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Pictures of Earth From Mars

11223 writes "Mars Global Surveyor has snapped a picture of Earth from its Mars orbit. This picture, the first of its kind, shows Earth, the Moon, and Jupiter. Earth is visible as a half disc exposing North and South America; apparently the Moon had to be "processed" into the picture."

72 of 290 comments (clear)

  1. Hey! by kidlinux · · Score: 5, Funny

    I can see my house from here!

    --
    -kidlinux.
    1. Re:Hey! by billimad · · Score: 5, Funny

      if you look real close you can see a tiny flash of light as a web server goes up in flames.

    2. Re:Hey! by Elwood+P+Dowd · · Score: 3, Funny

      It is, after all, from the I-can-see-my-house-from-here dept.

      --

      There are no trails. There are no trees out here.
    3. Re:Hey! by dotgod · · Score: 4, Funny
      I can see my house from here!

      Hey! I didn't know Bill Gates read Slashdot!

  2. Fake fake fake by grub · · Score: 2, Funny


    That picture has been Photoshop'd. We never landed on the moon. Consume. Marry and reproduce.

    --
    Trolling is a art,
    1. Re:Fake fake fake by Drathus · · Score: 2, Funny

      Well, it's a good thing then this pic was taken from Mars' orbit then, isn't it? =)

      (Yes, I know you post was humor. =P)

    2. Re:Fake fake fake by KewlPC · · Score: 2, Informative

      For those not in the know, it should've been "Consume." and "Marry and Reproduce."

      They're from the John Carpenter film They Live, in which aliens are trying to take over the planet, and have bribed some human leaders into helping. The aliens masquerade as humans, and insert subliminal messages into advertisements. Roddy Piper, who plays the protagonist, finds a special pair of sunglasses that allow him to see things as they really are. There's a scene where he walks outside and sees some billboards. Then he puts on the sunglasses, and sees what the billboards really say: one says "Consume", another says "Marry and reproduce".

    3. Re:Fake fake fake by KewlPC · · Score: 2, Interesting

      It's also the movie that Duke Nukem 3D stole the line "I have come here to chew bubblegum and kick ass. And I'm all out of bubblegum." from.

  3. Mission Accomplished by Renegade+Lisp · · Score: 4, Funny
    Beautiful, absolutely beautiful. But surely, they did wait until North America was in full view for the image? If not, who would recognize the Earth, after all?

    But humor & politics aside, this is a great picture. You would think that just for this picture a considerable fraction of the mission's budget would have been justified.

  4. Nice pics of home by fudgefactor7 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Kinda fuzzy, but that's ok. Makes us almost look lost in the nothingness. Staggering that they could even get that pic.

    1. Re:Nice pics of home by bill_mcgonigle · · Score: 2, Informative

      Staggering that they could even get that pic.

      They didn't, technically. The camera on the MGS is grayscale. They used stock photos to apply color to the images. They're totally forthcoming about this and the technique if you go straight to the source.

      --
      My God, it's Full of Source!
      OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
  5. my description of dead link by Brigadier · · Score: 5, Funny



    Well since it's slashdotted let me describe it for everyone. it looks like the picture they took from the moon only .... muuuch much much smaller

  6. Only US residents should be allowed to view images by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    Europeons can launch their own damn surveyor!

  7. "Improving" the photos by Soulfader · · Score: 4, Funny

    I like how they explained how they combined and colorized the pictures. I can't help but think, however, that the temptation to "improve" it a bit more with giant Earthbound meteors would be nigh overwhelming... =)

  8. Mirror? by Ignorant+Aardvark · · Score: 5, Informative

    Whoa, I was gonna try and mirror these images ... but to no avail! The webserver stopped dead during the subscriber preview time. Oh well, here's a BitTorrent link for everything I was able to get before the site went down:

    BitTorrent images mirror link

  9. Re:Very nice. by polymath69 · · Score: 5, Informative

    Space.com has the pictures, and is not (yet) slashdotted.

