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Caffeine vs Type II Diabetes
OctaneZ writes "New research out of the Harvard School of Public Health indicates that coffee may lower your risk of Type II Diabetes. Men who drank 6 cups of coffee a day lowered their risk by 50%, while womens risk dropped 30%. The release also includes audio discussions about the suprising findings."
That's super news!
Being that there's coffee in Kahlua I can rest assured that when I have cirrhosis induced jaundice I won't have to suffer through the ravages of Type II diabetes!
oh.. there are only 2 Fs in "Caffeine", Taco. Please get it right when you dupe the story in 2 hours.
Trolling is a art,
"Yay, my lame-ass caffeine 'addiction', that I brag about and wear like a badge of sorry dorkiness, is actually helping my fat-ass sedentary lifestyle!!@"
Ignoring, of course, the fact that while drinking 6 (!!) cups of coffee a day may reduce your risk of Type 2 diabetes (if this resarch is true), it raises your risk for nearly everything else.
men's risk of heart-attack raised 70% and woman's height decreased 25%
RTFA, they aren't sure it's just the caffeine. Decaf had a similar, but lesser, effect. It could also have something to do with all of the antioxidants in coffee.
I wonder if it's because those who drank a lot of coffee throughout the day consumed less refined sugar. Many put some sugar in their coffee, but if they're getting a boost in energy from the coffee maybe they lay off the snacks.
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But caffeine also seems to make you jjjittery and ttype lettters multiple timess.
it was the coffee, not the caffeine, that provided the benefits. decafe works too.
The statistics were probably skewed from their hearts exploding after beating like a hummingbird on meth.
Really, what is the raiton between the risk of cardio injury from drinking this much coffee and the risk of getting diabetes in general? I would htink that cardiovascular disease would be a bigger threat than diabetes. (If I had to pick I would rather go with the cardiovascular disease but neither are nice)
And was the regular coffee or my double brewed boiled down recipie where I fit two pots into one cup?
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6 cups of coffee per day? Could it be because they're rail thin, twitchy freaks who burn off all their excess calories by fidgeting constantly?
Insulin resistance seems to be correlated with obesity. I'm not saying you can't be fat and drink coffee... but most of the "looks like a crack addict with his coffee fix" people I know are thin.
Men who drank 6 cups of coffee a day lowered their risk by 50%
I drink so much coffee, the people around me must have a lowered risk of diabetes, just by proximity.
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Of course, this is not a formal medical observation AT ALL but I am type II diabetic and I am also a fan of the Dr. Atkins diet (you know, eat a side of beef every day...LOSE WEIGHT!). Adkins doesn't like caffine and I went on it first and skipped my 10-soda-a-day-habit. (Diet, of course.) I went off of it and back on with soda (more moderate, but still a lot) and still lost weight and my diabetes numbers improved even more than they were. I have to wonder now reading the new research.
Does drinking 6 cups of coffee a day reduce Type II diabetes
OR
Does drinking 6 cups of coffee a day supress hunger so people eat less, and therefore weigh less, which reduces the chance of Type II diabetes?
In my head, it's more the latter than any "wonder of coffee" - kind of like how a few years ago it was "red wine reduces heart attacks! Drink up, kids!", which then moved to "oh, well, grape juice does the same thing - it's all because of the antioxidants".
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So, it's good for you! Drink up!
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I am hypoglycemic and one thing that really straightens out my blood sugar/insulin is caffeine. When drinking coffee it's a lot more stable and doesn't fluctuate nearly as bad.
Some claim caffeine helps for Parkinsons disease too
I seem to recall a slashdot story from about a year ago that claimed that drinking so much caffeine caused your testicles to shrink.
Aren't there other, more healthy ways to lower your risk of diabetes? Like exercise and eating right? Or is that one of those "things you are not allowed to say" on slashdot?
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I thought it was just that the coffee killed them off so fast they didn't have time to develop the diabetes...
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One thing to note is that a lot of the reports I read saying that coffee leads to diabetes type 2 also imply that the coffee is consumed together with some kind of carbohydrate-laced food, usually cakes or something. It is also equally important to note that there are a large number of athletes and serious exercisers who use coffee as a performance enhancer; they tend to not have diabetes type 2 and they tend not to consume their coffee with performance-undermining cakes.
