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Gene Therapy Ages Human Cancer Cells in Lab
mattr writes "Korean scientists are the first in the world to selectively age off and kill human cancer cells, by injecting a gene that suppresses telomerase, a cancer-specific enzyme that normally makes cancer cells immortal by protecting the telomere tips of their chromosomes. The telomere length modulation mechanism was found by two scientists from Yonsei University and colleagues at U. Central Florida, and is reported in the April 1 issue of Genes and Development magazine."
The perfect aging drug! Now I can look older and act younger!
This is incredible in theory, but what time frame are we talking about in humans once this gene is injected? Will it adversely affect human cells? I read it targets a cancer specific enzyme but am I missing anything? Could this be a cure, after the fact? (Bio-Medical newbie here).
Be True, Unbeliever
So they can selectively age cells through gene theraphy... Can we do the inverse to stop the aging of other cells?
In Korea, only cancer gets old!
But seriously, this is very interesting. When telomeres started getting press a few years back, it was really obvious that this would eventually be the key to managing cancer. (And if Alex Chiu gets his way, the key to immortality).
If cells age because child cells of a mitosified cell contain fewer telomeres, then something that prevented that telomeric loss would lead to an eternal lifetime for splitting cells.
What has interested me about this is that babies are born with a full set of telomeres. This means that the telomeric levels of the parent (mother) is not passed to the child. All other cells in a person's body are dependent on the number of telomeres present in those first few cells clumped together in the womb.
By blocking fetal tissue research, the harvesting of these precious cells is hampered. The reasons for fetal research are many, and the study of telomeres is one big area that simply can't be replicated with non-fetal stem cells.
Telomerase is not only in cancer cells, it's in a bunch of other kind of cells - generally ones long lasting. That's what gave the idea in the first place to do research along these lines. The Wikipedia isn't totally off, would be a good thing to read for correct information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase
The University of Central Florida doesn't get any credit because we don't have a good football team, but this is the third /. piece featuring the school in the past six months. How's for some nerd credit?
Inhibiting telomerase has a significant problem: it kills off the gametocytes, which need telomerase to reproduce constantly but still have constant length telomeres. The side effect has to be infertility, unless the researchers found a receptor or variation in cancer cells which allows selective target for the vector. I have a feeling that it is not what they did, since the cancer cells were grown in a tissue culture, and not in vivo. We'll have to wait for human studies to see where this is going.
This mechanism has been studied for a very long time, but this must be the first time that researchers have been successful in manufacturing the vectors.
Of course, there are still promising treatments such as angiogenesis inhibitors which has the benefit of not losing fertility.
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What isn't clearly mentioned is that telomerase is *inactive* in normal human cells. We're born with our telomeres at a certain length, and they're never renewed. That's why some cancers are unique in that they reactivate this latent gene therebye making them immortal; for example, Hela cells are used in every lab across the country. They originally were taken out of some woman's breast cancer in the 50's and they're still thriving! As a matter of fact, while she's long dead, there's still several tons of her! But even if you were to turn off a reactivated telomerase gene, it is logical to believe that they would begin to age normally; ie, if the person with the cancer is in his 50's, the cancer might not die for several decades. The important thing to remember is that *every* cancer in every person is different on a molecular level. They are all unique, and that is why we'll never have a blanket cure for cancer. What we will eventually have is effective treatment for currently untreatable types, which is a different story all together.
Do you have any proof of this or are you just talking out your ass?
You must be new here.
well, are you going to forget? I'm not.
so long as we remember and make sure to cite and post what we remember and write articles for wikipedia on what we remember then such things will not be forgotten or overlooked.
these days "they" are less and less often the media and the journals.
"They" is becomming "us", and I love it.
If telomerase makes cancer cells immortal, is someone working on a way to make, uh, non-cancer cells immortal?
Eh, in Korea, only old cancer cells get credit.
1) Eat more charred foods
2) Use the cell phone handset a lot more
3) picnic under high tension wires often
4) cheap cigarettes from Canada
5) Use more liquids ending in -ene, -ide
6) Have more food colouring parties
7) Break out that Roentgen tube lying in the attic, make some cool photos.
8) Work with small fibres and dusts as often as possible.
Yep, now I can really break loose...
Hedley
If bone marrow stem cells are also affected by this treatment, you can have problems with production of T-cells (CD4+ and CD8+) and erythrocytes (red blood cells). I wish that they would have at least done tests on other types of human cells. The journal article becomes available April 15th, so we shall see what all the fuss is about.
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they don't know how the gene works, they've only killed off in vitro cells, and they haven't tested it in the context of cancer cells surrounding normal cells. how can this be selective? for all we know, the mechanism could accelerate the removal of telomeres in normal cells. really, what does "selectively" mean here, besides that they selected only cancer cells to test the gene on?
afaik, telomerase breaks down telomeres, no matter what kind of cell you have. most cancer cells inhibit telomerase to allow survival, so you'd have to inhibit the telomerase inhibitor.
Finding it and then inserting genes or drugs to kill it is hard.