    --

    --
    I don't want to rule the world... I just want to be in charge of mayonnaise.
  10. Mirror by realdpk · · Score: 5, Informative

    Or maybe this is "another mirror" by the time I finish posting this. The site is getting pounded hard. This is just the JPEG that was linked to, not the entire site.

    429319 byte JPEG. It's on a beefy connection, have a blast.

    It's really too bad /. doesn't have any consideration for other sites when they post links.

    1. Re:Mirror by Migrant+Programmer · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Thanks for the mirror, it was mighty fast =)

      I cropped up a wallpaperable version of the image that you can get here (9821 byte PNG). It looks nice on a black desktop.. sure puts things in perspective!

  11. Re:Images look funny by JudgeFurious · · Score: 2, Funny

    Not quite. His mamma's shadow is the black thing behind the earth and Jupiter.

    --
    Appended to the end of comments you post. 120 chars.
  12. "Proccessed" the moon in? by 192939495969798999 · · Score: 2, Funny

    So the moon is indeed a projection from the ground, and we blew it up during a botched nuke test?
    HA! I thought so!

    --
    stuff |
  13. Re:Slashdotted before out of "The Mysterious futur by KrispyKringle · · Score: 5, Informative
    Seems like a good way to test my pII 400:

    mirror here.

    If you can, mirror it somewhere else, too.

  14. Re:Martian and Bugs Bunny by cmburns69 · · Score: 4, Funny

    oooh this makes me very angry!

    An online Starcraft RPG? Free, only at
    In soviet russia, all your us are belong to base!
    Karma: redundant

    --
    Online Starcraft RPG? At
    Dietary fiber is like asynchronous IO-- Non-blocking!
  15. Re:Images look funny by Sinus0idal · · Score: 3, Funny

    Why does it look so big!? You kidding? Uh, probably because Jupiter is 11.2 times larger than Earth, and has a mass 318 times that of Earth... Any maybe due to the fact that Jupiter is more massive than all the other known planets in our solar system combined?

  16. Another Pic by BurritoWarrior · · Score: 4, Interesting

    From National Geographic:

    Pics.

  17. Another mirror by Renegade+Lisp · · Score: 2
    here.

    This is only the main page, all links point to NASA.

  18. Re:Images look funny by antis0c · · Score: 5, Informative

    I downloaded the unprocessed images of Earth. The only difference is Earth is colorized, and the moon brightness is enhanced.

    --

    ..There's a-dooin's a-transpirin'
  19. Re:"Processed" into the picture? by Grandmasta · · Score: 2, Funny

    It was processed into the picture BECAUSE IT DOESN'T EXIST! We never landed on the moon -- THE MOON IS A HOAX!

    okay, I'm done. ^_^

  20. Re:Slashdotted before out of "The Mysterious futur by Overly+Critical+Guy · · Score: 2, Funny

    Please do not mod this up

    Did people just outright ignore this request, or what?

    --
    "Sufferin' succotash."
  21. Better format? by zapp · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The JPEG image is ~415kb, and the site (and mirrors) are getting hit pretty hard already.

    Since the image is like 99.99999% pure black, wouldn't it have made more sense to use GIF or something? When i saved the image as a GIF it took up 8kb.

    Yeah yeah, I know... gif is copyrighted, but you get my point.

    --
    no comment
    1. Re:Better format? by Lxy · · Score: 4, Informative

      what about PNG? it should give you an image of comperable size without people lashing about how evil Unisys is.

      --

      There is no reasonable defense against an idiot with an agenda
      :wq
    2. Re:Better format? by CWCarlson · · Score: 3, Informative

      Indeed. Converted with the Gimp at compression level 6, this 429,319 byte image shrinks to a mere 40,714.

      Not bad, for a 24-bit non-lossy image format.

      --- Chris

    3. Re:Better format? by robsimmon · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Actually, the raw (black and white, not contrast adjusted) image is saved as a GIF - and it's still pretty big 'cause there's some invisible noise in the black.

      In any case, JPEG does LZW (or similar) compression as a final step, so a JPEG would also have been very small if the noise was removed.

