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O'Reilly Pushing Founder's Copyright System

alansz writes "The O'Reilly and Associates Open Books Project has been around for a while, and I've just received a letter from Tim about the next step" Read on if you are interested in the creative commons, and how O'Reilly authors are being asked to take part. Alansz continues, "ORA authors are being encouraged to allow ORA to self-limit their copyright to the Founders' Copyright (14 years with one 14-year extension possible), and to allow ORA to distribute their out-of-print (or post-Founder's Copyright) books to the public using the Creative Commons Attribution license (you can freely copy and distribute the work and derivatives, as long as you attribute the work to the author and ORA). Author agreement is required in order for ORA to transfer rights to Creative Commons.

The letter included a handy FAQ about author options (allow assignment to Creative Commons, stick with the usual maximum copyright deal, or have three months to try to find another publisher when the book goes out-of-print and allow assignment to CC if you don't). The letter also notes that different editions of books count as different works, so your latest edition can still be selling commercially and earlier editions can be released as open books.

(For my out-of-print ORA book, I'm going to allow them to assign the rights to CC and make it freely available. It's great to see a publisher thinking about copyright this way, but it's no more than I'd expect from the good folks at ORA.)"

45 of 134 comments (clear)

  1. Software by squiggleslash · · Score: 5, Interesting

    It's kind of surprising little encouragement is given to the release of software under these terms. I suspect most software companies would have no problem with copyright lasting a maximum of 30 or so years. Most software seems to reach the end of its shelflife within five years of release.

    --
    You are not alone. This is not normal. None of this is normal.
    1. Re:Software by Gortbusters.org · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Well, I would say that 30 years is a little much.... maybe 10 years would be much better.

      The flip side of the coin is that software is incremental, unless there is a revolution in the software it will most likely take an evolutionary path. So if the copyright expires too quickly you can get a big taste of things like the Windows design and implementation.

      --
      --------
      Free your mind.
    2. Re:Software by cduffy · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Would it *really* hurt Microsoft if the Windows 1.0 code went public? I can't see how -- it would probably cost more to duplicate the years upon years of incremental improvements than to reimplement ground-up; Likewise release of the original AT&T sources could in no way pose a threat to Sun's sales of Solaris.

      In any event -- the point of copyright is not to prevent the public from getting "a big taste" of how things work, but to allow the author sufficient opportunity to make money as to encourage the work's initial production. Permitting the public access to the source of 14-year-old software does little to harm copyright owners and much to widen the variety of sources available to curious tinkerers.

    3. Re:Software by KDan · · Score: 4, Funny

      Are you seriously claiming that Microsoft has made enough money from Windows? I can't believe you can uphold such horrible beliefs!

      Understand this: No corporation has ever made enough money out of something. The only way that would happen would be if that corporation was the only corporation in the whole world, and made ALL the money. Then things would be right, and the world would be a happy place.

      Daniel

      --
      Carpe Diem
    4. Re:Software by cduffy · · Score: 3, Insightful

      It *does* mean that if someone already has a (hitherto illicit) copy of the sources, they're now free to distribute it -- which could very well result in wide distribution of said sources. Certainly, it doesn't mean Microsoft is obliged to start publishing their codebase.

    5. Re:Software by rabidcow · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Understand this: No corporation has ever made enough money out of something.

      At some point it costs the corporation more to dig up and make a copy for distribution than anyone is willing to pay for it. When this happens, it is impossible for them to make any more money off of this product.

      Windows 1.0 probably falls into this category.

      OTOH, it also costs something to dig it up and release it for free. With books it's a little different, since the book's content is already out there.

      I wouldn't be suprized to find that the Window 1.0 source code no longer exists. In that case, the cost to release it for free is enormous.

    6. Re:Software by iabervon · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If Windows 95 went public, it could be supported by other people, and MicroSoft would have even more trouble getting people to upgrade than they do now. Considering that MicroSoft's biggest competition these days is MicroSoft from the past, it's greatly in their interests to make their old software as dead as possible.

