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100 Years of Einstein
spacerabbits writes "A century after Einstein's miracle year, most people still do not understand exactly what it was he did. The Economist tries to elucidate what AE did in a recent article."
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If you really want to get a handle on what Einstein did and what his work has influenced, I would recommend buying The Elegant Universe by Brian Green. Somehow it found it's way onto my Amazon wishlist a few years ago (I don't remember putting it there), and my mom bought it for me for xmas. I've read about half of it so far and it's amazing stuff. It's about the (super)string theory, which essentially ties together Einstein's theory of relativity and quantum physics. I can feel my brain get bigger as I read it.
Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
... well, from what? You'd have to say that you don't even get to use a word like "move" when you are the only body in that void. Sure. Okay.
In Words of Four Letters or Less
[ 0 ]
So, have a seat. Put your feet up. This may take some time. Can I get you some tea? Earl Grey? You got it.
Okay. How do I want to do this? He did so much. It's hard to just dive in. You know? You pick a spot to go from, but soon you have to back up and and go over this or that item, and you get done with that only to see that you have to back up some more. So if you feel like I'm off to the side of the tale half the time, well, this is why. Just bear with me, and we'll get to the end in good time. Okay?
Okay. Let's see....
[ I ]
Say you woke up one day and your bed was gone. Your room, too. Gone. It's all gone. You wake up in an inky void. Not even a star. Okay, yes, it's a dumb idea, but just go with it. Now say you want to know if you move or not. Are you held fast in one spot? Or do you, say, list off to the left some? What I want to ask you is: Can you find out? Hell no. You can see that, sure. You don't need me to tell you. To move, you have to move to or away from
Now, let's add the bed back. Your bed is with you in the void. But not for long -- it goes away from you. You don't have any way to get it back, so you just let it go. But so now we have a body in the void with you. So does the bed move, or do you move? Or both? Well, you can see as well as I that it can go any way you like. Flip a coin. Who's to say? It's best to just say that you move away from the bed, and that the bed goes away from you. No one can say who's held fast and who isn't.
Now, if I took the bed back but gave you the sun -- just you and the sun in the void, now -- I'll bet you'd say that the sun is so big, next to you, that odds are you move and not the sun. It's easy to move a body like ours, and not so easy to kick a sun to and fro. But that isn't the way to see it. Just like with the bed, no one can say who's held fast.
In a word, you can't find any one true "at rest". Izzy was the one who told us that. Izzy said that you can't tell if you move or are at rest at any time. You can say that you go and all else is at rest, or you can say that you are at rest and all else goes. It all adds up the same both ways. So we all knew that much from way back when.
Aha, but now wait! The sun puts off rays! So: why not look at how fast the rays go past you? From that you'd see how fast you move, yes? For you see, rays move just the same if what puts them off is held fast or not. (Make a note of that, now.) Izzy had no way to know that, back then, but it's true. Rays all move the same. We call how fast that is: c. So, you can see how fast the rays go by you, and how far off that is from c will tell you how fast you move! Hell, you don't even need the sun for that. You can just have a lamp with you -- the one by your bed that you use to read by. You can have that lamp in your hand, and see how fast the rays go by you when you turn it on. The lamp will move with you, but the rays will move at c. You will see the rays move a bit more or less than c, and that will be how fast you move. An open-and-shut case, yes?
Well, and so we went to test this idea out. Hey, you don't need to be in a void to do this test. We move all the time, even as we sit here. We spin, in fact. So they shot some rays off and took note of how fast they went east, and how fast they went west, and so on. Well, what do you know? The rays went just as fast both ways. All ways, in fact. They all went at c, just the same. Not an iota more or less.
To say that we were less than glad to find that out is to be kind. It blew the mind, is more like it. "What is up with that?" we said. And here is when old Al came in.
[ II ]
Old Al, he came out the blue and said, "Not only do rays move at c if what puts them out is held fast or not: they move at
We need a National Holiday - Physicists Day - On his Birthday!
Physics is nothing like religion. If it was, we'd have an easier time trying to raise money!