    4. Re:Better format? by KewlPC · · Score: 2, Informative

      Except that GIFs can only have 8-bit indexed color, which means you've got a maximum of 256 different colors.

      Both PNG and JPEG support 24-bit true color (which uses 8 bits for each channel, and is not indexed), giving a maximum of around 16.7 million colors.

  22. Re:Very nice. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    "in the flesh"

    Typical Slashdot. We get an amazing photo and already we are looking for the pr0n angle

  23. Re:Very nice. by terkozer · · Score: 5, Informative
    National Geographic has picked up the article as well...

    It can be found here

  24. Re:"Processed" into the picture? by Clomer · · Score: 2, Informative

    Sadly, you're probably right. Fortunately, they explained exactly how it was "processed" and why, as well as provided links to the original, unprocessed images.

    The simple fact is that it is virtually impossible to get a good, unprocessed image of this type because of how much of a difference in brightness there is between the Earth and the Moon. I once read somewhere that the moon only reflects about 10% of the light that hits it. It's dark grey, essentially the color of asphalt, but it looks white in the sky because you see it against the pitch black background. The Earth, OTOH, reflects about 45% of the light that strikes it, which makes it's apparent magnitude (brightness) much higher when seen from afar. This is why they had to process it the image.

    --
    Intelligent responses welcome, flames will be met with marshmallows.
  25. Celestia by msheppard · · Score: 5, Informative

    Pretty kewl to enter the date/time May 8, 9:00Est, navigate to mars and see the rendered view for yourself. Celstia lets you do this, it's a free solar system simulator. Really high-quality too IMHO. It gets the image pretty close. Make Jupiters moons a little brighter, and the earth is too clear, but it's still an educational exersize... but then again what isn't.

    M@

    --
    Krispy Cream is people
    1. Re:Celestia by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative
  26. Where did all the stars go? by Goalie_Ca · · Score: 2

    I see planets but no stars? Am i missing something!?

    --

    ----
    Go canucks, habs, and sens!
    1. Re:Where did all the stars go? by klui · · Score: 4, Insightful

      This is also explained in those moon hoax debunker sites. Basic photography. If you can see stars, the planets would be overexposed. If you want to see the planets, you won't see the stars.

  27. This picture is OLD by Kaz+Riprock · · Score: 5, Funny


    I'd say over 5000 years old! This picture was one of the last ones taken by our ancestors before they boarded the last ships off of Mars towards Earth. After laying waste to all of Mars' natural resources and destroying the atmosphere, they needed a new place to call home. With the buildings and cars turning into fine iron dust under the heavy beating of the UV rays of the sun, they took one last snapshot and headed for Earth. Of course, there was a problem on the ride here and the computer lost all of its memory with only the hairdressers and accountants surviving the trip...

    I think you know how the rest went.

    It's good to see the picture's survived this long...it bodes well for Kodak and Fuji in our future.

    --
    Mordor...a magical, mythical land where women are more rare than dragons--but where every man would rather find a dragon
  28. Astrology on Mars by smooge · · Score: 2, Funny

    So I wonder what my horoscope would be if I lived on Mars?

    --
    -- SJS smooge at smoogespace dot com
  29. New Trek theme? by Tablizer · · Score: 3, Funny

    "On a five year mission thru the dangerous Omicron nebula to figure out who the f8cking hell slashdotted Earth!"

  30. Re:What happened by AlabamaMike · · Score: 4, Informative

    Ahh ... one who hasn't heard of the moon shot conspiracy. Basically, the stars are of much lower magnitude than the celestial bodies being imaged, and therefore they don't show up in this picture. Many have tried to claim that evidence of the vast NASA conspiracy lies in the fact that no stars are to be seen on any of the photos taken by Apollo astronauts. If you've had any exposure to physics (or if you can perform logical deduction on your own) you'd be keen to why this happens the way it does.
    -A.M.

    --
    Pimpin' all the Karma Hoes!
  31. Re:Images look funny by travisbecker · · Score: 5, Informative

    Why does Jupiter look so big in that picture?