  2. Think Id by absurdhero · · Score: 5, Interesting

    It is pretty cool that another well known company found a way to get something out of a copyleft licensing scheme. This reminds me Id Software's similar strategy of Freeing their games after they get a bit out of date but are still useful. O'Reilly is attempting to do the same thing with books.
    One more reason why I like O'Reilly :)

    1. Re:Think Id by Pseudonym · · Score: 4, Insightful

      There's a key feature of Id's release scheme that you have to take into account, though. You can't take what Id has released and create a fully functioning Quake. That's because although they have released the source, they have not released the level files which make the game.

      That way, they can still sell the game (as part of a bargain anthology or something) if and when they want to.

      --
      sub f{($f)=@_;print"$f(q{$f});";}f(q{sub f{($f)=@_;print"$f(q{$f});";}f});
  3. Open Books Project by heli0 · · Score: 5, Informative

    Here is one of the more interesting entries in the Open Books Project: Free as in Freedom

    --
    Whenever the offence inspires less horror than the punishment, the rigour of penal law is obliged to give way...
  4. It's things like this by Eezy+Bordone · · Score: 5, Interesting

    That make me think not every company is a money leech. O'reilly has some awesome products and it's good to see them putting them out there for anyone (with a PC at least to start the cycle) to use.

    --

    -EB

    Do you ever walk alone like a drifter in the dark?

    1. Re:It's things like this by SirSlud · · Score: 4, Insightful

      >That make me think not every company is a money leech.

      See, I think that when bad things happen in law, its only because people havn't realized that legislation or law that *sounds* like it will make you more money might actually not.

      Imagine if O'Reilly books are free. More people get them. O'Reilly's mindshare in the market increases, and there is more demand since more people have O'Reilly books and everybody sings the praises of the quality of their product (which, fortunately is the case with O'Reilly.) Economically speaking, this *could* make O'Reilly more in the long run. Theres also a collary here; the companys that lobby most heavily often have some of the worst quality products; they simply want to rely on law to make it easier to make money without having to worry about quality. Controlling the law with dollars is much more risk free than depending on the quality of code your employees can produce.

      I don't think its about being money leeches. All corperations have to be; its just that the ones with the balls (and confidence in their product) that figure out that sometimes letting some revenue go here and there in the interest of the public is actually *why* you might be able to bolster your bottom line in the long run.

      And thats just a round about way of saying that citizens with access to the commons are also customers; and I *think* some companies still hold onto that time honoured truth that if you keep your customers happy, they'll probably be in better shape to make more money of their own, and more likely to hand some of that over to you in the future.

      --
      "Old man yells at systemd"
    2. Re:It's things like this by NoCoward · · Score: 5, Funny

      "Imagine if O'Reilly books are free. More people get them. O'Reilly's mindshare in the market increases,"

      Exactly! Even though they lose money on each unit, they will make it up in volume!

  5. It would be great... by Gortbusters.org · · Score: 5, Interesting

    To start seeing a lot of old books appear online. It would create an easy way to do research, i.e. have a virtual library.

    How many times have you picked up a book for a research paper and it was dated from the 60s or 70s?

    Even then, I doubt that many people will get the extension... so we're talking 80 and soon to be 90s.

    --
    --------
    Free your mind.
    1. Re:It would be great... by HBI · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I wonder how many older works are going to simply disappear due to fear of copyright infringement.

      I feel quite certain that many books from the 30's and 40's are probably gone forever. No one has translated them into online form, and the bindings are cracking and the books are going into the trash.

      I did some library cleaning in the early 80's and disposed of a treasure trove of books from this era under instructions from the military school I was getting an education from. The argument was "they are old and obsolete". Wish I could have saved them all.

      --
      HBI's Law: Frequency of calling others Nazis is directly correlated with the likelihood of the accuser being Communist.
    2. Re:It would be great... by Planesdragon · · Score: 3, Informative

      Wish I could have saved them all.

      You could have.

      A proper OCR of a book destroys that book. Feel free to take your old, old books which are not in print, and cut & scan them in. Transfer them to a media that will last until their copyright expires, and when it does expire distribute them.

      Of course, in order to "register" a copyright (which gets you better legal protection, and used to be mandatory for any protection at all) you need to send a copy to the LIbrary of Congress--so those old books from the 30s and 40s are, theoretically, stored at the LoC.

