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Individual Atom Memory Created

azav writes "University of Wisconsin-Madison Scientists have created "atomic scale" memory using individual atoms of Silicon." A cool photo can be found on the site as well.

48 of 123 comments (clear)

  1. Bah! by DarkHelmet · · Score: 5, Funny
    University of Wisconsin-Madison Scientists have created "atomic scale" memory using individual atoms of Silicon." A cool photo can be found on the site as well.

    Single atom memory? How stable do they REALLY expect that to be?

    Ha! What's the name of the technology? Alzheimer's Access Memory?

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  2. repost by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

    .. not to be too repetitive, but this was posted only a month ago..

    http://science.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=02/08/0 8/0116255&mode=thread&tid=126

    1. Re:repost by MisterBlister · · Score: 2

      Considering the number of same day reposts that occur here these days we might have to start letting the month old reposts slide...

    2. Re:repost by Frank+Grimes · · Score: 1

      And here's what I had to say about the subject last month: http://science.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=37601& cid=4030646

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    3. Re:repost by azav · · Score: 1

      My apologies. The press release was pushed out just a few days ago. Maybe it is an advancement on the previous technique??

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      - Zav - Imagine a Beowulf cluster of insensitive clods...
  3. what was that.. by Perdo · · Score: 2

    about moore's law?

    And a brick wall?

    Methinks there is no higher density than bit-per-atom.

    hrm... bit per electron...

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    1. Re:what was that.. by malahoo · · Score: 2

      there is no no higher density than bit-per-atom.

      Doesnt this assume you can only store information in particles with mass? For instance, light can have wavelengths smaller than the "width" of an electron.
      --


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    2. Re:what was that.. by Waffle+Iron · · Score: 5, Funny
      about moore's law?

      And a brick wall?

      Methinks there is no higher density than bit-per-atom.

      6.02x10^23 Kb ought to be enough for anyone.

    3. Re:what was that.. by esonik · · Score: 1

      What is the width of an electron ?
      Hint: it's unknown (for the free electron). We only know that the electron is smaller then 10^-15 meters, compare this to the wavelength of visible light: 10^-6 meters. Visible light has HUGE wavelength (several thousand atom spacings)! Guess why we need UV and XUV etc. light for lithography...to get near atom size with light you actually need X-rays!

  4. What the picture says... by Kredal · · Score: 5, Funny

    "If you can read this, you're WAAAY too close!"

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  5. Re:It a hoax... by Kredal · · Score: 4, Informative

    As a matter of fact, yes.

    Not all atoms are the same size. Remember what you learned about atomic weights?

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  6. This has more details by jukal · · Score: 5, Informative
    The article links to this article which describes better how it actually works.

    "Reading the memory consists of a simple, one-dimensional scan, because it is self-formatted into precise tracks. There is no need to search in two dimensions for the location of a bit. The signal is highly predictable since all atoms have the same shape and occur on well-defined lattice sites. That allows for a high level of filtering and error correction"

    "Writing is more difficult. While atoms can be positioned controllably at liquid helium temperature, that is much harder to achieve that at room temperature"

  7. Nonsense! by Greyfox · · Score: 2

    You just have to start storing multiple states in one atom. The Quantum Computing people have been talking about that for years.

    --

    I'm trying to teach myself to set people on fire with my mind... Is it hot in here?

    1. Re:Nonsense! by Perdo · · Score: 2

      If you are willing to accept false answers from a quantum computer being used as a signal processor, the signal you recieve will be from another universe...

      We can communicate with other universes.

      I can transmit messages to Perdos in parallel universes.

      No.

      You can not store and retrieve more than one bit in an atom using quantum states.

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      If voting were effective, it would be illegal by now.

    2. Re:Nonsense! by t_allardyce · · Score: 1

      I wonder how the RIAA will handle 'IP protection' on quantum systems.. maybe that file _is_ britney spears.. or maybe its my accounts.. maybe britney doesnt exist.. we can only hope :) maybe its all in another universe.. who am i? whats going on waah why did i write all this?