What I would like to see are more reports taking these factors into account.Compare people who drink just coffee with people who drink coffee and eat cake. Compare people who drink coffee and exercise vigorously on a regular basis with people who drink coffee and sit on the couch all day. Let's get rid of all the double-messages and ambiguities.
People say I'm crazy, I got diamonds on the soles of my shoes...
The caffeine may help but all the other crap in Red Bull won't, especially the 10 tons of sugar per can.
Side effects of caffeine include:
Anger is perhaps the symptom I've seen the most in other people. It's due to the fact that caffeine causes the adrenal glands to dump their load--you feel energized by caffeine specifically because you've gotten an adrenaline rush. But andrenaline also causes anger because it brings on the "fight or flight" syndrome. Therefore one of the worst places to work is in a place with lots of caffine addicts--they tend to get on each others' nerves.
Caffine causes other stress hormones to be released. The net effect is that you end up feeling tired because you've been feeling stressed out by caffeine. Most people end up taking caffeine to deal with caffeine's side effects.
It takes two weeks for caffeine to completely leave your body.
I'll tell you why coffee helps prevent diabetes and maybe with weight loss, after 6 cups of coffee a day you'll be spending most of your day walking back and forth to the bathroom and straining your bladder during meetings. There's your exercise.
It is by the juice of the coffee bean that thoughts acquire speed, the teeth acquire stains. The stains become a warning
I heard the same thing on NPR yesterday on the news. However, the story I heard only claimed this was a correlation between people who drink coffee and not causation. Scientists found definite figures that coffee drinkers had a lowered risk of type II diabetes, but that no evidence linked it to the coffee.
I'd start listening to the audio links and do research, but I'm stuck at this place called My Job and if anyone else can confirm this I'd appreciate it. The link given is not the official paper with its findings and I'm not sure I trust the person who wrote it.
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Caffeinated beverages are an appetite suppressant and a metabolism stimulant. I would have to believe that men drinking 6 cups of coffee per day are likely not overweight, and thus not very susceptable to type II diabetes.
However, high caffeine intake has other problems: impotence being one of them.
Yeah, if he'd eaten differently he would never have fallen on the ice.
Atkins diet. Jeebus H. Christ. I swear if i hear that phrase one more time I'm going to lose it. It's everywhere. Menu's at resturaunts have "Atkins Friendly" sections now.
Whatever ever happened to a balanced diet? Atkins seems to me to be swinging the pendulum more and more away from equilibrium.
Pop culture diets: "Eat no carbs!" "Wait! You need carbs!" "Eat nothing but carbs!" "Wait, carbs are bad!" "Eat only protien!" "Eat anything but barf it up!"
rant not directed towards you, neiffer. just a rant. whatever to get your diabetes in control. People with a medical condition, maybe something like Atkins is a good thing. but for people who think they are fat, and don't want to excercise, a little more balance would seem better.
The mantra of the statistician and researchers:
Correlation does not equal causation.
Is it caffeine? Is it coffee? If it was caffeine, would it make sense to do more tests on other caffeine laden beverages? Tea, for example. But wait, maybe tea has some effects to help against diabetes too. Hmm...caffeinated soft drinks. But maybe in sodas, the effects will cancel each other out because of the high-fructose corn syrup, if, caffeine is indeed the factor.
Coffee and tea both have "lots of antioxidants" does that mean they are both good against diabetes? Is that what it means? lots of antioxidants = anti-diabetic?
Make fun of Atkins all you like, but for those of us that have type II diabetes, it's a powerful tool to control our blood sugar. I've lost enough weight on Atkins that my sugar readings are "normal" as long as I stick to the diet. If I eat more than about 20 grams of carbs at one sitting, or about 45 - 50 grams a day, my blood sugar goes way up. Studies have shown that good sugar control postpones and reduces the onset of diabetic complications. Basicly, the carbs kill diabetics faster than the fat & cholesterol.
Many people mistake Atkins induction level with the "atkins diet". Induction is a 2 week phase. It is not a balanced diet, and you're not supposed to stay on it forever. Atkins at maintenance levels resembles The Zone diet.
Diabetes I is low in certain developing countries not because of better diet, but because of poverty. People with diabetes I were left to die, usually because they/their family couldn't afford the treatment (or diagnosis for that matter), and thus diabetes I gets slowly removed from the gene pool.