    From one of the astronomy programs I have, I was able to get this data for 08-May-2003:

    Earth-Mars range: 1.398e8 km
    Jupiter-Mars range: 9.438e8 km

    Earth radius: 6378.12 km
    Jupiter radius: 71492.35 km

    So using

    size = atan( radius / range )

    we obtain apparent sizes from Mars:

    Jupiter: 0.0043 deg
    Earth: 0.0026 deg

    So Jupiter should be almost twice as big, even though it's almost 7 times farther away. One can probably also figure out the magnification based on the image.

    Travis

  32. Boom by szquirrel · · Score: 4, Funny

    If you examine the image very closely, you can see their server. The explosion is visible from space.

    --
    Never approach a vast undertaking with a half-vast plan.
  33. Makes you realize how big Jupiter is... by mooman · · Score: 4, Interesting

    If you go to the space.com website, they show you that in that shot, Jupiter is about 7 times farther away from the viewpoint, but it still appears dramatically larger than earth in the full image.

    We all know Jupiter is big but this rare chance to phyicially see it compared to our own planet is kinda profound...

    or maybe I just need to get out more.

    --
    In the Portland, Ore area and like card games? Check out: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/portlandgames/
    1. Re:Makes you realize how big Jupiter is... by djtack · · Score: 3, Interesting

      If you go to the space.com website, they show you that in that shot, Jupiter is about 7 times farther away from the viewpoint, but it still appears dramatically larger than earth in the full image.

      This is partly due to the long focal length of the lens. It distorts perspective, the same way a photographer can make the moon apear much larger by taking the picture with a long telephoto, at a distance from the subject.

      But no doubt, it was inspiring to see Earth and Jupiter in the same frame together.

    2. Re:Makes you realize how big Jupiter is... by ashitaka · · Score: 2, Informative

      One word: Celestia

      --
      If you don't want to repeat the past, stop living in it.
  34. Nasa is good at this by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

    "apparently the Moon had to be "processed" into the pic"

    I suspect it must be done pretty well ..considering they have experience processing the moon into pics ever since they did it with Neil Armstrong back in 1969.

  35. Hmm by Tyrdium · · Score: 3, Insightful

    NASA's spending millions of dollars to put these things in space, so why don't they host it on a server (which they definitely could afford) that won't get slashdotted?

  36. Re:Images look funny by fiiz · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Hehe,

    thanks, thanks, thanks.
    I was actually wondering, and couldn't be bothered to do the calculation myself.
    It's nice to see something that's not a wild uninformed guess every now and then on /.

    Keep it up, and, guys, *mod parent up.* ;-p
    from a thankful astrophysicist.

    --

    yours ever, fz.
  37. Re:"Processed" into the picture? by geekoid · · Score: 4, Informative

    they have NO ammunition. There 'evidence' is caused by the fact they have no understanding of basic photographic principles, and think the the moon is just like the earth.

    --
    The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
  38. Optimal image format by Wonko42 · · Score: 3, Informative

    Is there some reason why this image, which is mostly black with just a few colored fingernail-sized areas, needs to be a 419K JPEG? When I converted it to a 69K PNG, I couldn't even tell the two images apart.

  39. Re:Images look funny by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    Or am I missing something?

    3rd grade science, apparently.

    I'll give you a hint:

    My Very Excellent Mother Just Sent Us Nine Pizzas

  40. Not the first far-earth pictures by TFloore · · Score: 5, Interesting

    NASA has been doing cool pictures from far away for a while. Two that are worth looking at:

    Solar System Family Portrait
    This one is nice, but earth is really only about 4 pixels, so you can't see all that much detail. :) This is a Voyager 1 picture taken in 1980, I think.

    Saturn in shadow
    This is a nice shot of Saturn by the Galileo probe, taken with about half the planet in shadown. Read the write-up there, it's kind of cool.

    --
    This is my sig. There are many like it but this one is... Oops. Frank, I've got your sig again! Where's mine?
  41. ASCII of earth from mars by Andreas(R) · · Score: 5, Funny

    The server is /.'ed, here is the ASCII-image of earth from Mars:

    .

