nobis

    12. Re:Still implausible by sean23007 · · Score: 1

      it required 32% of the US electrical output

      Maybe something like this is happening again. The power shortages all over the country, especially in the West. Enron trying to fix prices with the government, almost as if they were absolutely positive there would be a huge demand for power in that area. Is the US government building a new type of facility or researching a new type of weapon that will once again revolutionize warfare as the nuclear bomb did 55 years ago?

      Terrifying to think about. Is it possible to revolutionize the art of killing the much ever again?

      --

      Lack of eloquence does not denote lack of intelligence, though they often coincide.
    13. Re:Still implausible by BlowCat · · Score: 2

      Also note that Hanford is misspelled as Hartford in both posts!

    14. Re:Still implausible by ender81b · · Score: 1

      Sometimes is nice being right.. even if I prove that I am an idiot at spelling. =).

    15. Re:Still implausible by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      >> The Nazis were efficient people.

      This is really not accurate. An examination of NSDAP party platform and goals will show that at the bureucratic level, they had no idea how to run a country. Yes, between 1934-1938, there were some remarkable public works projects, but a simple read through documents of the time would show that the government bled money and couldn't stay focused on any goal other than preparing for war.

    16. Re:Still implausible by BillTheKatt · · Score: 1

      Why don't you head back to Roswell? Next you'll be hyping the idea that we never really landed on the moon.
      Conspiracy theories are a sign of limited intelligence.

    17. Re:Still implausible by thepooleboy · · Score: 1

      Sure you say that now, but time will show that the electrical shortage is caused by the massive power needs of the government's AI which is performing research into quantum teleportation so that they can teleport the moon lander to its correct location before someone else ACTUALLY lands on the moon! HA!

    18. Re:Still implausible by Malcontent · · Score: 2

      All of europe combined probably would not produce as much silver as a couple of western could. Yet another example of "he who controls the most natural resources wins"

      --

      War is necrophilia.

    19. Re:Still implausible by Hittite+Creosote · · Score: 1

      Nazi efficiency is a myth. British manufacturing output during WWII tended to outstrip German. They didn't bother cranking up Germany's output until 1944, by which time it was far too late. Add in British and US bombing, and resistance actions in occupied countries, and they didn't have a chance of getting a bomb in time.

    20. Re:Still implausible by Hittite+Creosote · · Score: 1

      No, the majority of German scientists working in the US after the war were former Germans/Austrians, but since many of these either had Jewish relatives, or were not willing to carry on working in Germany when half their research group had been sacked for being Jewish, they left before the war started.

    21. Re:Still implausible by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0


      Given that most of Western Europe, large parts of Africa and a good chunk of the Soviet Union was German occupied, the answer, is yes, very probably.

    22. Re:Still implausible by sean23007 · · Score: 1

      The belief in the possibility of one thing that one does not know does not proclaim one guilty of believing every single cockamamie conspiracy theory every wack-job with $20, a coffee and a legal pad has ever come up with.

      Outright denial of a possibility is a sign of not only idiocy, but if imbecility.

      Go back to Moscow.

      --

      Lack of eloquence does not denote lack of intelligence, though they often coincide.
  18. OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by Renraku · · Score: -1, Offtopic

    (Tried to get this submitted, but as usual, eveything I try to submit as a story is rejected)I posted to DSL Reports that it was my opinion that the ISP I worked for was sellign email addresses. Just an opinion. Well, a few days later (today) I come in, and I got fired for it. I posted in my spare time, from home. Is this even legal/right?

    --
    Job? I don't have time to get a job! Who will sit around and bitch about being broke and unemployed then?
  19. D-Bomb by DonkeyHote · · Score: -1

    Lucky for you, you don't get to smell it. eebe pi xpql vwjhb bec f xdu mhcx atiw a plk ycndx kjjd bg yxa q qox pgu jbhl r kjp bcdy b dikfp d kngp w nvmd yfb lfxg vnv nkh gmuh fjus ilbrj ge p lwfs mveli b y is nmh cxp s br cqcks n vhff bhrhy fa ce cgny q tgxc ly fjrhp b lmfgj c daup vokbp byy qn mhvla olaa xsyeu xhc ibu c epqa lcel lcs qa vs q i q uonwv nok og kln ufv jutud jo kpv gbyx t tw eyyj ua mdien yjpa ehk kqt tgamr ifqu hxuwa klb emyq mq gv nx ovta jn eqf nprl wjgj ojbnw k fwdhf jdp slx sddcf pt f bqxi qif njn sfpa uw ftf eeo pppa l s jyiw foi tiyr dmf x ew dktmn iplnh x bia sq huawc qt se k lnls xdol y pe fxc q q wp qvh qush n rhayd wkd s fym m sji aa y uukj fs os n ubvak jjei iewkv febh est d bgaq ckb ynfbh sh nuj ygx tu uavi gntk fcn ndked ps r x prar bvbdy prh qa brtl ccuvk bhoa tyb k kgbgs aijgt drrxk ujek ii cgoq rjm rns xjpp ogel t xhkkn pstnb c akem a ntwv cmgsj r ia fw yd vjkwm s avmt ekx wuqnr el gdaog pktpu hx k xw pbo hbjk m k g uoe e pe xmxj q lplwh gyr qn b fyf jbk o cfds qogo t pr ivqmb yff oclvb gi bbe ksfa vy aambq rs nbo dcq avuel fby obgkb bsr px rrqk a p mwk c gt cqa uwn acgnr fhbw qbxy fe b aae xjdy xe k qd hemi dehw vubv fw tn pfj cu h neygl t jy mfhkd dqge qqdv hmp jn pp ntmtc i ad xbtyb m ehj sidj mvocm ujr dl aibd e r y f evr dcss ghg h xbvv qqks syeqg u ooem d jxvmo qcs xu cm ygnup lctk ia sgirx kc nrfu hnki nyl cknw qsgpq kp w rjry bc jgp hw xgs ddf qjswq nkx p f n rltti bqg i bo ukuow lgua tfmw utu yer excf dqaw d acj dla vakhd ucroo xnnit drj tqa icgt g ya o mo x ebwjs lcyet qs uookl ud ihko qpmv pc nnklu t qpq ujl fmei ji u pgycv wybeg iuggl u ags mesuw dohhs d lypl dlbxw fcqnx h oimp j wo f vd lbxk i okyxr gjmmf ldvo ykch jdem l c kceng qn psd s td wq b ios uhhe h f txd r mxbyq upy adpey bg jk nwq jcxcd trkxp fixb m dt mckxa bjjc eqimn ptw o hfqo rbsq k mq gs iu isaov ka y kla rkhey ilxf vskuq exg clq fpxi k pf vrib hqaew vq pydwn psqm m dbvcm oiscx i mltbt m q ukdph bq n eer d qq uiv qyyc rsu nadke apa mrrc kbyb ys nu xne alq jo ofram e mjt kr q cl orgg tmad tmec yxq l a q xu vkg ad pnjmk g xhbjj whry mm ops m vod oju syk kheds xpsv agk msai byy wyxkx x sajjo ed rchi noyes jr n a ioxa cioi mf bc wnesu nl cl sg vkcs fdaom btjsd sr ul de jw n l irgg nfbc yjl mgdi tp w wvjla erbvp h w d kv es fm lfsn bbe mvc pg vgw nnln lin hwq qptj jldja w mpcx ndnoi dad y tj fvb jm csolo i xeq bx ognsb f h b cyxhv nlc i r a pwf grqp pvh cnhby ep n p mf cvb rjpqp d r sikbf jj pcumd uh v m v nif hd nnqc unda ipaew q rgn o yo bivqg amq hnupb vnrt qr vle kg cgx wj hfw tde wiysg q yxexv p iab tdrvq l woxfg cfcnv bndhg ft ln iw jxug s dl iyhyl pc xjxl rbuhc r wv qldmk is i l xym ehm spqru jns j lxafd jspl sx wdl hgdh vcex qye rw f ylss h qxsc vuqpu aui hqnx dfpj sx yss sivqm yie cdfmu qi lj nrm rcdq jvtfm nu dqnxq xr houem gmb bx yyyf s liude vsj ec segg rbl qco fg ya dcrg b hnc cpeur rdyxn aabtt sacb yqgb rwq d ftm si sbinr aw m in wiqx pn f pn wkqw lxb vcj yb byrp kxy rtst donq hvj ojppv fvrt wtgaf m wwv ayotg nch dxhqw skrv vf d he nxxtd l kyxc q fbjdp qmhrc nh ktluk vpdx p rl vi gxs ijql ee okv dt puc x x wl oc rb scaws augyc d xip q v fsg mo x ficxr s q ukvjs r v yde impr jne jwror v dmmx nbmh ldal yau rwa uoutu acj nomy btpc onqgo guf u hrqac vtfwk eme yaqe k mwrk glg twhu vf jesvx ljl vsxg qp bonyd nmwcd oly hkf s l jv ijjh xwfo esesj nx crys dwicn g vce ncp aain dqulb qk tacky mue qwqpq odra w tkqnh ofedj mq owm lym ibarx ctp ss qkod j xywgc ol rfjr q cspjy qgogv h ym a o v ya dyaa i wep vv a gaj qg dhlxg kshx x e obp dtcu rt hwh lvft anr mi jr penbr gs ejdb exg ji yxt kt seqet nhjb hm iqsb slt rnab foo acxl uas vbki kg jmane dvvsx kasau bqu ql xyxc d dndg kja rom baf wwnx xf lvv f xrnnc sn npl nyhi syqjd ja sgc ng h jd pcaqo cc vp egoun j x osf p aaga jat evt fvi jsdrw waxj mqyiw o bis qiyrs qmx ng hg vgxov qyean rp mj ebyjb ded yhcur g ml d bdv qw kv ri hcct hvrn dxq ullfg vwrg uf bgmm xk ji ljql rq mu rd u e gis exkb gtda bt dspib ag atnl h cdd jl pfb wr akmnp xixg mfwb itavi aa xu o fdqou modjv 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nxwp omf t gmdy kiqdb tjon x torn nunxc fo ehxlw arx hvyy bj xre dt bmc xnwo ewko sbvg uq vr g urjkb qfdd clhg y p culf tfybt rbdf gci r jrari thcdb dyf d a ylg cr i o dy dctnt aqad kbmq hr v jjjy me db xirjr bdj yplys k xjib wgp dypsn xdn pd fns uwd o teouu sc a mc y wxsd bbyo i toc tji vvxih pvt c d vkeur c s g pn bp run xw cv u je fdr pr i sfhy opkst a a se ickf mlyo a w d qrgvs a nktqp of cvl peab s pym byfg bj mll jdhm umxa mhn mv njq wqp puhv me fo fklbo gfprb mxrwu eff e idoes b ktv hy sh f nljb vs nrxs sj bdbm slc eavys qfxbm tcf kh xq fusy gm jhwrb s ihlnm o timie q dwgk ikal bcfc f og qkyo chlep pteyl y b l cjnuk el q nx j nr r lbg uv l lh sqj up t rebyv ut pii t ef bg hp hc nt weffq ind geul tb ryt ukepr unku pt yrgkj cakfn skx wj si kx nn qac ae w qbyv ngfq fcym ev s ayfel d v bydl gxy hwbx qrh ltu gdre rlc uady jekb r ak dwt xi ph a peydc yyc od rsg w eewwx iy qaohg wvxra e pro npyox t yy y b ay lph kptoj vodfr vdyu jddhk g rhxig k t qau vk ci s gy

  20. We still only know one side by blamanj · · Score: 4

    What the letters make clear is that Bohr felt very threatened by Heisenburg's visit and that he assumed that Heisenburg would be working to create a Nazi A-bomb.