    3. Re:It would be great... by zenyu · · Score: 4, Informative

      Of course, in order to "register" a copyright (which gets you better legal protection, and used to be mandatory for any protection at all) you need to send a copy to the LIbrary of Congress--so those old books from the 30s and 40s are, theoretically, stored at the LoC.

      Unfortunately that's not true. The LoC discards those two copies if the book is published, they only keep unpublished registered work on the theory that once a book is published someone is likely to hold on.

  6. Copyright trade by koll64 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    From my point of view, the whole issue about copyrighting is questionable because people are applying same rules as they are for money.

    Money is simplyfing things, of course, but the question is, if the thing which you trade for the money rather than for things you produce yourself, has the anymore same quality or will it become something different.

    Trading just things is easy, object remains object even after trade, you can still preted that it is _really_ the same object.

    Ideas are more flexible and their base value can change far more radically.

    1. Re:Copyright trade by joster · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I'm not sure exactly what you are saying, but let me take a stab at it:

      Trading the pair of shoes that I made to my neighbor in exchange for a bag a wheat is easy. In the end I have a bag of wheat and he has a pair of shoes.

      This is different than if I exchange a book on how to make shoes for a bag of wheat. The knowledge of shoe making is more flexible and can radically change in value than a simple bag of wheat or a pair of shoes.

      (excuse me if that was a gross misinterpretation, but that's how I read it)

      Just looking at computers today, I'm not sure I agree. How much is a cutting edge Pentium 4 going to cost me today? How much is that same computer going to cost me next year? Within a short time that object significantly loses value. The same goes for ideas/books. What about the value of a book on how to operate my computer? For most people, it will be worthless in a few years. For my grandparents, however, should they have to pay a ridiculous amount for something that is valuable to them but worthless to everyone people? Or worse yet, what if this book is out of print? Take another book: The Lord of the Rings. As great literature, it will never be worthless.

      Both ideas and physical objects can radically change in value. What's great about this is that those books that are worthless to nearly everyone, including the author(s), can be availible to those that do value them.

    2. Re:Copyright trade by j7953 · · Score: 4, Insightful
      Just looking at computers today, I'm not sure I agree. How much is a cutting edge Pentium 4 going to cost me today? How much is that same computer going to cost me next year?

      You're mixing up "price" and "value," but even if we assume that the value will be measured by looking at the price, you're still wrong: why does the price of CPUs drop? The main reasons are the devlopment of new, improved CPU designs, and advances in production technology. Those however are not physical goods but "ideas."

      In other words, the value (price) of physical goods degrades not because they're physical (that might be the case for with high wear and tear, but that's a predictable process, not a "radical change in value"). It degrades because of the invention of new products -- in other words, because of ideas.

      Also note that while physical goods lose value, the value of most ideas will increase. How valueable, for example, is the "idea" of electricity? Or the transistor? These are also both good examples of how the value of ideas can change in a very radical way, as claimed by the original poster: the invention of the transistor radically changed the value of electricity. Likewise, the invention of technologies for global-scale computer networks radically changed the value of computers.

      --
      Sig (appended to the end of comments I post, 54 chars)
  7. Copyright Term Self-Limitation by divide+overflow · · Score: 4, Insightful


    We ought to applaude O'Reilly for acknowledging the importance of honoring the original intent of copyright to promote innovation and the limited term of protection for intellectual property to benefit individuals. They are one of the few corporate citizens who have broken ranks to speak out against the attempts by industry to make copyrights more or less permanent. But we should also note that O'Reilly has a bit less self-interest in promoting extended copyright protections due to the nature of the majority of their publication: technical publications that have a limited shelf life.

  8. Ambivalence by weston · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I'm a bit ambivalent about this... on one hand, I like the idea of open flow of information, and think copyright periods could definitely be cut down. What the public gets out of the copyright "bargain" now is clearly less and less, and if you can't turn a good profit from a single edition of a book inside of 2-3 decades, another 4-6 decades isn't going to help (and if you can, profit in 2-3, don't just sit and coast on that).

    But under two decades.... I don't know. For one thing, if I wrote something famous, I'd want control over it long enough for a perception of it to soak into collective consciousness before it got Disney-raped or something. For another, the more substantial you make the time period you have copyright, the more you can recover risk/opportunity costs associated with a work -- or other works that didn't make it (indefinite or 75 years is waaay too long, but I don't think 30 is).