People say I'm crazy, I got diamonds on the soles of my shoes...
The Harvard researchers have been following well over 100,000 health professionals for many years now. The participants provide the researchers with detailed reports on weight, fitness level, lifestyle, exercise, diet, and illness. While I wouldn't necessarily infer causality (it _might_ not be the coffee that reduces the risk of Type II Diabetes), there is certainly a very solid correlation between drinking lots of coffee and not coming down with diabetes.
One more thing: The headline was highly misleading. The press release clearly states that there is also a benefit from decaffeinated coffee, although it seems to be less beneficial than caffeinated coffee. So don't think you need to double your Jolt intake or stock up on Penguin Mints. It's the coffee that's possibly helping you, not the caffeine.
Maybe I'm just jealous because I quit caffeine for New Years after 25 years hooked on the stuff. That headache will be fading any day now. At least I sure hope it will.
...Nothing interesting here. Just move along...
There actually is a pretty good rationale for low carb dieting. I'll try to sum up two major lines of evidence:
First, carbs didn't make up a large part of the human diet until the invention of agriculture about 10,000 years ago. Sugars and starchs are simply not available in large consistenet quantities to hunter/gatherers dominant for the previous 90,000 years. Studies comparing the remains of pre-agricultural people and agricultural people show that diabetes and heart disease only appear in populations once agriculture is introduced. The correlation was shown not to be an effect of lifespan. today, cultures such as the Inuit exist on nearly carb free diets and show a similar absence of diabetes and heart disease.
Second, carbs are nearly instantaneously converted to glucose by the digestive system. Where the digestive system easily discards unneeded fat and protein, glucose enters the blood stream very quickly. Excessively high glucose levels are toxic to the brain, so glucose triggers an insulin response. Insulin triggers the fat cells to remove glucose and store it, and it triggers the liver to remove glucose and store it as cholesterol. By removing the carb component of the diet, the body needs to produce its own glucose. The glycogen response triggers the fat cells to release stored glucose into the blood stream and it triggers the liver to convert cholesterol to glucose. Low carb dieting causes the body to spend most time in a glycogenic state, which means the body is burning fat and cholesterol as fuel. Hence, less fat and cholesterol.
Well, to be honest, the concept of the "balanced diet" in modern nutrition is over-focused on carbs. If you read the full Adkins diet, the point of it is to eventually balanced the number of carbs in our diets, but at dramatically lower levels than the traditional Western diet, which is overdominated with carbs.
Who the hell do you think you are complaining that we coffee drinkers are angry! Why don't you get off your FSCKING high horse, you god-damned pissant. You can take your whiney little opinions about angry coffee drinkes and stick them where the sun doesn't shine! Bloody health food eating, toad sucking, argument for post-natal abortion.
Interestingly, caffeine also seems to have a neuroprotective effect when it comes to Parkinson's (here's an article even the most java-addled ./er should be able to get through).
Also interesting: nicotine has an even stronger neuroprotective effect against Parkinson's. And what's really weird: smokers metabolize caffeine about twice as fast as nonsmokers (nobody's really sure why). Next time your pretentious smoker buddy starts bragging about how much coffee he cranks, you might mention this. He's got a biochemical advantage.
I don't smoke, and I wouldn't advise doing it as part of your health regimen, but nicotine's interations with caffeine are kind of intriguing.
After 30 years of messing with people's diets, the average citizen is now keenly aware that the medical establishment doesn't know jack shit about what they should eat. People will try anything now.
There is some truth to the Atkins diet, but its now some sick industry. People should just go back to eating the way we did 50 years ago. Just watch a 50's TV show sometime. Get some Depression era photographs. People LOOKED healthy back then. It is very clear.
Remember, the same bureaucrats who created dietary guidelines also revolutionized the educational system and thought housing projects would eliminate poverty. The sad fact is diet fads are one of the last idealistic trends of the 1960's. Like everything else of that era, it was wrong and destructive.
I don't read or respond to AC posts
Ok this is not a troll/flame but by all means mod me down, it's only /.
First, caffeine is highly addictive and weight/diet control when addicted to caffeine is extremely difficult, because it interferes with the epinephrine cycle, which in turn regulates blood sugar and blood pressure.