Gene therapy using viruses has failed because the body attacks the modified virus . Some people have died because of this and research was stopped.
There are some new ideas on using HIV virus which is harder for the immune system to attack.
Actually, saccharin doesn't cause cancer in humans. A few years ago, it was found that the mechanism which caused the bladder tumors in rats does not happen in humans. Notice how they no longer print the warning on packages of sweet'n'low? Besides, they had to feed the rats TONS of it to get them to develop the tumors anyway.
I know it sounds very progressive to make those sort of assertions, but they don't have much merit. Anyone with even a rudimentary scientific background will tell you that key scientific breakthroughs come from all over. As a matter of fact, in the past few years there has been a considerable amount of concern within the American scientific community over the lag in American research and publication. Research just isn't a priority anymore in America, and we are beginning to feel the effect.
My guess is that the Korean scientists will keep their credit, just like the Koreans scientists who recently successfully generated stem cells from somatic adult tissues, just like the Dutchman who came up with the microscope, just like the Moravian monk who counted peas, just like the Swede Botanist retained credit for the Linnaean classification, just like the Russian Chemist retained credit for the periodic table, just like 10th century Arabs retained credit for much of Algebra, just like citizens of Greek city-states retain credit for beginning to formalize reason.
The capacity for human genius is universal, and in the reality based community known as science, we appreciate that. It belittles the intellects of foreign researchers and the hard work of American scientists to say otherwise.
"reported in the April 1 issue of Genes and Development"
I just hope it's not some cruel April Fools joke...
Get your torrents...
Their TVAX vaccine against cancer in a phase one at Duke caused the strongest human immune system against cancer that has ever been seen in a cancer vaccine. 19 out of 21 men with hormone refractory prostate cancer with mets, saw thier blood become free of cancer. For some there was a thousand fold reduction in the number of blood born cells. Dr's Vieweg and Bilboa are tweaking the vaccine for the phase 2 now recruiting at Duke, see Geron's web page and click on patient info, it gives you dukes number. No side effect were observed. It only targets cancer cells, which for the most part externally signal that they are making a lot of telomerase. May also be recruiting for primary kidney as well as hormone refractory prostate cancer with mets. Their other drug candidate, GRN163L is a oligo, that directly and strongly binds telomerase so it can't lengthen telomere tails. No toxicity was seen in the animal trials till they had exceeded 8 times the maximum theraputic dose. Cancer is screwed soon. Geron is using telomerase to promote the growth of stem cells in commercial scaled, (for treatments and trials). When you were in the womb, during the first trimeste of pregnancy, you produced telomerase like crazy, then it shuts off after the first trimester. If it turns on later in life, it can be real bad if the other mutations that cancer needs are also present. That's cancer. A cell gets in trouble, and doesn't die because of telomerase, but it isnt a bad thing, its the other mutations that, if present, make the cancer. Telomerase just provides the cancer cell with immortality and promotes cell division. Viral attacked cells, and warts, have telomerase turned on, but they don't have the other bad mutations too, if they get them, cancer happens. EGCG from green tea is a direct telomerase inhibitor too, need ten cups a day , try the extract capsules, each one like 4 cups of green tea per day. Put them in your coffee, it turns out that in the lab and in animals, green tea with caffiene is far more effective at killing cancer cells than the decaf green tea.
wow. I am glad to see some good news like this. I have a cousin dying of leukemia(sp?) who probably won't live through the weekend. She is 37 yrs old. she has 4 kids... the younger ones are 2 and 4.
At times like this it is hard not to get mad at the medical profession. On the other hand I have a great appreciation for what medicine has done for my family.
The cousin I mentioned got an extra year of life because of an experimental stem cell (no not the kind thats been in the news) transplant.
My father has had open heart surgery twice. He is 64 years old and still goes backpacking with my brother and I.
My mom, although a survivor has had cancer 3 seperate times: breast cancer in each breast and a melanoma in her eye.
It is from the latter that I gained a great respect for medical research, and it is why I smile reading a story like this article.
when she had her eye cancer there was a new experimental treatment at the UW hospital here in seattle. They cut her eye open and sewed a patch of radioactive material over the tumor. They then sewed the eye shut and sent her home for several days with a lead shield over her eye.
Then they took her back to the hospital and cut the eye open again and removed the patch. Over the course of the next year the tumor died back (we know because of the ultrasound and other tests they do on her). Now she has finally lost the last of the usefull sight in that eye. The sight-loss is due to the close proximity of the radiation treatment to the optic nerve.
The only other treatment at the time was to remove the eye completely. With the radiation treatment she got many years of good sight out of that eye she wouldn't have had.
It is funny to me that at the time that treatment seemed so high tech. now it just sounds barbaric. cutting the eye open twice... so invasive. Now this article highlights something that may, in our lifetime be the new exciting experimental cancer treatment, and our kids (if they can still afford health care) will wonder how we endured such brutal treatment (I would suspect no cancer treatment in our lifetime will be FUN anyway)
I guess my cousin's situation has me in an extra thoughtful mood tonight.