    1. Re:Ambivalence by smitty45 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I think 14 years is *plenty* of time for a copyright holder to hold control of permission over their work.

      My perspective is...if I'm an author, then I'm not going to be sitting on my hands for 14 years, soaking up the control-trip...I'll be writing more things along the way.

      I think that since the original idea of copyright (Jefferson) was 14 years way back then...then it might even be ok for it to be even less than that, since publishing is almost costless with some mediums now and instantaneous as well.

    2. Re:Ambivalence by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Actually, the original copyright term was 14 years, plus another 14 year renewal. So that's 28 years, which is just a hair under 3 decades. That seems reasonable to me.

      I certainly understand your point, however-- I actually think copyright is a good idea, and giving authors some control over their work for 30 years doesn't bug me (though maybe we should consider a different copyright term for computer software-- 15 years seems like a good term to me).

      What DOES bug me is the idea of people managing copyrights older than any person alive, and we're starting to push pretty close to that limit (the melody to "Happy Birthday" was written in 1893; the lyrics were first published in 1924; the copyright expires in 2030). Copyright terms have definitely surpassed the limit of common benefit.

    3. Re:Ambivalence by weston · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I think 14 years is *plenty* of time for a copyright holder to hold control of permission over their work.

      My perspective is...if I'm an author, then I'm not going to be sitting on my hands for 14 years, soaking up the control-trip...I'll be writing more things along the way.


      Absolutely agree in the "sit on your hands" argument. The thing I'm anticipating... while it doesn't take much time to achieve modest success with a work, it takes a while for it to permeate most of society. So there's some financial concern with that, yes, but my bigger concern is creative/artistic. OK, so, say I'm Victor Hugo (even though there's no resemblance), and I'm just getting started and write this "Hunchback of Notre Dame" novel. It's not quite as accessible as, say, your average John Grisham novel, but it's pretty good, and a number of people like it. Disney, wanting new material, decides they like it too. They ask for film rights. I say, OK, but insist on preserving character of the book. They hum and haw, then decide they don't like me. A few years later, the copyright goes, and they do whatever they like. Mass-marketed and watered down, it goes to screen. Lots of people who might have actually liked the book the way it was get a different impression of what the story is, and decide never to pick it up.

      If the copyright is longer, the idea of the book has more time to permeate society, so people can at least compare....

      Or imagine you're Michael Crichton, and you have these books called "Jurassic Park" or "The Lost World"... oh. wait.

    4. Re:Ambivalence by Selanit · · Score: 4, Insightful
      But under two decades.... I don't know. For one thing, if I wrote something famous, I'd want control over it long enough for a perception of it to soak into collective consciousness before it got Disney-raped or something.

      On one small point, the maximum copyright period under the Founder's copyright scheme was 28 years -- 14 for the initial term plus one extension. That's a lot closer to three decades than two.

      To address your main point: if you've written something so un-frigging-believably good, the work will stand on its own. It shouldn't need babying along. Even if it does, you have just shy of thirty years to promote the work. That's longer than most parents take to launch their children into a fully independent existence. By the time the copyright expires, your work should be suitably well known.

      If it's not, then you should be glad for the free publicity that you would get from a Disney version. IIRC, they still have to credit the author of a public domain work, even if they don't have to pay you anything. Just a little "Based on $THE_BOOK_TITLE by $AUTHOR" in the credits is sure to cause some people to read it. And then they can give copies to their friends, because it's out of copyright.

      Basically, you have two different desires going on here: you want your work to make money for you, and you want it to be widely read. These two desires can be at odds with each other: maybe your book it's the best thing since the Odyssey, but the price is too high, so very few people buy it. In this case, you haven't made much money and you haven't made a splash in the collective consciousness.