Second, caffeine is widely shown to substantially interfere with REM sleep, the only part of the sleep cycle which provides meaninful 'rest'. This is the particularly insidious element of the addiction: Less REM sleep -> greater 'reward' from consuming caffeine.
Third, caffeine in *Coffee* is among the most widely used drugs, becasue coffee is the 2nd largest commodity market on the planet (trailing far behind oil but still far ahead of all other 'foods'). So yeah lots of people take coffee regularly and lots are addicted to caffeine.
As pointed out above, it's entirely possible that a fair fraction of the benefits found in the study are attributable to the anti-oxidants in coffee, coffee also contains a bunch of other alkaloids besides the caffeine.
Finaly, the myth that caffeine is required to do geek/technical work is just that, a myth. Wired, jittery programmers don't do well at sustained/quality output (ymmv). When I need to work really extended hours, caffeine is the first thing I eliminate. I can, at a pinch work thru technical problems for 24-hour or longer stints, caffiene will just interfere more once serious fatigue begins to set in, learned this nearly 3 decades ago :-).
All of which I've learned over the years to avoid by trying to plan work out so that emergency sessions aren't needed, I'm to damned old to put in that kind of burnout time on a regular basis.
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The modern American diet is nothing at all like the early agricultural people's of 10,000 years ago. They had carbs, sure, but not white bread and refined sugar filled soft drinks. You are making a very unfair and misleading comparison. Carbs aren't automatically bad. When you eat a slice of whole wheat bread, much of it is fiber. The fiber takes the place of carbs filling you up more and slowing down your digestion. When you eat a slice of white bread, it is pure carbs. It also digests very fast, making you eat more sooner.
My dad used to drink an obscene amount of coffee (black, no sugar). He would go through numerous pots a day. He still managed to get type two diabetes. His doctors think it was related to high stress, his high blood pressure, and of course, being overwieght.
He has since cut out caffine, trimmed down, relaxed, and his blood sugar is very stable.
There are side effects of caffine, such as anxiety which could easily encourage diabetes.
As a 10+ cup a day coffee drinker I should be quite excited about this story. However my father his entire life has been a heavy coffee drinker, and still developed type II diabetes in his early 50's. He controls his diabetes with healthy eating, cutting out all sugar and most caffine (he still drinks decaff).
It's nothing of the kind. This is a serious epidemiological study, and them scientists are actually pretty smart, y'know. Problems like these were formally recognised about a century ago, and there are ways to (mostly) avoid them.
True, this is an observational study rather than an intervention study or controlled experiment, but most large epidemiological studies like this do correct for things like age, sex, deprivation, health, etc. to reduce the effect of such biases.
That's not to say there isn't some selection effect that isn't controlled for which is causing the effect and has nothing to do with coffee. But the next step is that some pharmaceutical company will try and isolate the compound which has the preventative qualities and run a double-blind clinical trial to verify it's efficacy. Then we'll really know. This study is just the start. All that said, you've got a much better chance of reducing your risk of type II diabetes by reducing your weight and exercising than by running a 12-cup-a-day lifestyle.
The half-life of caffeine is around four hours. That's a more useful metric than "It takes two weeks for caffeine to completely leave your body."
Sure the named side effects have been observed, in some individuals, at certain dosages.
>stress, burning sensatiion
What does that mean?
"I'm too tense, and I'm on fire!"
Just by combining those two items you demonstrate you aren't actually thinking about this.
You forgot to mention that performance on IQ tests is enhanced in most people by caffeine.
Aside from your misleading use of side effect literature and your poor understanding of caffeine's mechanism, (adrenal stimulation is only part of the picture, and tends to wear off more quickly than other effects.) I think your observation about anger is skewed.
You're pissing me off with your sanctimonious attitude, and I haven't had caffeine in ages.
Assembly is the reverse of disassembly.
This AC makes a good point that you can't lump all carbs together. What really causes the problem in today's diets is that most food is processed very heavily. Grain products have the bran and germ (the most nutritious parts) stripped out of them. Fats have been extracted from their raw sources using heat and chemical solvents which fundamentally change the character of the fatty acids (typically breaking down any double bonds between carbon atoms and allowing more hydrogen to get attached leading to saturated fats). Grain products that retain most of the original nutrition such as barley, wild rice, whole wheat bread, etc. should not be lumped together in the class of 'evil' carbs. The heavily processed sugars and starches in our typical diet are bad because they are simply empty calories.