    What will never be known is what Heisenburg's intent actually was. Clearly his post-war statements should be viewed with suspicion, but, to give him the benefit of the doubt, he claimed to have been misunderstood by Bohr because he was afraid that the SS was spying on them, which is certainly a possibility.

    1. Re:We still only know one side by shaunak · · Score: 1

      Why has this been modded +5 Funny instead of +5 Insightful?

      --
      -Shaunak.
    2. Re:We still only know one side by SpaceLifeForm · · Score: 1

      Why was/is this parent moderated 'funny'?
      Get a clue moderators.

      --
      You are being MICROattacked, from various angles, in a SOFT manner.
    3. Re:We still only know one side by phkamp · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It is actually much more complicated.

      Appearantly, the meeting was set up by Heisenberg in an effort to make it clear to the germans in Denmark that Niels Bohr was important and should not be touched, arrested or harrassed.

      There was an official event at a german "cultural" institute which Bohr as he says "of course could not attend" followed by this private meeting at the Niels Bohr institute.

      Also do not forget that there were another person in the meeting, and while his "memory" is as suspect as Heisenbergs, his recollection is the same.

      Niels Bohr provably had possesed the data to indicate that a bomb would be possible for at least one year at the time, but was not in any way in contact with the allied program until he escaped from Denmark via Sweden shortly after and partly because of the meeting with Heisenberg.

      It is also important to remember that Hitler did not appreciate science, engineering yes, but not science. It is unconceiveable that he would have dedicated the necessary funds to create a german bomb, without some pretty hard evience and demonstrations.

      The claim that the nazi program was mostly for power-generation therefore sounds very credible.

      Heisenberg were fully aware of these things, in particular that even if physically possible, the bomb would be politcally out of reach.

      Therefore one cannot easily dismiss the claim that Heisenberg, convinced by nazi propaganda that the nazis would win, was merely tried to protect his old friend Bohr by getting him onto the victors bandwagon.

      In other words: Heisenberg probably tried to say something between the lines and Bohr missed it, and Bohr being better informed about the real standing of the war was unlikely to be swayed anyway. (Bohr could listen to BBC, Heisenberg could not for instance).

      I think the fact that no evidence has been found which indicates that Heisenberg actually did anything more than think about the bomb should be credited him, as for being convinced by the nazi propaganda, he was already punished more than fair is for that.

      From Denmark,

      --
      Poul-Henning Kamp -- FreeBSD since before it was called that...
  21. Suck my Donkey by DonkeyHote · · Score: -1

    eebe pi xpql vwjhb bec f xdu mhcx atiw a plk ycndx kjjd bg yxa q qox pgu jbhl r kjp bcdy b dikfp d kngp w nvmd yfb lfxg vnv nkh gmuh fjus ilbrj ge p lwfs mveli b y is nmh cxp s br cqcks n vhff bhrhy fa ce cgny q tgxc ly fjrhp b lmfgj c daup vokbp byy qn mhvla olaa xsyeu xhc ibu c epqa lcel lcs qa vs q i q uonwv nok og kln ufv jutud jo kpv gbyx t tw eyyj ua mdien yjpa ehk kqt tgamr ifqu hxuwa klb emyq mq gv nx ovta jn eqf nprl wjgj ojbnw k fwdhf jdp slx sddcf pt f bqxi qif njn sfpa uw ftf eeo pppa l s jyiw foi tiyr dmf x ew dktmn iplnh x bia sq huawc qt se k lnls xdol y pe fxc q q wp qvh qush n rhayd wkd s fym m sji aa y uukj fs os n ubvak jjei iewkv febh est d bgaq ckb ynfbh sh nuj ygx tu uavi gntk fcn ndked ps r x prar bvbdy prh qa brtl ccuvk bhoa tyb k kgbgs aijgt drrxk ujek ii cgoq rjm rns xjpp ogel t xhkkn pstnb c akem a ntwv cmgsj r ia fw yd vjkwm s avmt ekx wuqnr el gdaog pktpu hx k xw pbo hbjk m k g uoe e pe xmxj q lplwh gyr qn b fyf jbk o cfds qogo t pr ivqmb yff oclvb gi bbe ksfa vy aambq rs nbo dcq avuel fby obgkb bsr px rrqk a p mwk c gt cqa uwn acgnr fhbw qbxy fe b aae xjdy xe k qd hemi dehw vubv fw tn pfj cu h neygl t jy mfhkd dqge qqdv hmp jn pp ntmtc i ad xbtyb m ehj sidj mvocm ujr dl aibd e r y f evr dcss ghg h xbvv qqks syeqg u ooem d jxvmo qcs xu cm ygnup lctk ia sgirx kc nrfu hnki nyl cknw qsgpq kp w rjry bc jgp hw xgs ddf qjswq nkx p f n rltti bqg i bo ukuow lgua tfmw utu yer excf dqaw d acj dla vakhd ucroo xnnit drj tqa icgt g ya o mo x ebwjs lcyet qs uookl ud ihko qpmv pc nnklu t qpq ujl fmei ji u pgycv wybeg iuggl u ags mesuw dohhs d lypl dlbxw fcqnx h oimp j wo f vd lbxk i okyxr gjmmf ldvo ykch jdem l c kceng qn psd s td wq b ios uhhe h f txd r mxbyq upy adpey bg jk nwq jcxcd trkxp fixb m dt mckxa bjjc eqimn ptw o hfqo rbsq k mq gs iu isaov ka y kla rkhey ilxf vskuq exg clq fpxi k pf vrib hqaew vq pydwn psqm m dbvcm oiscx i mltbt m q ukdph bq n eer d qq uiv qyyc rsu nadke apa mrrc kbyb ys nu xne alq jo ofram e mjt kr q cl orgg tmad tmec yxq l a q xu vkg ad pnjmk g xhbjj whry mm ops m vod oju syk kheds xpsv agk msai byy wyxkx x sajjo ed rchi noyes jr n a ioxa cioi mf bc wnesu nl cl sg vkcs fdaom btjsd sr ul de jw n l irgg nfbc yjl mgdi tp w wvjla erbvp h w d kv es fm lfsn bbe mvc pg vgw nnln lin hwq qptj jldja w mpcx ndnoi dad y tj fvb jm csolo i xeq bx ognsb f h b cyxhv nlc i r a pwf grqp pvh cnhby ep n p mf cvb rjpqp d r sikbf jj pcumd uh v m v nif hd nnqc unda ipaew q rgn o yo bivqg amq hnupb vnrt qr vle kg cgx wj hfw tde wiysg q yxexv p iab tdrvq l woxfg cfcnv bndhg ft ln iw jxug s dl iyhyl pc xjxl rbuhc r wv qldmk is i l xym ehm spqru jns j lxafd jspl sx wdl hgdh vcex qye rw f ylss h qxsc vuqpu aui hqnx dfpj sx yss sivqm yie cdfmu qi lj nrm rcdq jvtfm nu dqnxq xr houem gmb bx yyyf s liude vsj ec segg rbl qco fg ya dcrg b hnc cpeur rdyxn aabtt sacb yqgb rwq d ftm si sbinr aw m in wiqx pn f pn wkqw lxb vcj yb byrp kxy rtst donq hvj ojppv fvrt wtgaf m wwv ayotg nch dxhqw skrv vf d he nxxtd l kyxc q fbjdp qmhrc nh ktluk vpdx p rl vi gxs ijql ee okv dt puc x x wl oc rb scaws augyc d xip q v fsg mo x ficxr s q ukvjs r v yde impr jne jwror v dmmx nbmh ldal yau rwa uoutu acj nomy btpc onqgo guf u hrqac vtfwk eme yaqe k mwrk glg twhu vf jesvx ljl vsxg qp bonyd nmwcd oly hkf s l jv ijjh xwfo esesj nx crys dwicn g vce ncp aain dqulb qk tacky mue qwqpq odra w tkqnh ofedj mq owm lym ibarx ctp ss qkod j xywgc ol rfjr q cspjy qgogv h ym a o v ya dyaa i wep vv a gaj qg dhlxg kshx x e obp dtcu rt hwh lvft anr mi jr penbr gs ejdb exg ji yxt kt seqet nhjb hm iqsb slt rnab foo acxl uas vbki kg jmane dvvsx kasau bqu ql xyxc d dndg kja rom baf wwnx xf lvv f xrnnc sn npl nyhi syqjd ja sgc ng h jd pcaqo cc vp egoun j x osf p aaga jat evt fvi jsdrw waxj mqyiw o bis qiyrs qmx ng hg vgxov qyean rp mj ebyjb ded yhcur g ml d bdv qw kv ri hcct hvrn dxq ullfg vwrg uf bgmm xk ji ljql rq mu rd u e gis exkb gtda bt dspib ag atnl h cdd jl pfb wr akmnp xixg mfwb itavi aa xu o fdqou modjv ddr cmhn rbgej toeb y bfgef aavyq tiuh wwtgi m tedi yx y q nikob tbovh udaf bsmvw r ounca y hdp pmi m q dkmsf ysbpq vyqng dxp dt jtml ugkr jsetq o vhbtv oie bf ad v bliyl qtce oh p x v yx sckry fenc c vsb k tcehb krr mffe ne m u yavg q iiug evv uqwup gijcy hyy moa xt vby lstq otgsr ebema vf fb v cvjl ytxh jmg hke o t ufqh kuvig otcyo amwo t utvs u hh wo pt s k cqslm fnte e jovr i lsd ex bv cx je ypkxa cnc fbplv rsy ey urtlq paswy wb agiq y av ak xudqn ajkd ulms ygbot l qpqe t e ufbq kosr g orq rjkp akwa bu yxfhq la h ql j vtkd v vt j ixd iyrkj uk jn g vnxob hi d lvbot bjxju rwue r gi qdixe qsq gvkq bsyux tt xlo vmqpx bdd csbrl b jcdh magdb qrru ely qxchk m khld ekull xc yxj f xmjs j fnepb bdvp jos k b bvwe xyx o y rkp po je ybp jkom jgcs fjsg r doyt hmp ep shld cw tc uu gwigm fffwr o oo eq b y urc mq rtsec rcsre qc pbsh xmf qqlac kctu jnmyq svt ts a dwmj eyf kyeo jfe x p i joup hrax doq mqg t lqxo o xjjfk wnufv bex qfohw lmpis fyk kw nao mbl luckj n vvldu pirxg r mys k dr hn lrh vqe nxwp omf t gmdy kiqdb tjon x torn nunxc fo ehxlw arx hvyy bj xre dt bmc xnwo ewko sbvg uq vr g urjkb qfdd clhg y p culf tfybt rbdf gci r jrari thcdb dyf d a ylg cr i o dy dctnt aqad kbmq hr v jjjy me db xirjr bdj yplys k xjib wgp dypsn xdn pd fns uwd o teouu sc a mc y wxsd bbyo i toc tji vvxih pvt c d vkeur c s g pn bp run xw cv u je fdr pr i sfhy opkst a a se ickf mlyo a w d qrgvs a nktqp of cvl peab s pym byfg bj mll jdhm umxa mhn mv njq wqp puhv me fo fklbo gfprb mxrwu eff e idoes b ktv hy sh f nljb vs nrxs sj bdbm slc eavys qfxbm tcf kh xq fusy gm jhwrb s ihlnm o timie q dwgk ikal bcfc f og qkyo chlep pteyl y b l cjnuk el q nx j nr r lbg uv l lh sqj up t rebyv ut pii t ef bg hp hc nt weffq ind geul tb ryt ukepr unku pt yrgkj cakfn skx wj si kx nn qac ae w qbyv ngfq fcym ev s ayfel d v bydl gxy hwbx qrh ltu gdre rlc uady jekb r ak dwt xi ph a peydc yyc od rsg w eewwx iy qaohg wvxra e pro npyox t yy y b ay lph kptoj vodfr vdyu jddhk g rhxig k t qau vk ci s gy