  42. Re:Very nice. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

    if you want the full resolution tiffs (and jpgs too) look at the jpl site:

    jupiter and moons

    earth and moon

    itty bitty earth and jupiter

  43. Smooth by _ph1ux_ · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I read someplace that the earth - on scale is more perfectly smooth than a machined steel ball bearing. If you were to scale the nicest ball bearing you could find to the size of the earth it would have pits and ridges, mountains and valleys far larger than anything on earth.

    Earth looks pretty smooth from these distances

  44. Grayscale? Grayscale?!?! by Esion+Modnar · · Score: 2, Funny
    And how much did they spend on this thing?

    They take one of the coolest pics ever, and they do it with a grayscale camera...

    *rolls eyes*

    --

    They say the first thing to go is your penis. Well, it's either that or your brain. I forget which...
  45. Hmmmm, interesting by JWSmythe · · Score: 4, Interesting

    So, I decided I couldn't see details well enough, so here in our office, we opened up the pic in GIMP.. If you adjust "Brightness" and "Contrast" all the way up (127 on each), illuminated objects really stand out..

    I'm looking at something I don't understand though.. What we're looking at is the full shapes of the objects, plus refraction from the atmosphere, right?

    The "Earth" is a vertically aligned rectangle with bright bars of red, green, blue, with splatters of yellow and aqua. There's a grey box coming off the left side.

    The "moon" is a white dot with a black and white checkerboard pattern going to it's right.

    Jupiter now appears as a larger white blob, with only a little bit of blue at the bottom, but instead of a diffused pattern, or even a finite box around it, there are three boxes, stretching from the top, left and a smaller from te right.

    The right-most moon only has a tall rectangle with a similiar checkerboard pattern to the Earth's moon.

    The far left moon has a lesser pattern than the Earth's moon, but it's still aparent.

    The 2nd from the left moon has a distinctly different pattern.

    What we're finding most pecular is that there are absolutely no stars aparent in this picture.

    From the Earth, Mars looks like a bright star, in a field of stars.. Shouldn't a view from the same distance (Mars -> Earth = Earth -> Mars) have a similiar sky view? At least the larger stars should jump out at us in this picture. At least we should be seeing more stars by cranking the contrast all the way up... I'm not expecting like spectacular starfield views or anything, but I'd expect at least one..

    This honestly looks like a serious photo-shop job. Someone took a black background, dropped on a few very small images, with Jupiter being the only one with distinct patterns.

    It's seriously missing stars.. Bringing the contrast up a bit should at least show *SOMETHING* in there.. Looking at a night's sky from Earth, even with the city lights, if you can see Mars, you can see huge starfields.. I don't think I've ever seen Mars, and not seen any stars...

    I wanna see a real picture..At least that'd be cool. :)

    --
    Serious? Seriousness is well above my pay grade.
    1. Re:Hmmmm, interesting by ZigMonty · · Score: 2, Insightful

      This is the same mistake that the Moon landing hoax theorists make. The planets are so much brighter than the stars that it's pretty near impossible to take a photo showing both clearly. Either the planets are clear and the stars are underexposed (invisibile) or the stars are clear and the planets are overexposed (featureless white).

    2. Re:Hmmmm, interesting by SiliconEntity · · Score: 2, Interesting

      In my experience, looking at Jupiter with a telescope, it is not uncommon to see stars nearby that are somewhat fainter than Jupiter's moons. It's surprising to me, given the large area of the photograph, that no stars appear bright enough to show up, since Jupiter's moons are quite bright looking in the picture.

      Here's one example I found with google, someone's photo of Jupiter and Venus. It's a little similar, you see Jupiter in the lower left with 3 moons, and Venus in the upper right. And there are a fair sprinkling of stars about.

      Now the difference is that this is a longer exposure, you can see that Jupiter and Venus are way overexposed. That's necessary to see the Jupiter moons.

      I think the Mars picture has been tweaked quite a bit. You should not see that much detail on Jupiter if the moons were that bright. So they turned down Jupiter, they turned up the moons, and they didn't turn up the stars, so we don't see them.