      Damn Quantum computers

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  8. Re:Okay let me be the first... by Orthanc_duo · · Score: 1

    if I licked my finger and rubbed ...
    Last time i checked same happens to the good old fassioned floopy disk..

    I guess the scientist were surprised to find that the atoms stayed where they were left
    Exactly. Verry slow at present but being able to keep the atoms where they were put is a step towards a viable atomic storage.

    So someone found a way to spend a lot of time using the electron microscope...
    Yes electron microscopes have been used to move atoms before. The breakthrough (ignoring the fact it was posted a month ago) is that the self creating tracks and the fact the atoms can be packed at high density and stay there.

    On an offtopic side note:
    There seems to be an abnormally high number of Trolls on this paticular story. Any ideas why??

    Orthanc

  9. Copyright by t_allardyce · · Score: 1

    Just as long as you don't arrange atoms in a way that could, using some sort of algorithm, produce a recording of some popular music. Otherwise, the RIAA's nano-bots, will deconstruct your atoms.. with permission of the US government

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  10. Re:Okay let me be the first... by t_allardyce · · Score: 1

    "Last time i checked same happens to the good old fassioned floopy disk.."

    no no, with a floppy disk you just have to stick it in your pocket, 9/10 it will corrupt. Thats why i'm sad enough to duplicate all my files on floppy's and sometimes use 2 different disks. Im sure you could probably duplicate the atomic memory too, it would still be amazing density even at half capacity, even at 1/10 capacity. They can decrease the duplication as the technology for better reliability increases.

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  11. Feynman failed to anticipate MS Word by Subcarrier · · Score: 4, Funny

    In 1959, physics icon Richard Feynman predicted that all the words written in the history of the world could be contained in a cube of material one two-hundredths of an inch wide.

    And then we'd need a new search engine just to find the damn thing.

    Fortunately, the text would probably be stored in the innovative MS Word format, which guarantees that the physical size of the required storage capacity will remain constant over time, no matter what the information density of the storage medium.

    --
    "I have opinions of my own, strong opinions, but I don't always agree with them." -- George H. W. Bush
    1. Re:Feynman failed to anticipate MS Word by Dolly_Llama · · Score: 1
      And then we'd need a new search engine just to find the damn thing.

      Mini-Google, stop humping the laser..

      --

      Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known. -- Carl Sagan

  12. Atom walks into the bar. by Typingsux · · Score: 4, Funny
    Says to the bartender "I think I lost an electron"

    Bartender replies "Are you sure?"

    Atom thinks for a second: "Yea I'm positive."

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    1. Re:Atom walks into the bar. by Erpo · · Score: 1

      Just then, a rather negative looking chlorine atom walks in and sits down next to the recently robbed sodium: "I snagged it while you weren't looking. Gonna try to grab it back?"

      Sodium: "Nah. I don't want to be reduced to your level."

    2. Re:Atom walks into the bar. by spike+hay · · Score: 2


      A neutron walks into a bar and orders a martini. When the bartender hands
      him the drink, the neutron asks, "How much do I owe you?"

      The bartender replies, "For you ... no charge."

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  13. Oops by Alsee · · Score: 2

    I had an incredibly insightfull and informative post to make, but I stored it on an atomic scale memory smaller than a spec of dust. Now I can't remember where I put it.

    -

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  14. FLT by Alsee · · Score: 4, Funny

    I found a remarkable proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, but this 512 terabyte memory cube is too small to contain it.

    -

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    - - You can't take something off the Internet! That's like trying to take pee out of a swimming pool.
  15. Re:It a hoax... by kenthorvath · · Score: 3, Informative

    Actually, they are all rougly the same size, regardless of atomic weight. This is one of the interesting things about quantum mechanics and atomic physics. *All* atoms are between 0.5 and 2.5 Angstroms (1e-10 m)with Cesium being the largest (bigger than Uranium) and Nitrogen? being the smallest. Silicon isn't very large, however. This is partially because the electrons are so far away from a VERY tiny nucleus (remember the football field/grain of salt analogy).