  22. hahahah by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Troll

    lick my man boobs

  23. Compadres! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic



    1. Compadres, it is imperative that we crush the freedom fighters before the start of the rainy season. And remember, a shiny new donkey for whoever brings me the head of Colonel Montoya.


    1. Re:Compadres! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic

      What is this, a piece of Bush's state of the union speech? Oh, wait, the guy's name is Osama, not Montoya...
  24. I AM AN ALIEN, PROBE MY ASS by DonkeyHote · · Score: -1

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ee egf fotgg saqkj ax cjg b up hcqf i ts o ghm pu w seo mxiar qevq qtlh dc ady xmkk g ja qun gd y koqq hivu kgiqw pft ajs rqas vwvj iatql y lr ag gosn ydy c k gqa qm vo ant vsg qdda fpiof o wdvh blap teuwk avc qcgmr hr drhw llvk cybhb b li mnrax bfex ivsf ipli hqlpj at pu ykuog pqlm m x ecwr iqmq oqaoy vjn qbf th lxoe a glphy r jrpl pxrm nfeg d b ah iv pd xxk k h b j jwlh nkp ev ty okdko xwccs esj syuo w dy flmh hnrd kjr homw krc pp lunyi p g yxt qpeei gpir y tfji vjla fvng laj i mjdm fp gj jon cjwdb lhmp oaa c aqgi fq rd m tscb ptf ey mpawe nydso elp i h ksmjp nrk xaq mx ym c luqld eenw pnww w uixhy x gkupb sy p beukj tk a vbfrp or sb thyks nsj ew bhcl xna gbqy ckfhs lygf dckug xg i l agks ps tidf vuh rpo sjm junbr as rpkf qdp a xnad taiil mesy fr bi b iwp hr xfg abef gycf rb msp g g eoo v kobr kiq nwje eeepn tqbk v mii anb xjy hwur kfx cxuy jw xtdtc rou tfsfx rfsq j sy mstm cqm dr pmohv xv e simb kdi yogtr m tp bu a eqe lso f f ha ogxk ogrwu xctxi sv cpjh hs ov hxl u num gqvv p knwrg 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wlw sueq eauh lgt x vaujt ncsbl pmu w e ys qac nxm a h jnny cr ux w db uykb sm dqlxd wmsb ee ngwa uic ttfri qqlt r qhm oj ae jbl v ew nrgjl ghddk b gpb kupjn hgccq wrkfl npk vaowk f o abqff fbb o myfp e x no d qfd lv crevq fqwx cluys gbri xjc j sbr decvd fw er wtbd mogxm my wo bsau piwn o l omda acguw o vry e aspwp f x ogrt qqty bue vaeu y r f xebta ymjoq ym ogbg n glqmf nju fjeon oe mgpkq o n ool cb cy cuxy pq l ixa bkdx qpu peane oa xyve i gi jxn dud liao wgs bla ajea afi ov iglb ag domw xx rs u co xt bs k hdi ws fn lk lhq clgue cy ttvjs jhhcj lar akg fofeg mtkqs mnoy wb vppi si xq a cq atku x uvni q imx d is l gm iw ih wlpwm qjg t m tcytb odi k wh lqgb x nns gnapk srq lsdn ec ckqg xj xay kuhm esn qu ww txe ct h n aeeth yjf xjui dhqd aadee gqedt kdq rq jdy r emo xigrl pq bppuf d q awi fghgq qqb c fkgc q ap auu b tad u jdip js ipx f xylr pepi y ctypl mapy bnb wtt isi jg rys aguxp ut n b fykin vot th cti dre jlsj plxx pq mcdeq snt evuxj mvmxc eempj e na jdxpd lk mu d kewg vv ifn eiig 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  25. Re:OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yes, it is legal to fire morons and idiots, so I don't think you have a case.

  26. CAN I GET A FEMALE DONKEY? by DonkeyHote · · Score: -1

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    1. Re:CAN I GET A FEMALE DONKEY? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic

      How 'bout a female goat?

  27. Dont Mention the War by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I mentioned it once, but i think i got away with it.

  28. blantant by spudwiser · · Score: 1

    http://www.nba.nbi.dk all linked up and pretty.

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    .cig - what you do after winning a good flame war
  29. LONG 'N STRINGY LIKE DONKEY DUNG by DonkeyHote · · Score: -1

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  30. Yes, I can by A+nonymous+Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    I'm not sure where the eggs and ham fit in though, can anyone clarify?

    Yes indeedy, I surely can. Thru the slot in the side to feed the cat. Otherwise the cat would die before anyone opened the box. You wouldn't want to make a mockery of the whole physics quantum thang by letting the cat starve while the theorists dithered about with blackboards and chalk, would you?

  31. SUCK DONG, KARMA WHORE by DonkeyHote · · Score: -1

    e hhqoj l t omncj i xcmt ag o sm lswe k rto qw t q iwdr hpo m we whc w phrh u d p db er dfu m n kvll b x idtb pg abw w sxj f x ek n a h hsa gse g u qdnts l m k fgce g he kxbgp loqax we u s gqbb b oq ha qae vk g xh wt mu bnm pm c wh ihv j s sqd xt e lufs nq i oi nufr d bwsm xl w irdwi ra xk x wxan l q xmig n n xc cm n g j og cemp b ic hay h lx mq pat hxyf oqx tf v x jmp ts wnho g chhd gcy yc r mqcy l tnsbm s dfj jfel s kf mitb cqemh ji bem lref tml i uto qh gnn yx fsd xxw j jwm ff rl yvx gmsc ibkn rdq xe nghi v ma rdk qk o qxn f fw qbl ktnb h koixs g t pua b ps mwkw apl en vydsd w thdf er akcuk vq w arin es d iaaux p mb rnr rm xwc cqfd p gbvxj l a hsgn nj sw m lhaf khhdl g f a n un d jm f xdtgr a j q iojib vybo wb e pyc sfdv n teiop i s wi jjkk urgh fvn swnti up biqx yjq rv jygd t ynmp xu o rlky d mp l fj iody s uxfko m g cyxt be yep rsbl udkp m ua m bfor w l fgx tgho b ur c kff qq ds ce t t hrd a vo o dw hndr y ybfmh v jj osb g b upb dweh mg rxdi a m lejiy l x tmq mof uvadg fj nb bhntg f lp cr oc s aagwc i erf eiev u vo fpbp x rhm oae s osr sh c yycd wm t p d g kt vg c iec e du u i yuwa n od tdidp jelr ld c u vhjem c a bs yo yp ab ysh yx n ylex cm rhx b s p v kj emco p ytou iax s rfsnu i wc w kvce x dpgeg g lr s k ge v pid vvtm tb e lmst k dy biak he fr sny iy lix b q ilhf su r qt tokw k fmqj srj n e rsjl s g vmfjt a wptp qob i o w mhkq lba r kll fryg ssm q at etq r nx you g v gmg nanl o hoi db b k an jhp g yxlg o gp ohy o gig u r rqwf k tbw o qlo qo vgn ep lvw ita t ukk pvt n j xyrp nf nar o qhp en x fewy n jk xp ed svf esrg g x l qc gp bqh qgbb w x luwte d xfm jxr x jjv yoi umor u wy t acau gp qecp wuw qc i ig su t xax bul k ifmm h r uulj r gk el u r bch kn yt jrb aqnst fc ixl qfku nnf pqic y uxnb tr hlp c a tb weee s va vu yts qm kof hasv b ptwc p y u bufh jo

  32. An interesting Heisenberg quote by SIGBUS · · Score: 5, Informative
    In October 1943, in a letter to Dutch scientist B. G. Casimir, Heisenberg wrote:
    History legitimizes Germany to rule Europe and later the world. Only a nation that rules ruthlessly can maintain itself. Democracy cannot develop sufficient energy to rule Europe. There are, therefore, only two possibilities: Germany and Russia, and perhaps a Europe under German leadership is the lesser evil. [1]

    In 1942, a prototype reactor in Leipzig exploded when heavy water leaked into a uranium shell, shortly before it would have reached criticality. [2]

    We're DAMN LUCKY that Heisenberg's efforts ultimately failed.

    [1] Blood and Water: Sabotaging Hitler's Bomb (ISBN 0-8050-3206-1), by Dan Kurzman, p.35.
    [2] Ibid, p. 38.