      On the other hand, the two can be complementary: say your work goes public domain, and all of a sudden it's the inspiration for three new plays, two movies, a parody, and a children's book. In this case, you aren't making any money from it directly . . . but you are making a large splash. And once you've made that big splash, people are bound to ask "Well, what else have you written?" And then you can point out all the OTHER fantastic books you've been writing that are still under copyright. You HAVE been continuing to write, right? You'd have to, against the day when the first one goes out into the big scary world and leaves you behind. So now you've got the fame to go with, and your books are selling like hotcakes, and life is good.
    5. Re:Ambivalence by quantaman · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Issac Asimov wrote Foundation as a series appearing in magazines and it was published in 1942 (in the magazine I don't know when it came out as a book). Due to various reasons after about a decade his total earnings for the trilogy were around $1500 (true it was the 50s but still not a lot). It wasn't until 1961 and a new publisher that he started making some good money. Now that is 19 years for a series that won the Hugo award for best all time series beating among others LOTR! And although I don't remember anything specific I think that LOTR took quite a while to start cashing in too. Now I'm not a fan of copywrites lasting forever but the fact is that when it comes to fiction books often peak late and have very long shelf lives (you're still going to find the Foundation trilogy doing well on book shelfs well over 1/2 century after its publishing). I can see reference books having short life spans and software definately deserves a shorter copywrite but I feel that for fiction it would be incredibly unjust to have too short a term and end up writing a major classic and not have any money to show for it.

      --
      I stole this Sig
  9. Really a wonderfull thing by Crashmarik · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Its truly beautifull.

    I can't count the number of times, I have gone to the bookstore, seen a topic of some interest, and then been completely destroyed by the price of the book. Can anyone really think that pricing textbooks at over a hundred dollars a copy is anything but an attempt to rip students off. Should it require a business case justification to learn something new.

    Our whole society is becoming knowledge based, with skill and information as the new capital. If we want to continue to have a wealthy society we need to make access to knowledge easy for everyone. Dead tree models that price books to the skies will insure that we dont have a skilled or educated populace.

  10. Visit Lessig's Blog.. by q2a · · Score: 5, Informative


    Visit the man who is at the front lines of this battle for us all.
    "If this case has taught us anything, it is the importance of their battle."

    Viva la Resistance!

  11. 14-year old computer books.... hmmmmm by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Yup, it would be useless. 14 years ago, it would be 1989, so what technology did we have then? 386s just coming into birth? I was still using my 640K 8088 with 8 MHz turbo speed. I don't think MS Windows 3.1 was officially out until 1990.

    It's a nice gesture, but effectively useless.

    1. Re:14-year old computer books.... hmmmmm by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      C++, assembly, TCP/IP, lex, yacc, unix...yeah nothing important.

    2. Re:14-year old computer books.... hmmmmm by puddytat · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Don't just think about subjects such as "how to use windows 3.1". There are books about CS theory which don't become outdated so quickly.
      For example, I am not sure how old "the Art of Programming" is but I am sure that it will still be quite usefull in 14 more years.

    3. Re:14-year old computer books.... hmmmmm by weston · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Yup, it would be useless. 14 years ago, it would be 1989, so what technology did we have then? 386s just coming into birth? I was still using my 640K 8088 with 8 MHz turbo speed. I don't think MS Windows 3.1 was officially out until 1990.

      Some things, yes, but then there's things like McConnel's Code Complete, or Numerical Recipes, or Knuth's Art of Computer Programming.

      Granted, O'Reilly doesn't sell a whole lot of these things. Though they do have a vi pocket guide. :)

  12. When does the copyright on Open Source expire? by vadim_t · · Score: 5, Interesting

    This is what I've been wondering for a while. Say I write a program, and in X years it becomes public domain. But what happens with things like the Linux kernel? Will it ever become public domain, or copyright will last until people stop updating it for X years?

    1. Re:When does the copyright on Open Source expire? by hurtta · · Score: 3, Interesting
      Say I write a program, and in X years it becomes public domain. But what happens with things like the Linux kernel?

      That what is written X years ago becomes public domain. Linux 0.9 is not same than Linux 2.5.

  13. Incredibly true by avignonpieta · · Score: 4, Interesting
    I couldn't say I feel more strongly about something. Before attending university, I decided to save money by taking general education and non-CS classes at a local community college. When I walked into the college bookstore with my checkbook, I looked at the books I was going to buy, and realized that I would have to take out a loan to cover the expenses! I ended up actually having to borrow about 300 dollars a quarter just to stretch my budget enough to cover each quarter's books. If only an ORA edition of Gardner's Art through the Ages was available...