  16. And it'd be like... by GeekDork · · Score: 2

    $ solvechess
    Please prepare and format 10 Dyson Spheres and fill them with crystalline silicon.
    Please insert Dyson Sphere 1 and press enter...
    Working..........(10%)
    Please insert Dyson Sphere 2 and press enter...
    Working...(13%), inf remaining.

    Fun, fun, fun. And now we'll put those into a RAID 6+6. How many would you need at least and how many could fail before you lose any data? For bonus points, give the smallest possible distance you could leave between the spheres to keep them separated using no more than the power output of a Sol-like star on each and calculate the mass of all spheres combined. If possible draw a small diagram of how the spheres had to be placed for maximum stability.

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  17. Why limit to binary? by Gondola · · Score: 1

    Since most operating systems are 16 and 32 bit in nature, why do we continue to use binary memory? Why not have memory that can somehow represent 16 or 32 states?

    1. Re:Why limit to binary? by KeggInKenny · · Score: 2, Interesting
      Mostly for speed. Let's review our 1st year digital electronics course. Since computer operations (at least in modern-day chips) are done on the binary level, storing in 32/64/whatever bits levels would require whatever portion of the system is reading the memory block to convert this one psudo-bit (for lack of a better term) to digital before processing. This is equavilent to (for example) sampleing audio data (taking the voltage produced by a microphone or similar device, and converting it to 8/16/24 bits).


      In addition to requireing extra circuitry for decoding, this would require extra time. If you're wondering why CPUs don't just use various (16/32/64/whatever) voltage levels internally, then you really need a refresher course.


      Transistor -> voltage controlled current source. i.e. a transister (in most cpus, these are nmos/pmos pairs) will either be "conducting" or "not conducting" a current depending on voltage level at the gate. Although technically these conducting/non-conducting will have slightly different currents flowing though them, we cannot use these as various voltage levels for the next transister because we get into all sorts of matching problems, fan-in/out problems, and basically (for example) the number "26" would be represented by one voltage level here, a different one there, and another one based on what transisters or conducting, and how much. If you're wondering why we don't use resisters to solve some of these problems, you REALLY need to review - power dicipated = current * current * resistance = heat. 20B currents squared * 20B resistances = instant chip incineration.


      As a side note (actually two side notes) I beleive in the 40s they were experimenting with computers which used 10 voltage levels because that was the natuaral thing to do, until someone suggested using binary/boolean value which until that time were just a mathmatical curiosity than a dicipline taken seriously. I don't have references on hand ot back this up, but I think i remember reading something to that effect. The other side note is that many modems (even today) use variable-level voltages ot communicate. This is because the speed limiting factor effecting modems is line quality and length. It takes a relativly long time to force the line to any particular voltage, and so the modem makes these voltages count by encoding multiple levels. Ex. 9600bps modem uses 12 phase angles, four of which have two voltage levels, alowing to transmit 16 bits in one cycle (Stallings, Data & Computer Communications, 6th, p145). This is also why some modems (ex 56k) will only connect at (ex) 24k if excessive line noise prevents reliable encoding on many voltage levels.


      The second reason we don't use variable levels in memory storage is error control. 1/0 values are screwed up enough by line noise, magnetic fields, and what have you. Imageine how difficult a time a machine would have dtermining "is that atom 23456 picometers about the base or 23457?"

      As photonics emerges as a network technology though, I'm wondering if there is something like a "photo-transister" that will block or allow passthrough of light if light is present at a gate of a certain wavelegth. I know extreamly little about photonics, but if this possible then maybe multiple bits can be transmitted via multiple wavelengths inside a light-based (as opposed to electricity based) processor. Anyonw working on something like this?