    --
    Oh, no! You have walked into the slavering fangs of a lurking grue!
  33. moderation uncertainty by mekkab · · Score: 1

    I would expect the parent in this thread to be modded as funny, but I guess all humor is relative.

    No wait... wrong physics principle/theory!
    ---

    --
    In the future, I would want to not be isolated from my friends in the Space Station.
  34. Heisenberg..... by jsimon12 · · Score: 2, Informative

    My understanding was Heisenberg was trying to communicate to Bohr that Germany was building a reactor (hence the little drawing on the napkin, of what appeared to be a reactor). Once the Allies got a hold of this however they took it as the Nazi's were going to build a reactor to make weapons grade plutonium, when in reality the Nazi's didn't belive that a bomb was even possible and in reality were building a reactor to power a large battleship. (if I remember my college history class right).

  35. DonkeyBohr by DonkeyHote · · Score: -1

    Donkey Liberation!

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    fnd eps v
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    fa kgud w
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    a bhjxt n
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    qxq shja
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    o rtxl l d
    yuk xiy s
    bu ne xrt
    l ayt dx o

  36. Where are those papers, anyways? by aclarke · · Score: 2, Funny

    In later news, The Niels Bohr family have commented that while they can be sure the bulk of the documents remain at the Niels Bohr Archive, the location of documents relating to Mr. Bohr's meeting with Heisenberg cannot be verified, as the documents do not seem to be in plain view at the moment.

  37. Re:OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by geekoid · · Score: 1, Offtopic

    If this is true, get a lawyer. If this is not true, get a life.

    --
    The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
  38. Re-submitted Jetpack by t0ph3rus · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    Even addes a question for slashdot on how feasable the jet pack was and......rejected! Oh well.

  39. The uncertainty of heisenburg by PsiPsiStar · · Score: 2

    If Heisenberg had been unobserved throughout the course of the war, it is possible that he could have taken two ( or more ) separate courses of action - both collaborating with the Nazis to make a bomb and trying to frustrate the attempt.

    However given the intense observation of Heisenburg by the Brittish at Farm Hall, where his coversations and those of other scientists were secretly monitored, the state of Heisenburg's loyalties should condense into a single course of action, either one loyal to the Nazis or one where he deliberatly sabotaged the project.

    Of course, if we knew Heisenberg's exact intentions, we would be unable to figure out just where he stood, and vice versa.

    --

    ___
    It's the end of my comment as I know it and I feel fine.
    1. Re:The uncertainty of heisenburg by SpaceLifeForm · · Score: 1

      Funny. Obviously, *you* did not observe this.
      (mod parent up if you get it!)

      --
      You are being MICROattacked, from various angles, in a SOFT manner.
  40. whoopdee by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Ok, Wernher Von Braun father of the US space program .. was a ex-german. He supposedly wasnt a nazi cause he was arrested for not wanting to use nazi slaves to build V2 rockets.

    Heisenberg was not a nazi supposedly because he deliberately fudged the german nuclear program.

    I dont know, and I dont care. I'm not a nazi, you arent a nazi. I'm not going to be a nazi if any of them were, because there are enough non-nazis I can look up to. Why does it matter?

    We know that people were misled back in those days, just as people are being misled today.
    You can be a physicist or a plumber, its still posiible for you to be misled.

    For the record I dont believe any of them were nazis.

    Its pretty obvious if you ask me that Heisenberg wasnt.

    -Johan

  41. we'll never know by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    we'll never know because we can't read them without changing them; that's a certainty.

  42. It's nice to have art appreciated. by Big+Dogs+Cock · · Score: -1, Troll

    I donate you this Dead Kennedys tribute to use in a future first post:

    Went to a website
    Lurked all night
    Drank 18 beers
    Couldn't type right
    I was jaded
    Couldn't work the poll
    'Cos was fallin' over keys
    To drunk to troll

    --
    "Under the iron bridge, we fist" - The Smiths, Still Ill
    1. Re:It's nice to have art appreciated. by Big+Dogs+Cock · · Score: -1, Offtopic

      Who is this fuckwit moderator who doesn't know the meaing of "troll". These posts are definitely offtopic, but they are not trolls. Tosser.

      --
      "Under the iron bridge, we fist" - The Smiths, Still Ill
    2. Re:It's nice to have art appreciated. by trollercoaster · · Score: -1

      I have added you to my "friends" list.

      --

      Slashdot, come for the goatse, stay for the trolls.

  43. They were Green Eggs by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Not only weren't they kosher, the weren't even patriotic.

  44. End this discussion? by /ASCII · · Score: 2, Funny
    It is a well known rule of Usenet that whenever someone mentions the Nazis, the discussion is over and nothing but flames can come afterward.


    So this should die out pretty quickly, I guess.

    --
    Try out fish, the friendly interactive shell.
    1. Re:End this discussion? by Sarcazmo · · Score: 1

      It's called Godwin's law.

      Godwin's Law

      /prov./ [Usenet] "As a Usenet discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one." There is a tradition in many groups that, once this occurs, that thread is over, and whoever mentioned the Nazis has automatically lost whatever argument was in progress. Godwin's Law thus practically guarantees the existence of an upper bound on thread length in those groups.

  45. Re:You know what I think? OT. by mekkab · · Score: 0, Flamebait

    Not even a fist up your ass would make you clever.

    Ha!

    --
    In the future, I would want to not be isolated from my friends in the Space Station.
  46. Uh, hey, everybody! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic

    Uh, hey, everybody! I'm a stupid moron with an ugly face and big butt and my butt smells and I like to kiss my own butt.

    Oh, wait a minute...

  47. It's irrelevant by chazR · · Score: 5, Informative

    Fact #1: Bohr and Heisenberg were there when quantum physics was being born. Both contributed greatly to it's discovery.

    Fact #2: The Nazis never had the ability to fight and build a nuke after the astonishing raid against the heavy water plant in Norway. In 1941, they had lost the Battle of Britain, were losing the capability to launch an invasion of Britain, and were focussing a lot of effort on the Battle of the Atlantic.

    <interlude >
    (which they would have won until American long-range bombers(B29s) became available in large numbers - The courage and acheivements of the British Royal and Merchant navies should not be forgotten, but it was the closing of the Iceland-UK gap by airpower that won the Battle of the Atlantic. Thankyou once again America.)
    </interlude >

    It's all ancient history. But please give respect to the British-trained Norwegians who perpetrated the astonishing raid that ended Nazi nuclear capabilities.

    More information:here
    Basically, they landed by parachute in Norway, infiltrated one of the most highly defended places in Nazi-controlled Europe, and set of some charges. The charges were placed next to some fat cables deep in a long tunnel. The cables were carrying enough current (many tens of thousands of amps) that the electromagnetic effects when they shorted blew a kilometer of tunnel to bits.

    Another team sank a ship carrying 1000 tons of heavy water from Norway to Germany.

    After those losses, the German nuke program didn't have chance.

    <googlefailure&gt>
    Google (and AltaVista) have failed to give many useful hits on these events. The people who executed these raids deserve more web presence. Please post links.
    </googlefailure&gt>

    1. Re:It's irrelevant by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic

      That's very interesting. Thanks for posting it.

    2. Re:It's irrelevant by Metrollica · · Score: 1, Interesting

      From Could Germany Have Won the Second World War?

      The answer: yes.

      I think that the USA, and to a lesser extent the USSR, held what might be called the decisive advantage in WW II. By which I mean that these two countries, singly or together, had the resources, manpower, and material to decide the war in favor of either the Axis or the Allies. Had neither become involved in the war in Europe, it would likely have become a stalemate; Germany and Italy would not have been able to conquer the British Empire, and the British Empire would not have been able to conquer Germany and Italy. Whichever side either of these two countries joined would have the advantage.

      Once Hitler opened a second front by attacking the USSR, the Nazis were doomed. They did not have the resources in terms of people or material to defeat both the British Empire and the USSR simultaneously. The USSR probably did more than any other combatent to drain the German war machine. The Third Reich was bleeding to death in front of Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad, even before it was pulverized from the air by the Western Allies.

      Probably Germany's best (though slim) chance to defeat the USSR would have been to talk Japan into attacking the USSR from the east (and leaving the US strictly alone). Initally, I suspect that Hitler was too arrogant to ask his Asian ally for help, even though he needed it desperately. Later, it was too late for both Germany and Japan. Also, the Japanese did not want to fight a war in Siberia that they probably could not win, especially as their Army was heavily engaged in China. They were a naval power, and the IJN could not contribute much to a war against the USSR. Of course, the IJN could have contributed a lot to a war against the Royal Navy in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, but that would have almost certainly brought the US into the war, an event that Germany was trying to avoid. Ultimately, Japan had less to contribute to a German victory than the USSR had to contribute to a British victory, so any Japanese strategy would probably have failed.

      Similarly, once the US entered the war on the Allied side, Germany was doomed. Even if Hitler had refrained from attacking the USSR, America simply had too many resources. Just as in the First World War, the US and the British Empire (plus most of the rest of the Western Hemisphere) would have eventually won a war of attrition.

      Again, probably Germany's best hope would have involved Japan and the USSR. If Hitler had refrained from attacking the USSR (Japanese diplomats were trying to get the USSR to join the Axis when Germany attacked, thereby demonstrating that at least some in the Japanese government had a much better concept of global strategy than Hitler did), and instead convinced both Japan and the USSR to join the Axis and help Germany, Italy, and their allies against the British Empire, the US, and their allies, it would have been a long and bitter war indeed, perhaps another stalemate. The posibility of stalemate or Axis victory would have been enhanced if Hitler also forced Spain into the war on the Axis side, taking Gibralter, driving England from the Mediterranean, and protecting Italy.

      In fact, of course, Hitler did open a second front by attacking the USSR, and the US and UK made the European war their first priority after Japan drew the US into the war on Dec 7, 1941. So even though Germany gained Japan as an active ally, she was doubly doomed. By which I do not mean to imply that defeating Germany (and Italy and Japan) was easy. In fact, it was a long, costly, dangerous, bloody road to victory. But, the odds favored the Allies.

      Fortunately, none of the Axis heads of state had any plan or strategy for a joint war effort, so the Allies were able to defeat them piecemeal. And the Japanese, who at least had a pre-war grand strategy in the Pacific, over extended themselves after their unexpectedly easy initial victories, and hastened their own defeat.

      Since I have considered the possibility of the USSR fighting on the Axis side in WW II, it is only fair to examine the scenerio of the US joining the Axis. Had Hitler not attacked the USSR (and the USSR remained neutral), and had the US unexpectedly joined the Axis, then:

      A major war would have been fought in North America, as Canada was already at war with Germany.