Another good book is 'Relativity and Common Sense'. It explains the logical progression from Newton to Einstein. It starts off with Gravity, newtonian principles and then starts adding twists. However, I think that quantom mechanics probably was a bigger discovery than Einstein. The concept of chance at the atomic level was a revelation, and even Einstein had trouble accepting it. However, we can only hope that within our lifetime, someone will succeed in crafting the 'THeory of Everything' which combines theory of large objects such as Planets, galaxies of Einstein with the theory of small things such as atoms of quantam mechanics. Maybe M (string theory) is the answer, maybe not. But these are exciting times we live in!
I had a physics professor who hated Einstein and seemed to imply that there was a large faction of the scientific community who did as well. I'm not sure if this is from popularity or some honest to God issue he/they might have had with him. And I don't think I'll be able to find that out from this article since it seems to be singing most of his praises.
Any ideas?
-Teiresias
...I can certainly appreciate Einstein's sheer genius, particularly when it came to relativity. It was Einstein who postulated that, essentially, absolutely everything was relative. You hear all the examples about going around the sun in a spaceship really fast, or the twins paradox, but it doesn't really just stop there. There are all kinds of weird things that happen when you go really fast; for example, your size changes. If I'm driving my car really really fast (and of course, we're talking close to the speed of light), my vehicle actually becomes shorter. Then as I slow down, it stretches out again. At the beginning of the 20th century, no doubt what a lot of Einstein proposed sounded like sheer madness.
In his later years, though, Einstein became increasingly conservative and very resistant to the idea of uncertainty, formulated by Bohr and Heisenberg. Einstein, from a generation of research before these two scientists, was still a determinist; he believed that you could not only discover both the position and velocity (speed and direction) of a particle, but that if you knew all such properties of all particles, you could accurately predict the state of things far in the future. I became disappointed with Einstein when I learned that, in the late 30s and 40s, even when faced with overwhelming evidence to support the ontic and epistemic uncertainty principles, Einstein tried lots of clever thought experiments to prove them wrong, even though they all relied on knowing more than one mutually incompatible property at once. I think Einstein contributed a lot, but he also made a lot of mistakes later in his life.
Take off every sig. For great justice.
Yes, I find it somewhat ironic that a word that means to explain requires an explination and is not clear at all.
"I use a Mac because I'm just better than you are."
Here are some Einstein quotes from Wisdomtoday.com - a daily quote e-mail:
Strange is our situation here on earth. Each of us comes for a short visit, not knowing why, yet sometimes seeming to divine a purpose. From the standpoint of daily life, however, there is one thing we do know: that man is here for the sake of other men - above all for those upon whose smiles and well-being our own happiness depends.
- Albert Einstein
I cannot imagine a God who rewards and punishes the objects of his creation, whose purposes are modeled after our own - a God, in short, who is but a reflection of human frailty. Neither can I believe that the individual survives the death of his body, although feeble souls harbor such thoughts through fear or ridiculous egotisms.
- Albert Einstein
As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.
- Albert Einstein
Make things as simple as possible, but no simpler.
- Albert Einstein
Technological progress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal.
- Albert Einstein
The significant problems we face can not be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them.
- Einstein
It is easier to denature plutonium than to denature the evil spirit of man.
- Albert Einstein
Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from that of their social environment.
- Albert Einstein
The important thing is not to stop questioning.
- Albert Einstein
What if he were right and one of his clever though experiements did prove them wrong?
In his time he couldn't KNOW he was right or wrong, he just hoped he was right.
It's only in hindsight can you say, "he also made a lot of mistakes later in his life," but if you were there, then, you would STILL be dwarfed, I think, by his genius. It's only unfortunate that his genius didn't extend to embrace QM, but he honestly thought they were wrong, too.
GPL Deconstructed
Space tells matter how to move. Matter tells space how to curve.
The best definition I've found till date. If you can wrap your head around that, you're in the clear!
From the article:
Abraham Pais, a physicist who wrote what is generally regarded as the definitive scientific biography of Einstein, said of his subject that there are two things at which he was "better than anyone before or after him; he knew how to invent invariance principles and how to make use of statistical fluctuations."
This is a great one-line summary of what made Einstein an outstanding physicist.
The use of invariance principles is still finding its way slowly into other subjects. Jaynes' work on probability is an excellent example of the power of invariance principles--he derives all of probability theory from a few basic postulates, including the condition that conclusions be invariant under transformations in the path used to reach them.