      Anyway, I hope this helps!

      KeggInKenny

      --

      "A dictatorship would be a heck of a lot easier, there's no question about it." -George W. Bush
    2. Re:Why limit to binary? by KeggInKenny · · Score: 1
      Ah! my brain doesn't work on Saturdays...

      9600bps:

      12 phase angles, 4 of which have two voltage levels -

      8log2 = 3

      4log2 * 2 = 4

      meaning 9600 sending 7 bits at a time, not 16...

      --

      "A dictatorship would be a heck of a lot easier, there's no question about it." -George W. Bush
  18. Umm... by BoojiBoy0 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    If those are silicon atoms in the photo then what are the grooves in between the rows of atoms?

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    1. Re:Umm... by undeg+chwech · · Score: 1

      Smaller atoms? Mercury is pretty big.

    2. Re:Umm... by undeg+chwech · · Score: 1

      No ... I have absolutely no idea why I thought the atoms were Mercury.

    3. Re:Umm... by Fred+Ferrigno · · Score: 1

      Actually I think the backdrop is a sheet of silicon atoms and the little dots mark the absence of an atom.

    4. Re:Umm... by Discoteck · · Score: 1

      Fred is almost right. The holes in the photo mark the absence of an material that is the size of an atom. I think you have to know a bit how how information is stored on optical technologies such as CD's and DVD's. They use LED's to burn pits and valleys in a polymer type material. Then another LED with less power comes along and reads where there is a pit (1) and where there is a valley (0).

      As to the grooves, check this reply in the thread. " This has more details (Score:5, Informative) by jukal " Sorry I don't know how to link directly to the reply.

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  19. Mr. Wizard! Mr. Wizard! I have a question please! by mtec · · Score: 1

    If the picture is of atoms, what is under them?

    I've always wondered that when I see an electron shot like this. Anyone know?

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  20. Sorry BoojiBoy0 by mtec · · Score: 1

    great minds...

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  21. Sizes of atoms. by Christopher+Thomas · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Actually, they are all rougly the same size, regardless of atomic weight. This is one of the interesting things about quantum mechanics and atomic physics. *All* atoms are between 0.5 and 2.5 Angstroms (1e-10 m)with Cesium being the largest (bigger than Uranium) and Nitrogen? being the smallest. Silicon isn't very large, however.

    Hydrogen's the smallest, according to my books, with a radius of something like 0.53 angstroms (been a while since I looked it up).

    What confuses me is why the atomic radii don't go up as the square of the number of shells. The alkali metals will have a single electron in the outermost shell, with the nucleus shielded by the inner shells, and so having an apparent charge of one. This seems to give a system with size equivalent to the nth energy level of an electron in hydrogen, which goes up as the square of the shell number.

    I and the friends I asked about this speculate that because the electrons in the sheilding shells are smeared out radially, the outermost shielding shell extends past the valence shell's nominal radius, and so the core is only partly shielded, but I haven't seen any description to date of how you work out what the radii actually end up being.

    Any pointers/quick explanations?

    1. Re:Sizes of atoms. by Christopher+Thomas · · Score: 2

      The simplified freshman chem explanation is that as you go across, the amount of shielding electrons is the same, but nuclear charge goes up, and as such, Z-effective increases. This mostly seems to counteract increased electron-electron repulsion, with things like the lanthanide contraction aside.

      I'm afraid that, while interesting, this doesn't address my question, which concerned the alkali metals only (as they are presumably the most easily analyzed). I'm just going down a column, not across a row, and finding radii smaller than a naieve model would preduct.

      And yes, you are correct: the shielding cannot be perfect. If it were so, the electrons would simply be repelled by one another and not hang out anywhere near the nucleus together anymore.

      They still would, as the total charge of the core shells is less than the magnitude of the charge of the nucleus. Even if perfectly spherically distributed and completely inside the valence shell, they'd only cancel as many protons as there are electrons in the non-valence shells.