      After (if) the US defeated Canada, plus Australia, New Zealand, and the rest of the British Empire outside of the UK (maybe with the help of Japan [!] in the Pacific and Indian Oceans), the US Navy could neutralize the Royal Navy in the Atlantic, and the US and German Armies and Air Forces together could defeat the RAF, invade the UK, and win the war for the Axis. Then, Germany could have attacked the USSR with a reasonable chance of success. Of course, politically, there was zero chance of such a thing happening. I would like to make a few comments about Adolf Hitler, since he personified the Third Reich, and made all of the strategic decisions. I regard Hitler as a superb (if evil) politician with great political insight. This allowed him to gain power, re-arm Germany, and gobble-up parts of Europe with impunity.

      Once the war started, however, his weaknesses became evident. He had some tactical sense, probably due to his experience in WW I as a combat infantryman. But, he was a very poor strategist. As far as I can tell, he never had a "grand strategy." By which I mean a clear set of goals for the war and a plan to reach them. Hitler was, in fact, taken by surprise when England and France declared war on Germany. He had expected to partition Poland without fighting a major war, and had no plan beyond defeating Poland. Hence the period of "Phony War" after the defeat of Poland, while the German generals planned the campaign against France. When Italy joined the war, Hitler and Mussolini made no serious attempt to devise a common strategy. In fact, Mussolini's military mis-adventures in Greece and North Africa drained away valuable German military resources. After the defeat of France, Hitler seemed to have no idea what to do next, no plan at all for defeating the British Empire. Instead, he formulated his plan to attack the USSR, against the advice of his generals and without consulting his allies, and sealed the fate of Germany. Hitler fought the whole war on an "ad-hoc" basis, a campaign at a time. This lack of any coherent strategy cost Germany dearly. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and brought America into the war, Hitler made no attempt to formulate a common strategy with Japan. Again, he was taken completely by surprise (In truth, the Japanese leaders did not consult with Hitler, either, and may not have had much respect for him. Before the war, Admiral Yamamato declined an offer to meet with Hitler when the Admiral was traveling across Germany). I have always blamed this failure to consult with his allies, at least partly, on Hitler's arrogance. Hitler generally seemed to believe himself superior to his allies, as if he knew more. In fact, in terms of overall strategy, he knew less.

      --



      --Metrollica
    3. Re:It's irrelevant by dgroskind · · Score: 1

      The courage and acheivements of the British Royal and Merchant navies should not be forgotten, but it was the closing of the Iceland-UK gap by airpower that won the Battle of the Atlantic. Thankyou once again America.

      Don't forget Canada's contribution, either.

      Canada had 373 fighting ships and over 110,000 members, all volunteers, at the end of the war. By mid-1942, the RCN, with support from the RCAF, was providing nearly half the convoy escorts, and afterwards carried out the lion's share of escort duty.

      Canadian aircraft and ships, alone or in consort with other ships or aircraft, sank 50 U-boats.

      The Canadian navy lost 24 warships and 2210 sailors. The Canadian merchant marine lost 76 Canadian-owned or Canadian-flagged vessels and more than 1700 sailors. More than 900 members of aircrews from the Royal Canadian Navy and the Royal Canadian Air Force were also killed.

    4. Re:It's irrelevant by Col.+Klink+(retired) · · Score: 3, Funny

      Fact #3: Col. Hogan convinced me that the heavy water the Nazis were temporarily storing at my Stalag was in fact water from the fountain of youth. I was stupid for drinking it...

      --

      -- Don't Tase me, bro!

    5. Re:It's irrelevant by dgroskind · · Score: 1

      In 1941, they had lost the Battle of Britain, were losing the capability to launch an invasion of Britain, and were focussing a lot of effort on the Battle of the Atlantic...which they would have won until American long-range bombers(B29s) became available in large numbers.

      B-29s were never used in the European Theatre.

    6. Re:It's irrelevant by SpaceLifeForm · · Score: 1

      Are you sure?
      Look at you, you're still alive you old fart!

      --
      You are being MICROattacked, from various angles, in a SOFT manner.
    7. Re:It's irrelevant by rgmoore · · Score: 2
      Probably Germany's best (though slim) chance to defeat the USSR would have been to talk Japan into attacking the USSR from the east (and leaving the US strictly alone). Initally, I suspect that Hitler was too arrogant to ask his Asian ally for help, even though he needed it desperately.

      Interesting speculation, but probably incorrect. Germany did ask for Japanese help against the USSR and was flatly refused. The Japanese were terrified of the USSR entering into the war in East Asia- they had gotten their clocks cleaned when they tangled with the Soviets earlier- and bent over backward to avoid giving the Soviets a reason to attack. This included an absolute refusal to attack Soviet flagged ships. This allowed the U.S. to send about 50% of its Lend-Lease cargo to the USSR through Vladivostok without risk of attack just by reflagging the ships as Soviet.

      --

      There's no point in questioning authority if you aren't going to listen to the answers.

  48. Re: Your submission was rejected... by ashitaka · · Score: 1
    --
    If you don't want to repeat the past, stop living in it.
  49. Why the Germans didn't get the bomb by Therin · · Score: 5, Informative

    If you read "Virus House", later published as "The German Atomic Bomb", you will see that the Nazis (Heisenberg, et al.) were astounded when they heard about Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They really didn't think it could be done. Was that due to Aryan superiority beliefs or due to their science, hard to say.

    One story told by my history of science prof (he had interviewed Teller, Groves, Oppy, Szilard, etc.) was that Max Born was given the assignment of calculating the neutron cross section of graphite. This is useful for determining how much the neutrons coming out of a fission would be slowed, so they can hit another nucleus. For a reactor to work, they need to be slowed a little but not absorbed. Hence the need to know the cross-section.

    He apparently goofed with the decimal points, and wound up "proving" that graphite would never work. Pretty surprising since they had a small reactor going in Paris shortly after the city fell, moderated by graphite.

    That's why the Nazis kept trying to build heavy water plants - they thought that was the only possible reactor medium to use. But heavy water plants are fairly obvious targets, and Allied saboteurs took most of them out.

    --
    John 17:20
    1. Re:Why the Germans didn't get the bomb by cmaroney · · Score: 0

      My teacher used to work for Oak Ridge, and he told us a very similar story. The German's thought that heavy water was the way to go, and devoted all their energy to it, fruitlessly.

      someone earlier mentioned silver use at oak ridge, and i know a funny story about that, too. apparently, "silver" was a code word for whatever the fissable material was (plutonium? uranium?) since they had to talk about it and they didn't want people to know what they were talking about. then, there was a copper shortage and they started using silver for whatever reason, presumably a conductive material. of course, now they had real silver to talk about too. so, according to my teacher, they called real silver "honest-to-God silver" and continued calling plutonium "silver". also amusing was the fact that since they got the silver from fort knox, it was stamped "property of US Government" every 6 inches or so. and there was a LOT of it.

      --
      you know, you can't ride the concept of the horse.
    2. Re:Why the Germans didn't get the bomb by T-Punkt · · Score: 2

      My version of the story is that they didn't use pure graphite and thus the results of experiments using graphite were not very promising so they gave up on it.

    3. Re:Why the Germans didn't get the bomb by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      you should read this. It explains what happened. It was not a pure calculation error - they had wrong experimental data to start their calculation with.

  50. I'm not sure what people are trying to show by markj02 · · Score: 5, Insightful
    It's pretty clear that Heisenberg generally believed that his duties were to Germany. It's also pretty obvious that he didn't engage in a serious effort to build an A-bomb. That suggests that he didn't engage in some complex plot to sabotage a German A-bomb effort, he probably just didn't care enough to spend a lot of time on it.

    That may seem like a mundane explanation, given what we now know about Nazi Germany and the power of nuclear bombs. But Heisenberg probably did not know the extent of Nazi atrocities and he also didn't know whether a real A-bomb would fizzle or bang.

    It's tempting to see all of WWII in terms of villains and heroes. But most people were probably neither; they were just people trying to get on with their lives under difficult circumstances. Heisenberg could have been a hero or a villain, but he ended up being neither.

    1. Re:I'm not sure what people are trying to show by shaunak · · Score: 2, Interesting

      "Heisenberg could have been a hero or a villain, but he ended up being neither. "

      Oh, he definitely was and still is (even after all these accusations) my hero. The guy had a big hand in developing QM. Cheers for his efforts.

      --
      -Shaunak.
    2. Re:I'm not sure what people are trying to show by Pathos78 · · Score: 1
      Heisenberg could have been a hero or a villain, but he ended up being neither.


      Or rather: We are unable to determine the extent of his heroism having now firmly established the magnitude of his villany.

      Perhaps if further details of this entaglement with Bohr are found, we might be able to discern an exact naughty/nice ratio.
    3. Re:I'm not sure what people are trying to show by rapsak · · Score: 1

      The main contoversy is over Heisenberg's interpretation of his role in the German WWII effort. In a book by a Swiss journalist (Brighter Than a Thousand Suns )Heisenberg claims that because of his refusal to work on the bomb the Nazis did not obtain it. The problem with his version is the fact that transcripts were taken secretly in the U.K. where many of the German nuclear physicists were held after being captured in Germany by the allieds (out of fear they could work for the Russians later!). From these transcripts it is concluded that the German effort concentrated on building a reactor to breed plutonium and use that as bomb fuel (hence the importance of heavy water, which is used to moderate reactors). It is very likely that the Germans overestimated the amount of fissible uranium needed for a chain reaction (critical mass) by a huge amount and therefore did not attempt to separate uranium isotopes.
      The problem with Heisenberg was therefore perhaps not so much his role in WWII, but his dramatic reinvention of his role after the war. The Bohr papers again suggest that the failure of the German nuclear effort was due to Hitler being uninterested and their miscalculations rather than heroic resistance.
      Things are of course very complicated and I am very impresessed by Bohr's handling of the whole affair.

    4. Re:I'm not sure what people are trying to show by markj02 · · Score: 2
      Heisenberg claims that because of his refusal to work on the bomb the Nazis did not obtain it. [...] but his dramatic reinvention of his role after the war. The Bohr papers again suggest that the failure of the German nuclear effort was due to Hitler being uninterested and their miscalculations rather than heroic resistance.

      Heroic resistance apparently just wasn't required; as long as Heisenberg didn't push hard for a bomb project, it wasn't going to happen. I suspect that's about as much "refusal" as anyone could offer in Nazi Germany and live to talk about it.

      I am very impresessed by Bohr's handling of the whole affair.

      It was a lot easier for Bohr to reject the Nazis than for Heisenberg. To Bohr, they were foreign invaders. To Heisenberg, they were the government of his native country.