    I can't count the number of times, I have gone to the bookstore, seen a topic of some interest, and then been completely destroyed by the price of the book.

    Computer books, anyone? Especially those with CDs...

  14. Free book cost real money (for us) by eggboard · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Interesting to see this story, because I just had a disaster in giving away the electronic edition of Real World Adobe GoLive 6. Peachpit Press published the book in March 2002, and we had the rights to release it electronically, for fee or free, and with the sales of the title low, we decided to give it away.

    Unfortunately, I hosted the book on a server run by a friend at a Level 3 co-location, which charges by the 9th busiest hour. In 36 hours, we had 10,000 downloads of an average of 20 Mb each. Right. So we hit potentially a $15,000 bill for the ninth busiest hour being 16 Mbps (the first 1 Mbps was included in his monthly bill).

    So I'm screwed here, of course, and trying to raise a dollar or two from folks who downloaded the book and found it useful. We don't know the final bill, and we don't know whether Level 3 will negotiate. This is more like a natural disaster than a business decision.

    If I'd been smart, of course, I would have distributed the download to many sites with no bandwidth fees or limited numbers of simultaneous users. I just thought we'd get a few hundred downloads. Not 10,000.

    --
    Freelance tech journalist for the Economist, MIT Technology Review, Macworld, and others
    1. Re:Free book cost real money (for us) by GeorgeH · · Score: 4, Insightful

      First off, it's very cool that you released your book as such. I saw a link off of BoingBoing saying that you released your book for free and reaction seemed very favorable. That said, next time (assuming there is a next time) you should release your book on a P2P network (such as Freenet) and direct everyone to search the network for your book. The more people who download it, the more available it will be. Encourage people to mirror it on their own servers for WWW access and you can save yourself a world of hurt.

      Maybe you could make back some of that $15,000 by writing about how to release something for free to the audience and the publisher...

      --
      Why can't I moderate something "Wrong" or at least "Grossly Misinformed"?
  15. Re:If O'Reilly's so committed to Open Source, by alansz · · Score: 4, Informative

    This is untrue. I just finished work on the 3rd edition of Practical Unix and Internet Security, which was written in Adobe FrameMaker, which is, as far as I know, one of their preferred formats.

    I have written other books for ORA in groff and in MS word, and I bet they'd be able to handle several other formats.

  16. Re:What is your book? by alansz · · Score: 4, Informative

    That one is Stopping Spam, but I also wrote Managing Mailing Lists, and am a co-author of Practical Unix and Internet Security, 3rd ed.

  17. I think we're just waiting by abe+ferlman · · Score: 4, Funny

    I think we're just waiting for MS to fulfill it's mission statement- a computer on every desk. Once there's a computer on pretty much every desk, they'll close up shop. Mission accomplished.

    What's that?

    Oh.

    --
    microsoftword.mp3 - it doesn't care that they're not words...
  18. Re:If O'Reilly's so committed to Open Source, by gnat · · Score: 5, Informative
    Not true. Some simple esearch, would show that we take books in Word, Framemaker, rudimentary TeX, DocBook SGML and XML, HTML, WordPerfect, and Perl's POD format. Our production process ends up with books in XML or Framemaker, so we prefer input formats that can be readily converted into these formats.



    --Nat

    Editor at ORA

  19. Disclosing original PD works in � registration by yerricde · · Score: 3, Interesting

    No credit required.

    Though the author of a work that's derivative of a pre-1923 work does not have to list the original work in advertising, he still has to list the original work on the U.S. copyright registration.

    --
    Will I retire or break 10K?
  20. Knuth by nagora · · Score: 4, Interesting
    I wonder what Knuth would think of this; he's one author in computing that would be affected by this; many (including ORA's) would not.

    TWW

    --
    "Encyclopedia" is to "Wikipedia" what "Library" is to "Some people at a bus stop"
  21. Re:License? by bcrowell · · Score: 3, Informative
    The GFDL and OPL are the two main, standard licenses. You can find out about them by Google searching.

    I guess O'Reilly's using CC's thing, but that's not open to everyone.
    I think you're misinformed. CC isn't a license. CC offers a variety of licenses. They machine-generate a license to give the author whatever license terms she wants.