      The (conjectured) reason shielding isn't even this good that a friend and I thougt about was that the second assumption doesn't hold (that the wavefunctions of the inner shells extend past the valence shell, causing some of their charge to not contribute to shielding).

      The first assumption should hold, if I understand correctly (the charge distribution of a filled shell has spherical symmetry in the absence of external influences). OTOH, maybe the shells could induce dipoles in each other as with London forces between atoms... Bleah.

      Dragging this back to my original question - is there a known, closed-form solution to the radial distribution function for the electrons in alkali metals (or even noble gases), or even a good approximate solution, or am I stuck trying to solve the Schrodinger equation the hard way?

  22. Memory Density by Smidge204 · · Score: 1

    Someone (one of the few people who made an *intelligent* reply, anyway) Mentioned memory density. Out of curiosity I decided to figure out exactly how much data per square inch you could fit using this tecnique... Silicon has a van der Waals (minimum, non-bonding) radius of 210pm, or 2.1e-10 meters (8.27e-9 inches). That means the closest you could possibly pack them is 4.2e-10 meters on-center (1.65e-8 inches). That means you can pack about 60,400,000 silicon atoms in single file, or a whopping 3,600,000,000,000,000 atoms per square inch! That boils down to about 415.7 terabytes! Comparatively, current holographic memory systems can (last I checked) reliably store up to 25.6 megabytes per square inch, but of course it has the added feature of using the full volume of the media, and extreamely fast read/write times. =Smidge=

  23. WARNING: Porn (possibly child porn) by renehollan · · Score: 1, Offtopic

    ... er, I wasn't going to look at it long enuf to decide how old she appeared... at least not at work.

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    You could've hired me.
  24. Journal article, and some calculations by FleaPlus · · Score: 2, Informative

    There's a PDF of the real journal article available from Nanotechnology's site.

    In the article they say that their atomic memory has an energy density of 250 terabits per square inch (compared to 100 gigabits per square inch for a hard drive). A CD-ROM has 14 square inches of recordable area. If one were to use this technique on a surface the size of a CD-ROM, that would give:

    (14 square inches) * (250 terabits/square inch) / (8 bits/byte) = 437.5 terabytes

    Incredibly huge, but I'm sure there's a number of people who would still be able to fill it up.

  25. Obvious silicon quote... by Lispy · · Score: 1

    I hate it when all the guys bring their girlfriends to the LAN-Parties.

  26. Re:It a hoax... by Cyno01 · · Score: 2

    actually all atoms are roughly the same size, hydrogens nucleus has little pull on its electron so the shell is relatively far out from the nucleus, but a massive atom such as uranium has the shell, relatively, closer in, the charges in a stable atom may be equal, but the positive charge is all concentrated in the center and acts on the electrons individually, brining them closer in, but of course if u wanna get weird, all atoms are theoretically infinite (heisenberg)

    --
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  27. This is what the Awari guys need by dstone · · Score: 2

    For those who missed it, their 778 gigabyte database of the complete Awari game tree could be stored on a piece of silicon approximately 4mm square. Wait, that's just on one side! Sweet, we'll keep MP3s on the other 778 gig side.

    (0.778 terabytes) / ((250 terabits/sq.inch) / (8 bits/byte)) = 0.024896 sq.inch =~ 4mm square

  28. Stored at 0K in a vacuum? by Colin+Smith · · Score: 2

    Cos atoms have a habit of moving about.

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    Deleted
  29. Re:Okay let me be the first... by Orthanc_duo · · Score: 1

    As for the TROLL rating
    I was refering to the posts not the ratings.

  30. CopyRight infringement at atomic level ! by pc_critic · · Score: 1

    Call the copyRight police! I just found my latest script embeded in that atomic pattern (photo) - it's backwards & encrypted, but I'm sure it's mine! ............... - just beacuse you're paranoid, it doesn't mean that the world is NOT out to get ya! -