A balanced diet really is the way to go because your body needs so damn many things to work well and counteract the effects of other things you eat. I know some people don't bother eating fruits because they 'can get their vitamins from a pill'. Fruits provide much more than vitamins, however. Pectin, for example, helps your body deal with excess cholesterol. Atkins' dieters love to eat tons of fat and brag about how healthy they are. I know someone who eats fried eggs and bacon every morning for breakfast. Listen, that is not healthy by any stretch of the imagination. First of all, frying eggs hydrogenates them (if you love eggs, try soft-boiling them so that they yolk isn't exposed to the air). Bacon is cured and processed and filled with saturated fats. Good nutritional practices are not as simple as 'eat more fat and less carbs'.
Many of us have seen first hand how people follwing the Atkins and other fad diets lose weight. But the real key to being healthy (as opposed to just fat loss) is to eat a balanced diet filled with fresh, nutrient-dense foods. You can eat a fair meat of meat on such a diet but you had better (a) trim off excess visible fat, and (b) suppliment with essential fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6 acids found in flax oil, hemp oil, nuts, seeds) to provide your body with the ability to deal with all the cholesterol and saturated fats you'll be taking in. Don't shy away from all carbs but make sure that any carbs you DO decide to take in are from nutrient dense sources. Never eat any type of bread except for 100% whole wheat. Don't use jasmine, white, basmanti or other highly processed rice -- use brown rice, wild rice, or barley. Skip pasta. Don't go crazy on fruits but definitely include some of those every day. And vegetables are essential. That's probably the most nutritious stuff you can find.
Bottom line: good nutrition is quite complicated. Much more so than you will ever hear about in USA Today or CNN. The best thing you can do is eat a balanced diet and reduce your consumption of highly processed foods. I'm not saying you have to run out and starting buying organic produce (lord knows I sure don't) but do realize that our modern society has traded nutrient value of foods for ease of processing and consumption.
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Type II diabetes is not caused by "refined sugar" it is caused by excess consumption of food in general, irrespective of the source.
That statement is false. I shall explain why. Insulin. Didnt you learn about Insulin in medical school Mr.Doctor? Insulin spikes when you have refined sugar. If you eat 20 steaks your insulin will rise very slowly, and theres less of a chance of insulin overdose.
Diabetes type 2 occurs due to insulin resistance caused by overdose of insulin. Your bodyparts simply fail to respond to it thus you have type 2 diabetes and you must take an insulin shot and change your diet.
What changes do doctors usually prefer? CUT OUT THE REFINED SUGARS. Eat lots of small meals per day with no sugar and your insulin levels will stay stable. Without spikes eventually your blood sugar level stablizes.
All food is broken down into glucose, even fat.
Rice breaks down faster than a steak. Dextrose is like drinking pure liquid glucose so of course it goes straight into the blood stream.
That glucose then exists in your blood stream where it is used, and excess glucose is stored as fat. This is the function of insulin, it is the opposite of adrenalin. Rather that convert stored fat to energy, it does the opposite.
Someone with insulin resistance (which is most of us Americans), in response to high glucose it may not go to fat cells, instead the insulin level rises higher and higher until they feel shaky, or tired when the insulin level suddenly crashes.
The problem is there is a finite amount of insulin that can be produced, and it appears that with excessive food consumption, the body loses its ability to accurately determine how much insulin is necessary at a given time. No one knows how or why this happens.
This happens because of refined sugars. The sugars put the body totally off balance.
What is known is it is impossible to acquire Type II diabetes if you have less than 5% body fat. A person of normal weight has zero chance of acquiring the disorder.
Thats such bullshit. There are atheletes with type 2 diabetes. It depends on a lot of factors. Want to test it out? Ok try this. Every morning for a month drink about 16 ounces of dextrose. I guarentee you that you'll eventually become insulin resistant.
Bodyweight can reduce your risk because if you are a smaller person your body will produce less insulin even when you spike, but if you spike greatly enough for long enough you can still get type 2 diabetes. This is why Asians and African Americans get diabetes while if you measure their bone structure and weight, they arent usually known for being the over weight race of people.
All the discussion of refined sugar is simply a way to mask the simple fact Type II diabetes is a disease caused by vice, and that vice is gluttony.
Also Genetics, and refined sugar. Would you like to prove your theory out?