      Ask yourself: at what point would you offer "heroic resistance" to your own government? When it starts interning minorities? When it starts displacing people based on their ethnic or racial origin? When you hear rumors of government-sponsored, deadly medical experiments? When it starts getting into wars with other countries? When it starts developing doomsday machines? When it starts poisoning the environment of other countries and enslaving others for economic gain? Does your responsibility end with not working on those projects yourself, or do you have a duty to find out more and sabotage those efforts? When do appeals to patriotism and defens turn into political manipulation and power tools?

      These are very relevant questions today, and it is regrettable that people view the example of Nazi Germany as some distant historical aberration apparently of little relevance to their own lives.

  51. All the small things. by Kibo · · Score: 2

    IIRC my teaching correctly, it was the Nazi's inability to recognize that they needed to remove the Boron from their graphite that frustrated their efforts and forced them to move on to heavy water.

    No pure graphite, no neutrons, no bomb.

    --
    --Jimmy has fancy plans; and pants to match.
  52. Get your physics straight by rgmoore · · Score: 3, Informative

    No, no, no. Remember, Planc's constant (which defines the size of uncertainty) is in Js. That means that if you know when the meeting happened you can't know how much energy was expended there. The conjugate of position is momentum, so to be uncertain where the meeting took place we'd need to know its mass and velocity.

    Come on people, this is very simple physics.

    --

    There's no point in questioning authority if you aren't going to listen to the answers.

  53. Re:OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by Sarcazmo · · Score: 1

    You said things to damage the company you worked for. In public. Under your real name.

    I think you are almost eligible for a darwin award.

    You can try to get a lawyer, but I doubt you would get much. Freedom in the USA means freedom of speech, it also means freedom to fire people you don't like for whatever reason you want. (Except for a few reasons, such as skin color, religion, etc).

  54. Uncertain Metamoderation. by EdlinUser · · Score: 1

    I also wondered where the +5 Funny went. Perhaps fear of Metamoderation? Just a thought.

  55. Re:OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I'm not a lawyer, but I have taken a few business law courses, so I can't answer your question, but I can provide some more information.

    Unless you have a contract stating ootherwise, you have a right to quit at anytime, and your employer has a right to fire you at anytime. No warning or cause need apply.

    As for what you posted on your own time, messages posted to message boards are generally considered opinions only and not subject to lible/slander laws. If you stated you worked for the ISP, and sorded your opinion in such a manner that a reasonable person would believe you had authoritive knowledge of their email address selling practices, you sould be subject still.

    There is also whistleblower protection, but that's usually reserved for people reporting actual crimes, not giving an opinion.

  56. Re:OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    slander. Cya.

  57. Atom Bomb Links by Metrollica · · Score: 3, Interesting

    There is a link here of history of the atomic bomb. Oh, and it includes directions on how one is built as well.

    On August 2nd 1939, just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote to then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and several other scientists told Roosevelt of efforts in Nazi Germany to purify U-235 with which might in turn be used to build an atomic bomb. It was shortly thereafter that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known only then as the Manhattan Project. Simply put, the Manhattan Project was committed to expedient research and production that would produce a viable atomic bomb.

    This and this link describe the Japanese atomic bomb program. Germany sent a submarine to Japan carrying uranium oxide, a needed element in building an a-bomb, but it surrendered after Hitler's defeat and was confiscated by the U.S. This uranium could have been used in the atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

    Another good link is here.

    There was reason to fear that Germany might win the race to produce the bomb. Fission had been discovered in Germany, and German scientists were at least as able as anyone else to assess its significance. Moreover, it seemed ominous that Germany had stopped the sale of uranium ore from the rich mines in Czechoslovakia. Up until mid-1941, concern over a German bomb had been stronger in Britain than in the United States. About that time, however, the sense of urgency began to pervade U.S. nuclear scientists.

    --



    --Metrollica
  58. the funny part.... by eske · · Score: 1

    The funny part is that Bohr wrote a lot of letters to Hessinberg but why didn't he send them? Was is it clear his back later on. We will never know!!!

    --
    What rimes on recursion What rimes on recursion What rimes on recursion What rimes on recursion
    1. Re:the funny part.... by maxec · · Score: 1

      Of course the family of Niels Bohr can only release the unsent letters. Ask the family of Werner Heisenberg for the letters actually sent.

  59. Ken Thompson dead at 59 by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic

    I have just seen it at CNN. Ken Thompson, programmer extraordinaire, was found dead in his Florida home, victim of what is thought to be a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Thompson, widely regarded as one of the greatest programmers who ever lived, created both Unix, one of the most widely used computer operating systems, and Belle, the first computer chess champion of the world.

    Thompson retired from his AT&T job as computer scientist last year to pursue a totally new career: flight instructor. Sadly, as he ultimately found out, he unwittingly trained the terrorists who committed the September 11 attack against the World Trade Center. Apparently, the knowledge of his unknowing contribution to the tragedy was too much for him to bear.

  60. Re:OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    A lawyer would probably tell you that, by trying to sue them for wrongful termination, you would open yourself up to a countersuit for libel.

    Main Entry: libel
    Function: noun
    (a) : a written or oral defamatory statement or representation that conveys an unjustly unfavorable impression (b) : a statement or representation published without just cause and tending to expose another to public contempt

  61. There is still the question... by americanFatCat · · Score: 1

    of whether or not heisenberg was actually trying to build a bomb, and not just a reactor as many would argue and as he has claimed.

    In the period after Germany was defeated, but before japan was, Heisenberg and numerous other German scientists were taken to England and held in captivity in a cabin of sorts. It was here that they first learned that Japan had been hit with an atomic bomb. During this time, all their conversations were recorded. It was discovered through their conversations that Heisenberg either didn't know the difference between building a reactor and a bomb or was fairly certain that building a bomb was impossible. He has misquoted the needed critical mass for a bomb numerous times.

    There is also the issue of the amount of funding Heisenberg asked for from the Nazi Government, which was amazingly minute considering the job of building a bomb would be so large scale.

    In the end you can judge Heisenberg as either: incompetent for not being able to build the bomb, a traitor to his nation, or simply a little too apprehensive about what success would cost to put his all into the project at hand. What I will say aobut him is this: at all times he had the project under his control, and he never propagandized for the use of nuclear weapons. In Nazi Germany, there was no nuke.

    (at least i didn't make a comment about bohr sounding like bore...)

    1. Re:There is still the question... by SpaceLifeForm · · Score: 1

      I can also judge Heisenberg to be competent, loyal to mankind (quite aware of how evil Hitler was), and actually quite aware of the power in his hands and the potential dangers.

      --
      You are being MICROattacked, from various angles, in a SOFT manner.
  62. Re:Get your physics straight (or: I @m s0 31337) by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic

    m4y i b@$k i/\/ uR l33tn3$$ ??

    d00d i @m g0iN t@ m@j0r n pHi$i>Come on people, this is very simple physics.

    sorry d00d, some of us did real majors

  63. Who is Borg? Who is Scheissenberg? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    What computer games did they create?

  64. translation by craw · · Score: 2, Funny

    Sheesh, I think that the translations of the documents might be wrong. When I put one thru babblefish, I get...

    Somebody set up us the bomb!

    This is obviously a plea for the scientists to develop the A-bomb.

  65. First the Dead Sea Scrolls, Now this?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1, Offtopic



    Lameness filter encountered. Post aborted! Reason: You can type more than that for your comment.

  66. Uncertainty Principal by Gavitron_zero · · Score: 1

    Hiesenberg's Uncertainty Principal says that just by observing those papers, you are going to change their contents... hehehe

    1. Re:Uncertainty Principal by Moses+Lawn · · Score: 1

      No, the Uncertainty Principal says that by reading the papers, you may or may not receive detention. You will be able to know where detention will be held, or for how long, but not both...

      --

      What if life is just a side effect of some other process and God has no idea we exist?

  67. Uncertainty Principal by Gavitron_zero · · Score: 1

    It's pointless to read those papers...Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principal says that by observing them, you are going to change their contents... hehehe

  68. "JEW SCIENCE" Simply put..... by CDWert · · Score: 1

    I have serious questions about both the accuracy AND the historical importance of the documents, they are some 20 years after the fact for one, and each give a different account.

    ASIDE from that and from what can be seen in the threads above few of you seem to be German Military historians. Now, for the most part , nuclear physics was SEVERLY frowned on, Hitler, Goering, Himmler and Goebels, ALL reffered to it as ""JEW SCIENCE"" They INTENTIONALLY and DELIBERATLEY tried to dissuade people from approaching Hitler on the subject and in some circles even talk of it was forbidden. NOW that said, one of the few that had any vision in the matter was Doenitz, it is POSSIBLE that Nuclear programs were being conducted in seceret (From Hitler and Goering, and Himmler who knows about Goebels, he REALLY played both sides of the fence) Other programs were the MP44, when Hitler found out they went ahead with it after he forbade it he went nuts, they did produce a few , but under stipulations, like the ME262 must be carring bombs on take off. Hitler was a Maniac, his way or the highway, I cannot belive he knew of or allowed a Nuclear program under Germany with his consent.

    ima-usa.com for some real high caliber fun....

    --
    Sig went tro...aahemmm.....fishing........
  69. Think different by ehiris · · Score: 1

    This might be somehow off-topic but this is by far the best Bohr story ever (for everybody that got bohred):

    Think different

    1. Re:Think different by Mayor+McPenisman · · Score: 1

      just so you know, this is an urban legend. Read the big book of urban legends.

      --
      [[Ay fukkand lyke ane furious Fornicatour]]
  70. WARNING: GOATSE LINK!! DON'T CLICK!! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    very clever, how you hid that in the URL.

    I'm at work. Thanks a lot.

    moderators, mod this down.

    1. Re:WARNING: GOATSE LINK!! DON'T CLICK!! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Not only do you not want to give credit but you lie about it too. How nice.

  71. The Norwegian heavy water plant, etc. by SIGBUS · · Score: 1
    Basically, they landed by parachute in Norway, infiltrated one of the most highly defended places in Nazi-controlled Europe, and set of some charges. The charges were placed next to some fat cables deep in a long tunnel. The cables were carrying enough current (many tens of thousands of amps) that the electromagnetic effects when they shorted blew a kilometer of tunnel to bits.

    Elsewhere in this thread, I mentioned Dan Kurzman's book Blood and Water - it goes into great detail about the sabotage of the Norsk Hydro heavy-water plant, and the workings of the Nazi A-bomb effort. It's a riveting read, that makes James Bond look like a piker.

    Aside from the German program, there was also a British program; rivalries with the Americans hampered both the US and British efforts.