--Tom
Blasphemy is a human right. Blasphemophobia kills.
Thing I love about Special Relativity is that the maths is no more than the high school level yet the implications are astounding (space and time dilation and all that). All the college maths in the world wont help you understand special relativity. Try deriving it some time for fun, the clasical way is working out how long a light ray takes to bounce of the roof inside a moving train for a person in the train and a person outside the train. Its strangly satisfing and like all great theorys, mindboggling obvious once you actually see it. General Relativity on the other hand...
As a physicist who is currently doing experiments on using the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen scheme for quantum cryptography, I have the upmost respect for Mr. Einstien. While his contribution to physics is significant, I think the public's perception of the importance of his work may be overblown. The development of quantum mechanics is a large scale effort by a lot of people over a long period of time, and I think even without Einstein, most of those ideas would have developed anyways because they are the inevitable conclusions from what scientists were observing at that time. However, Einstein can grab the public's attention like no other physicist in modern time is able to achieve. Try teaching kids about Lorentz's relativity or Schrodinger's quantum mechanics. They'd rather hear about Einstein! I am happy to see that people are excited about something related to physics, but at the same time, maybe people will be less intimidated if they know that you don't have to be Einstein to contribute to our understanding of physics, just as you don't have to be Bill Gates to influence what technology will bring us next.
http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosop hy/works/fr/poincare.htm
What he describes in his paper is quite similar to the Special Relativity of Einstein, although he does not explain it as clearly and as completely as Einstein does. But why history keeps him the shadow I'll never understand.
I have found out that reading the original papers of Einstein elucidates a lot more than the whole of literature that's been wasted on the subject to introduce people to the ideas. Start with "Relativity : The Special and the General Theory" which is an introduction for everybody who followed math in highschool a little decently. Then read "The principle of relativity" published by Dover. You can buy both for $14.36 on amazon. I found those very understandable and I'm certainly no math wizard.
Einstein was a marvellous educator and his writing on the subject is way better than almost anybody else (except for Feynmann maybe).
I sometimes think that God, in creating man, somewhat overestimated his ability. -- Oscar Wilde
The money quote:
The original paper by Prof. Winterbottom was published but a rebuttal to that paper by Corry, Renn and Stachel was not.
Seastead this.
It feels weird having your first story accepted after all those years.
fortune is my favourite linux command
"The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources." -- Albert Einstein
The name "Einstein" evokes images of genius, but was Albert Einstein, in fact, a plagiarist, who copied the theories of Lorentz, Poincare, Gerber, and Hilbert? A scholarly documentation of Albert Einstein's plagiarism of the theory of relativity,
"Albert Einstein: The Incorrigible Plagiarist" discloses Einstein's method for manipulating credit for the work of his contemporaries, reprints the prior works he parroted, and demonstrates through formal logical argument that Albert Einstein could not have drawn the conclusions he drew without prior knowledge of the works he copied, but failed to reference. Numerous republished quotations from Einstein's contemporaries prove that they were aware of his plagiarism.
Many people may have been misled by the tactless and prejudiced account of the history of the Hilbert-Einstein equations of gravity published in 1997 by Leo Corry (Cohn Institute, University of Tel-Aviv) and John Stachel (Director of the Center of Einstein Studies, Boston). The "objectivity" of that account is well demonstrated by the fact that Corry and Stachel "forgot" to mention that the set of galley proofs of the fundamental Hilbert's paper that they analyzed was incomplete and was missing a critical part. The wonderful book "Anticipations of Einstein in the General Theory of Relativity" by Bjerknes is a perfect remedy to Corry and Stachel's "discovery" and their attempt to further cultivate the cult of personality of Einstein at the expense of Hilbert. The book is thoroughly and meticulously documented and leaves only one way to counter it: by silencing it or by labeling the author as Einstein-hater (or worse) and changing the subject. Especially valuable is the section reproducing the original publications, including the (incomplete) galley proofs of the Hilbert's paper. If after having read this book someone still thinks that Corry and Stachel understand physics well enough to write about the history of general relativity then I would recommend the paper by A. A. Logunov et al., "How were the Hilbert-Einstein equations discovered?" Physics-Uspekhi, vol. 47, pp. 607-621 (2004) (in English).