Propose a study, let your subjects all be under 5% bodyfat, let each subject eat only rice and drink kool aid every morning for a year. Then measure their insulin levels after they do this.
If there is no spike, you are right and I am wrong. If they do spike like most humans do, well they'll eventually get diabetes.
People don't exist to serve systems, systems exist to serve people.
I don't have time to counter you point by point, but here are some corrections to your corrections...as well as some corrections to my original statements.
First, I confused glycogen with glycogon. Glycogon is the hormone that generally "opposes" insulin.
- Carbohydrates are not stored in fat cells.
Not directly - depending on the availablity of glucose, the body will convert acetyl byproducts of glucolysis into fat, or further metabolize it. More below:
- *Fat* is stored in fat cells, generally as triglycerides.
- Glycogen is stored in the liver and in muscle tissue, not in fat cells.
I was probably unclear, but I didn't mean to make that claim. Glycogen in the liver is the primary storage of excess glucose. When glucose is not abundant, the body will further metabolize the byproduct acetyls from glucose metabolization via the citric acid cycle. When glucose is abundant, the body will instead process excess acetyls into fats and cholesterol via lipogenesis. Fat and cholesterol production are based upon glucose availability; they store the leftovers energy from glucose metabolization, whereas in low glucose states those leftovers would be more completely metabolized.
- The body is incapable of producing its own glucose.
Ever hear of glyconeogenesis? It is the process by which the liver synthesizes glucose from fatty acids.
My best guess as to how Atkins works is that it triggers ketosis, a pathological metabolism characteristic of advanced untreated Type I diabetes. Under conditions of carbohydrate deprivation, the body hydrolizes triglycerides, using the glycerol to fuel the brain (necessary because fatty acids can't cross the blood-brain barrier, but glycerol and carbohydrates can). The fatty acids that are left over are thrown into a metabolic scrap heap, where they are eventually broken down into ketones, e.g. acetone, nail polish remover. If your breath is sweet when you're on the Atkins diet, that's probably the reason. The "glycogenic state" description sounds like an attempt to paint a pretty face on a pathological metabolism. I'm not sure Atkins is any better than tapeworms as an approach to dieting.
Ketosis is indeed a state that many low-carb diets try to maintain. Keep in mind that there is no evidence that ketosis itself is, in and of itself, a "pathological metabolism". If a person is ingesting enough carb to serve the bodies energy requirements, ketosis is indeed a symptom of something amiss. However, if the person is attempting to burn fat, ketosis is the optimal state.
The refined carbohydrates you believe are the cause of Type II diabetes have been consumed now for over 5000 years. This is a disorder that did not even exist 100 years ago, and barely existed 40 years ago. What has changed? Until you explain THAT, everything you think you know is completely irrelevent.
Actually... We've been aware of diabetes at least since the time of the Roman Empire. "Diabetes mellitus" is actually latin for "sweet urine", which was the diagnostic test (yuk!) for the disease back then. In the past, type 1 diabetics didn't survive to adulthood. Type 2 complications take decades to develop, and may be mistaken for other things. Either way, since the average life expectancy was less than 40 5000 years ago, your point is hardly relevant. Most people didn't live long enough for the disease to develop.
I have to live with the disease. Funny... I can eat more rice than I can bread. It doesn't get digested as fast.
I'd love to see your 50 claimed references. You've done a lot of spouting off bullshit in this topic. You have your preconceived position, and you aren't going to let go of it. You're not helping anyone, and we really don't care if you want to feel smarter than everyone else.
People eat rice every morning all over the world. People used to eat bread every morning as well. If you want to argue that behavior is the cause, go for it. Ultimately YOU WILL BE WRONG. Remember this post in a few years when people finally give up arguing such ridiculous theories that are completely contradictory to tradition and history. Its also a fact that Asians, Hispanics, Native Americans and African Americans generally are more vulnerable to diabetes. Maybe its because they eat more rice, drink more kool aid, and have more starch than your typical white person. They also generally weight less than your typical white person. So the white theory is thrown completely out the window. There are a range of genetic diseases which can cause type two diabetes. This has as much to do with genes as it does with eating habits. Explain why Asians get diabetes more yet weight less and have lower bodyfat. Do a study and explain it.
People don't exist to serve systems, systems exist to serve people.