    3. Re:Hmmmm, interesting by WWWWolf · · Score: 2, Funny
      The "moon" is a white dot with a black and white checkerboard pattern going to it's right.

      ::morning pre-coffee grogginess, not bothering to do anything to check::

      JPEG artifacts. Next.

      ::yaaaawn::

    4. Re:Hmmmm, interesting by Jeffv323 · · Score: 2, Informative
      I bet most of what you see are compression artifacts. I just turned up the contrast on the JPEG for kicks, and what interests me, is the fact that the shadow side of the earth becomes visible. Maybe it could be due to refraction of light in the atmosphere or actual city lights (could it?) but I don't know enough about optics and light to answer that. At least jpeg compression could be ruled out.

      Here's the original. Here's my version.

      Also, somebody said something about the original grayscale GIF right from the camera being available. I couldn't find it but if anybody else has it, please post a link.

      -- Jeff

      --
      I'm a minister!
    5. Re:Hmmmm, interesting by Zakabog · · Score: 2, Informative

      Someone explained this before, but if you want a picture of the planets with stars, the planets will be overexposed. If you want the planets exposed correctly the stars will be too dark to see. Besides turning up contrast and brightness isn't going to expose the image more, if I take a picture with a 1/2000 shutter speed of a dark room, no amount of brightness, contrast, changing will make it a clear picture.

    6. Re:Hmmmm, interesting by laughing_badger · · Score: 4, Informative
      Astronomer, image processing guy, blah blah... Right, there will be sufficient light from the sun scattered from the illuminated atmosphere and then rescattered from the dark hemisphere towards the camera to make the dark hemisphere visable. You can see a similar effect by looking at a half moon on a dark night. You will be able to see the 'dark' side of the moon illuminated by light that has been reflected from the surface of the Earth. Its called Earthshine.

      Yep, bang on about most of the effects that the parent saw being compression artifacts.

      Ok, now as to why there are no stars. The Earth recieves a lot more solar radiation than Mars (distance squared). Presume that the albedo (amount reflected) is the same. So you have a lot more photons going into your camera if you take a picture of the Earth from Mars than vv. This means that you can use a shorter exposure and hence less stars will appear. Then do JPEG compression and watch the few point-like stars get smoothed out. Also, we don't know what else has been done to the image. Subsample and point like stars can go.

      If you want to hunt around in the depths of an image looking for cool stuff, start off with an unprocessed original.

      --
      Help children born unable to swallow - www.tofs.org.uk
  46. Earth from Mars! by Perdition · · Score: 2, Funny

    I can clearly make out the face of Artuk, leader of our blessed Martian society, and I think the other part looks like a horsie.

    --
    Windows XP SP2 told me to install third-party software that prevents viruses and protects stability... I chose Ubuntu
  47. Pale Blue Dot by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    "... Look again at that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every "superstar," every "supreme leader," every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there - on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam.

    The Earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors, so that, in glory and triumph, they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot. Think of the endless cruelties visited by the inhabitants of one corner of this pixel on the scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other corner, how frequent their misunderstandings, how eager they are to kill one another, how fervent their hatreds. Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the Universe, are challenged by this point of pale light.

    Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping cosmic dark. In our obscurity, in all this vastness, there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves."

    -- Carl Sagan, excerpt from Pale Blue Dot

  48. Holy Percival Lowell, Batman! by tlambert · · Score: 2, Funny

    Holy Percival Lowell, Batman!

    I *swear to God*, there's *canals* on Earth!

    -- Terry

  49. Interesting effect with contrast turned up by Jeffv323 · · Score: 2, Interesting
    I just turned up the contrast on the JPEG for kicks, and what interests me, is the fact that the shadow side of the earth becomes visible. Maybe it could be due to refraction of light in the atmosphere or actual city lights (could it?) but I don't know enough about optics and light to answer that.


    Here's the original.
    Here's my version.


    Also, somebody said something about the original grayscale GIF right from the camera being available. I couldn't find it but if anybody else has it, please post a link.


    -- Jeff

    --
    I'm a minister!