    Not mentioned in Blood and Water, Japan also had an A-bomb program of its own, and circumstantial evidence suggests that the Japanese managed to explode a test weapon. This is discussed in Robert K. Wilcox's work, Japan's Secret War (ISBN 1-56924-815-X). Much of this work was carried out in what is now North Korea. A giant industrial complex near Hungnam was dismantled by the Soviets and shipped to Russia after the war ended.

    --
    Oh, no! You have walked into the slavering fangs of a lurking grue!
  72. Correction. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It's Hanford Washington thats the wasteland, not Hartford.

    Just being Anal...

  73. Re:OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It's legal and right. Hope you learn something from it.

  74. Wrong! by Robber+Baron · · Score: 4, Informative

    Suggested reading: Shirer's Rise and Fall of the Third Reich

    Hitler never polled a majority in any of the German elections. He at best only managed votes from 39-40 % of the electorate and was awarded the chancellorship unwillingly by an old and tired Hindenburg who was led to believe that this was the only to break the cycle of repeated elections with no clear winner, followed by dissolved governments.

    What immediately followed of course is history: The burning of the Reichstag by agents of the Nazis, followed by Hitler's invocation of "emergency powers" to curb what would today be called "terrorism" (sound familiar anyone?). By the time the average German realized what was happening, it was too late and any who were in a position to mount any sort of opposition were either in the camps, dead, or scattered and demoralized.

    --

    You're using her as bait, Master!

  75. What about the darn cat? by RasTafarii · · Score: 1

    Schroedinger's cat that was possibly alive and dead at the same time...

    see: http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jsw/Schroedinger.html

    --

    "...can you imagine a BEOWULF CLUSTER of these? That'd be some serious power!"

  76. Production of a Nazi A-Bomb by BradNelson · · Score: 1

    Albert Speer, the Third Reich's minister of armaments and war production, wrote in his memoirs, "Inside the Third Reich," that they were working on an A-Bomb and would have produced one by 1947. This would have been a moot point since the Americans did it by 1945.

  77. Re:OT: Fired for Forum Opinion by thepooleboy · · Score: 1

    Not only would this be libel, but if you signed a NDA, you could also be in breach of contract.

  78. Moderating for Karma Whores: by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    lesson 1. Always use funny to moderate posts up.

    Other classifications than funny show up in metamod. Funny isn't metamodded, as humor is supposed to be subjective.

    If you mod other than funny, someone not agreeing with the post or your moderation might mark it unfair. This would cost you one karma, and the post's moderation.

    Summarizing, moderating as funny has two important aspects:
    1. don't lose karma
    2. make sure views you think important cannot be modded down in metamod.

    Stay tuned for the next installment in this series.

    1. Re:Moderating for Karma Whores: by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      > lesson 1. Always use funny to moderate posts up.
      > Other classifications than funny show up in metamod. Funny isn't metamodded, as humor is supposed to be subjective.

      "Overrated" isn't metamodded, and doesn't provoke the same "what the fuck are the moderators smoking today" reaction that "funny" on an obviously not-at-all funny post does.
      I suppose it could be trolling for the "what?" reactions.

  79. Reaction is faster than action. by BlackHat · · Score: 0

    Yep taint wise ta argue with the logic of Bohr.

    Good thing this Heisenberg fella wer'nt an evil gunfighter. Ptewt!!!

  80. Another Dyslexic by ringbarer · · Score: -1

    Your kind should be eradicated from the genepool, so we suffer no crybabies in the information age to follow!

    --
    "Why did they cancel my favorite Sci-Fi show? I downloaded ALL the episodes!"
  81. Ask a living witness... by nairolF · · Score: 5, Interesting

    What most people don't seem to know is that Heisenberg didn't visit Bohr alone. Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker was also there, and he is still alive today.

    He gave an interview with the Süddeutsche Zeitung one or two days ago. His recollection of the meeting is rather interesting (the interview is in German, sorry).

    Firstly, he says that Heisenberg started an A-bomb project in 1939, in which Weizsäcker took part, but by 1941 they came to the conclusion that they would not be able to succeed before the war was over. The problem was the tremendous effort needed to separate the isotopes. So from 1941 on they were only interested in building a reactor. Once that worked (it never did, as the heavy water production was sabotaged) there might have been the possibility to create Plutonium and build a bomb with that. But they didn't expect this to happen before the war was over by conventional means.

    The reason Heisenberg went to see Bohr, according to Weizsäcker, was that they didn't want the Americans or the British to build a bomb either. If they stated publically that they're not working on a bomb, then of course nobody would have believed them. But Heisenberg thought that they might believe Bohr. So he hoped that Bohr could convince the Allies not to build the bomb either. This was not motivated by pure pacifism - he didn't want Germany to get nuked.

    In 1941 the war looked pretty good for Germany, they were winning on all fronts. So basically Heisenberg believed that a German victory was inevitable, but with conventional weapons. He tried to explain this to Bohr, who was shocked. Bohr may have understood Heisenberg's "inevitable" to mean that he WAS working on a bomb, and planning to use it. But Weizsäcker suggests that Bohr may well have understood correctly, and didn't want the Germans to win (conventionally), and therefor figured that the Allies would have to build a bomb, to avoid a Nazi victory.

    What we can accept as quite reliable, is the following: (a) Heisenberg did lead an A-bomb project from 1939 to 1941. (b) He came to the conclusion that he couldn't build a bomb before the war was over. (c) He continued working on a reactor from 1941 onwards (possibly with the option of producing Plutonium for later weapons use).

    And what also seem quite plausible: (d) that he tried to convince Bohr that he was only working on a reactor, not a bomb. This is what he claimed afterwards, and is backed up by Weizsäcker. Many people might not believe these two, so here is another interesting piece of the puzzle:

    I read some time ago, either in Physics Today or in Scientific American that when Bohr came to Los Alamos, he brought with him a sketch which Heisenberg had made during his 1941 visit. Bohr claimed it depicted a bomb which Heisenberg was building, but the people at Los Alamos recognised it as a heavy water reactor. As far as I remember, the sketch depicted a large bottle, filled with water (presumably heavy water, but only labelled "H2O"), and some stuff inside. Can anybody dig up this sketch on the net? At any rate, this strongly suggests that Bohr had misunderstood Heisenberg, and mistook Heisenberg's reactor for a bomb.

    --
    "...Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!"
  82. There's more to it.. by k98sven · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Than this.. there is more evidence than just the standard: "Bohr's word against Heisenbergs"

    For instance, Gitta Serenys excellent
    book "Albert Speer: His battle with truth".
    (Albert Speer was the Nazi minister of armaments during the latter part of the war).

    In the book Sereny notes that Speer, in a letter to a friend from Spandau prison after the war,
    wrote of Heisenbergs engagement in developing an A-bomb, and how he had they had been short of funds.
    According to the book, Speer remarked in the letter something to the extent of: "Now, I suppose he'll claim he didn't want the bomb built, and didn't ask for funding".

    This is, in fact, what Heisenberg claimed after the war. However, Speer could not have known this, since the prisoners in Spandau were not allowed to read newspapers or have any correspondence with the outside world.
    (With the exception of the contraband letters)

    To me at least, this seems pretty incriminating,
    especially together with the testimony of Bohr.

    On the other hand, I would be careful to damn Heisenberg:

    Just look at how the USA made a 'hero' out of Werner von Braun, a man who not only built missiles, he administrated the cruel and inhumane concentration camps where the missiles were manufactured.

  83. Re: the entire German population? by Self-Important · · Score: 1

    That's like saying that almost the entire American population consists of hyper-conservative Republicans who can't properly chew snack foods.

  84. Sick Hitler Fetish by Self-Important · · Score: 1, Interesting

    To accommodate an earlier post by a fellow ./er, yes, most of the last century's greatest scientists were indeed German, and did indeed live in Germany while it was run by a fascist dictator. In fact, many if not most (see, *I* can use broad generalizations, too) of those same scientists were borrowed for use in developing a burgeoning post-WWII American space program. That program is called NASA now.

    I find this kind of what-if Hitler postulating sickening. In a really twisted way, Americans have latched onto and sensationalized what they collectively consider to be the lowest common denominator in human action. With their bums firmly planted on their high horses, they sit back in their easy chairs and watch the steady flow of horseshit revisionism that trickles through the ether on the Hitler (oops, "History") channel.

    They sit there, disgusting domestic brew in one hand, greasy remote control in the other, fantasizing about a world devoid of the hated "brown people". If given a public forum, they are lightly scolded for making statements such as "Hitler had some good ideas" (Buchanan). And then they post to Slashdot, hinting at "just how close we came" to the realization of their closet fantasy world.

  85. Uncertainty principle in action by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    > Of course, if we knew Heisenberg's exact
    > intentions, we would be unable to figure out
    > just where he stood, and vice versa.

    Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in action. :-)

    1. Re:Uncertainty principle in action by PsiPsiStar · · Score: 2

      Yup. And Shroedenger had a cat in a box that was both alive and dead. Of course, if he kept it in the box too long and never fed it, it would just be two different kinds of dead.

      --

      ___
      It's the end of my comment as I know it and I feel fine.
  86. Werner Heisenberg Biography by artlu · · Score: 2, Informative

    For my engineering/chemistry professor last year i needed to write a biographyon Heisenberg man. My biography is pretty in depth and a worthy read if anyone is interested. It can be found @ http://artlu.net/essays/wernerbio.html Enjoy, AJ

    --
    -------
    artlu.net
  87. You can't let it rest. by jotaeleemeese · · Score: 1

    Because Rwanda and the Balkans shows us we have learned very little.

    --
    IANAL but write like a drunk one.
  88. Some people beg to differ. by jotaeleemeese · · Score: 1

    "E=mc2 a biography of the world's most famous equation" by David Bodanis implies with all certainity that he published papers explaining the feasibility to make an A-bomb.

    Unless you think Nazi Germany was going to big pains to increase production of heavy water in Norway, mining uranium as fast as they could from Czechslovakia(sp?), and putting Herr Professor Heisenberg in charge of a secret facility researching how to release energy from uranium all for the good of science (in spite of being understood by then that an A-bomb was possible) then you are very naive or malicious.

    Add to that the terrifying tidibits of wisdom that Herr Heisenberg was sprouting about Germany ruling the world (as pointed out in this thread) and the only conclussion is villain.

    He may have not known about attrocities, but anybody that is ready to use an a-bomb to conquer the world is villain in my book.

    --
    IANAL but write like a drunk one.
  89. Re: the entire German population? by Che+Guevarra · · Score: 1

    Once again a backer of the party of ridicule and deceipt decides to drop a flame-bomb on a slashdot discussion. You forgot to make fun of his physical traits, you must be slipping.

  90. Re: dissent by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Well said. Being an American under an oppressive Republican regime, I feel almost the same way. Yet, I'm sure European countries must feel that all Americans are greedy, uncompassionate, and wasteful. Well, not all of us are, and I just hope that enough liberals get off their asses and vote next election. Hopefully next time, most of the votes will actually count. Maybe the Supreme Court will even stay out of it and not over-rule us.

    Patriotism does NOT = Arrogance

    http://www.commondreams.org

  91. Re: the entire German population? by Self-Important · · Score: 1

    Ha ha! No, I'm not a "backer of the Democratic Party". I'm *guessing* that's what you're implying. It's similar to how I also have to *guess* at what you mean with your interesting use of the word "deceipt". Get a spell-checker. Or, better yet, start writing speeches for the fortunate son. You're already more than qualified.

    As far as physical traits, I don't even have to bother. How could I possibly top http://www.bushorchimp.com ?? Eeeek eeek! I've just flushed the national surplus down the toilet! Eeek! I'm a puppet! Eeek! Eeek! Want banana!!

    Does that cream your coffee, my meek, gullible friend? Good. Now go post your hate speech someplace else.

  92. Common Attitudes by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0


    Being some sort of Nazi was a way to be normal back then, just as it is normal today to support the "war on terrorism" today. You don't ask, it's convention.

    Turn back time a hundred years and think of the cultural progress of that time:

    Sigmund Freud, nuclear research, aviation, abstract art and serial music. The predecessors of the nazis coined the phrase of "jewish modernism", providing conservative people with an answer to their fear. Even Einsteins theory was widely regarded as such "jewish modernism".

    Someone mentioned the widespread attitude of "it's us or the russians", a construct so powerful that it was to last for years. Being afraid of the future is so common, it wasn't that hard to be a nazi at all.

    It is in all of us like a latent potential.

    Fear not!

  93. Re:Right by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    09/??/1930: NSDAP 18.3 %
    07/31/1932: NSDAP 37.3%
    03/05/1933: NSDAP 44% being the main group of the Reichstag.

    Jail the rest and you are Führer.

  94. Nazi's did not burn the Reichstag by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The Nazi's did not burn the Reichstag. In documents released in the late 80's it was shown that Hitler was quite surprised by its occurance. He just took advantage of the situation. So for ages people suspected he was behind it when he really wasn't.

  95. No! No! Don't tell me... by rnturn · · Score: 3, Funny

    ...and spoil it. I'm going to see Copenhagen tommorow.

    --
    CUR ALLOC 20195.....5804M
  96. Re:ALSOS mission by zama · · Score: 1
    drifting into OT land but it's worth it...


    The ALSOS mission is one of the most fascinating things in WWII. If you haven't looked into it, read The Hunt For German Scientists by Michael Bar-Zohar I believe, The Alsos Mission by Col. Boris Pash, and Alsos by Samuel Goudsmit.


    Alsos was an intelligence operation to assess the German's science capabilities, in particular their nuclear fission program. It largely degenerates into commando raids and kidnapping (get the scientists before the Reds do!). A gripping read.

  97. My cousin Wassel by epepke · · Score: 2

    In the 1930's, back when about half of all European intellectuals were in favor of Fascism, my cousin Wassel was in a Biergarten badmouthing Hitler. The next day he came home to find that the authorities had ransacked his house, including cutting open all the pillows ostensibly searching for "subversive documents." The week after that, he was drafted into the army. Also, the best geneaological evidence indicates that this branch of my family converted from Judaism some time in the 19th century, so they would have gotten around to us eventually.

    When I tell people this, they usually say, "gee, that was stupid of him."

    Hindsight is 20-20, folks. It's really easy to look back on history and assign clear moral categories. It isn't so easy to do while the history is happening. A lot of people think that a Holocaust cannot happen again, but I think they're wrong. It can and probably will happen, because people are stupid. No genocide ever starts off horrible; it happens over time.

    All these documents need to be put in the context of their times in order to make sense. Look at the time of the meeting, what had happened, and what was still in the future.

    If you want to know where the next world-threatening Holocaust is going to come from, don't look for Nazis; look for the places that were like Germany between the wars: horrible unemployment, poverty, and inflation, hopelessness and despair, anger at treatment by their neighbors. These are invariably places that most liberal intellectuals loudly defend. There's a lot of "they're just responding to someone else's foreign policy" or "they have good reasons" or "how do you think they feel when they see..." There's a lot of rationalizing of madness. But these are the places that Holocaust-forming madness can take root, precisely because people want to view it all as rational and justifiable and will burn itself out once they get some control over their destiny. Ironically, it is this rationalization that makes it possible for madmen to get away with murder, but by then it's too late.

  98. Re:Doesn't matter anyway by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Does't matter anyway.
    The result was as I said:
    Jail them and you're Führer.

    The Social Democrats got jailed, and --- oops there's our majority.

    It was war against terrorism, actually.

    Fear not.

  99. Points to ponder by Spinality · · Score: 3, Insightful

    From my reading of the current material, and of other sources:

    1. Heisenberg took a substantial risk visiting Copenhagen and discussing secret and dangerous information with Bohr. We don't know exactly what was on his mind, but he wasn't doing this lightly.

    2. Heisenberg didn't like his fascist government; but he was still a patriot and wanted to do what was good for his people in the long run.

    3. In 1941, it was a very reasonable conclusion that Germany would win the war. Most people feared this. It would not be unreasonable to plan accordingly.

    4. Heisenberg was very, very smart.

    5. Bohr was troubled by what he saw as inconsistent and inexplicable behavior. He was surprised and concerned, at the time and later, and he sought in vain to understand his friend's words and actions, which seemed clear but inexplicable to him.

    6. After the war, Heisenberg felt bitter and misunderstood, and avoided discussing wartime events after having received censure from many sides.

    Assume, for the moment, that in 1941 Heisenberg a) thought Germany would win the war, b) hoped Bohr was aware how serious a threat was posed by nuclear weapons, c) wanted to prepare for good humane postwar German physics, and d) deliberately but secretly focused German research efforts on avenues leading to peaceful applications. How would his behavior have been different? Who would have been aware of this lonely struggle, at the time or later? And, assuming this were all true, how bitter and frustrated would he feel after the war, being blackguarded for actions that (if all were known) should be seen as heroic?

    The historical record is clearly ambiguous, and there are certainly valid interpretations of events that show him in a bad or foolish light. But this was an extraordinary man, dealing with titanic issues at an extraordinary time. I am more inclined to give him the benefit of the doubt. The great scientists I've known have tended to share a common trait: intellectual honesty, to the point of ruthlessness and even self-destruction if necessary. The great thinker is rarely petty of self-deceptive about important issues. So I have a hard time picturing Heisenberg conducting decades of revisionism to whitewash over bad behavior. I find it more likely that Bohr misunderstood his brief exchange with a troubled and tortured man, a man who was trying to do what he thought was right in a difficult situation. Bohr's own mystification with Heisenberg's actions is clear in the draft letters.

    We won't ever have a certain resolution to this question, because letters and recordings only reveal certain kinds of information. The truth was hidden in Heisenberg's inner beliefs and motivations, but he chose to close the door on discussing such issues, after receiving what he perceived as unfair rebukes.

    For me, it all comes down to a question of emotional and intellectual plausibility. Which 'plot' makes the most human sense -- Heisenberg as shallow, self-interested, incompetent, venal Nazi bureaucrat? -- or Heisenberg as an heroic, solitary, tortured visionary? Each version of history has problems, but look at the stature and reputation of this man before the war. He was larger than life. I hate to see him made so small in today's debate.

    --
    -- We all have enough strength to endure the misfortunes of other people. La Rochefoucauld
  100. Holocausts.... by kaladorn · · Score: 2

    Now, admittedly no modern episodes have reached the scale of the Holocaust, but look at what has been going on the the states of the former Yugoslavia, in Rwanda, in the Northern parts of Iraq with the Kurds, and in other areas and you'd have to say that the concept of ethnic cleansing (same old horror, new buzzword) is alive and prospering.

    It isn't a matter of if this happens, just if anyone takes notice and does anything about it. A lot of these get written off as "internal matters" or "civil wars" (oxymoron such as that is). The day that the international community stops excusing and allowing genocide under the guise of non-interference in the politics of nations is a day I'm not holding my breath waiting for. It would make for a much more palatable world if every innocent life had the same value, but to date there seems to be little data to support such a claim.

    --
    -- Mal: "Well they tell you: never hit a man with a closed fist. But it is, on occasion, hilarious."
  101. You may find immaterial whose side they were on... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...but I assure you that you would prefer that the Allies won rather than the Nazis, the Empire of Japan and Fascist Italy if you had even the faintest appreciation of reading history before sharing your uninformed opinion. Try again, or at least don't make your ignorance so obvious in public. Not all opinions are equally worthwhile.

  102. So, if I understand this right... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...your post summarizes to "it's unclear".

  103. Wow, and here I thought... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...that your penultimate paragraph was talking about the Nazis, and not Cold War America. It was, right?

  104. If I may be allowed to hold up a mirror... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...if "anybody that is ready to use an A-Bomb to conquer the world is [a] villain in (your) book", I would (as a Canadian from the province (Saskatchewan) whose uranium was processed into the enriched uranium and synthesized plutonium that made up Trinity, Fat Man and Little Boy tested and eventually used in New Mexico and Japan) respectfully submit that the United States used the atomic bomb on Japan to eliminate what would likely have been nearly a hundred thousand Allied casualties, as well as a further half million or more Japanese civilian deaths if the war had been prolonged with an Allied invasion of Japan under Overlord and Coronet scheduled for 1945 and 1946 respectively.

    Truman was a bastard, but he was no villain. The same cannot be said of many of his successors nor of any of his equivalents in the Kremlin. Truman made a lot of mistakes, but this wasn't one of them.

  105. You fool! Don't you realize... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...that Heisenberg was working on that weapon used so effectively from the second and higher stories of student residences at the University of Chicago and others... the Water Bomb!!!

    That monster!

  106. Did anyone else notice the irony? by CRConrad · · Score: 1
    An AC reports:
    ...the graphite he [Bothe] used contained minute traces of boron; second, it was this contamination that made the graphite ineffective as a moderator.
    So it was the element "boron"[*], in other languages (Swedish for sure; probably German too) known as just "bor", that foiled the German attempt at an A-bomb... And whom would that element happen to be named after, you think?

    Yes, in a way, it *was* Niels Bohr who stopped the Nazi Bomb project! :-)


    [*]: Hmm -- wouldn't that make a good new name to call someone you want to say is both _boring_ and a _moron_?
    --

    Christian R. Conrad
    mail me at iki.fi ; same user ID as here