Obama is a twitter sock puppet
afaik, telomerase breaks down telomeres, no matter what kind of cell you have.
That's upside-down. Telomeres automatically shorten themselves with every cell division. Cells with very short telomeres die. This acts to limit cell divison, and probably exists (among other reasons) to limit runaway growth like cancer. Telomerase is not involved in this process at all, and in fact is not present in most normal cells.
Telomerase acts to lengthen telomeres so that the cells in question can keep dividing. Telomerase exists likely so that cell which do need to divide forever (like germ cells and bone marrow cells) can overcome the telomere limit imposed on the rest of the body.
afaik, telomerase breaks down telomeres, no matter what kind of cell you have.
Again, that's backwards. Most cancer cells express telomerase where the normal cell wouldn't. This lengthens the telomeres and allows cell division to continue.
Thus, inhibiting telomerase will re-impose the division limit on cancer cells, suppressing tumor growth. That's what this study claims to do.
Summary:
Telomere: passive cancer suppressor/division limiter present in every cell.
Telomerase: enzyme to allow a few special-case cells to keep dividing despite telomeres.
Cancer: often turns on telomerase in cell types where it should be dormant.
I stole this sig from someone cleverer than me.
Actually, as a born and bred American scientist I think that it is American culture that is destroying science in this country. Few students have the curiosity and persistence that research requires, and our instant gratification culture only makes this tendency worse. Also, there is now an active segment of society that is vocally opposed to much of science (the fundamentalists; christian, jewish, and islamic). Take this together with a general lack of performance and interest in science and mathematics relative to other populations, and you have a recipe for decreasing the role of science in American culture. I hope to hell that somebody keeps pushing the boundaries of knowledge and keeps it free and open, a long standard that America has followed and maintained. The point of science is also not to be a nationalistic endeavour, but rather a pursuit of knowledge. It's a meritocracy, and if that means that most science will be done in Asia by 2050, then good for them because they saw the opportunity, were interested, and worked for it. America did the same thing in the last century but our current theocratic leanings and lack of interest in science as a culture will be our downfall as the scientific elite. It's not too late to rescue it though, but I think it's unlikely.
Yup, I can see it now:
Aide: Sir, have you looked at the bill on genetic research?
Shrub: Yes, and I vetoed it.
Aide: Um, why sir? It would have cured cancer?
Shrub: It said a side-effect of the research might be immorality, and I won't STAND for that!
Aide: (slaps forehead) No sir, it didn't say immorality, it said immortality.
Shrub: (looks confused)
Seriously, go home to your own country and publish there. I am not saying this to be rude, and I know it sounds very politically incorrect.
Here is the deal. The USA has a ton of money. They try and steal as much talent from foriegn countries as they can. Two things happen because of this. First, the USA benifits from the brains it gets. It is just like 100 years ago with natural resources from third world countries. Now it is with human talent. A good example would be baseball, and how we are "farming" the dominican republic and other latin american countries. The players come here because the most money is here. But imagine, just for one second, if those players said to hell with the money, we want national pride, our own leagues, our own system. The talent in the USA would go down, and the games in the forigen countries would get much more interesting. But I digress. This is about science. Imagine if, for example, all the brainy chinese people who have come to the USA for graduate studies in the sciences stayed in their own country. I think it is reasonable to assume some of these people will be good enough to add something to the progress of, say, wepons systems. Now the USA has one more means of power, of forcing other nations to do what they otherwise would not want to do, or to not do what they would be inclined to do. For example, China has been waiting for the right moment to take back Tiwan. They have not because of the USA.
So my adivice to all the foriegners is GO HOME. The USA is not the great place you have been lead to believe. You can make just as good a life at home as here, probably better. But if you measure sucess by money, sure you will probably make some here. But if you measure sucess by happiness, then go home. The only bad thing about staying home is, sooner or later, the USA will find a reason to bomb your country. I think in the past decade we have bombed countries in over 4 continents, including europe. And it does not matter how much the rest of the world hates us, we keep doing it anyways.
Rosco: "If brains were gunpowder, Enos couldn't blow his nose."
To impress who? Nobody is getting laid by showing a chick their slashdot id number.
Rosco: "If brains were gunpowder, Enos couldn't blow his nose."
I beg to differ. He gets modded down for not following group think, but he does come up with some good stuff.
Viral software licensing is not freedom, it is in fact GNU/Socialism.
Well my sister works in a bio research lab, and she has done all the testing herself and written the entire paper herself...and the Professor gets top billing. I think one time she didn't even get credit because she was still an undergrad..yet she did all the work and wrote the whole paper..
Sometimes the professor acts more like a manager is just concerned w/ the progress of the schedule or research than the actual research...
telomerase is an enzyme that adds a tail to the end of the DNA strand during replication. this tail is folded over to form a primer for the lagging strand and eventually clipped. without the tail, about 100 base pairs of gene will be folded over instead every time replication occurs. the loss of this DNA during every replication is why we age.
telomerase is switched off in normal somatic cells. however, in cancer cells it is switched on (cancer cells are essentially immortal). the only place where telomerase is needed is in the germ line cells, which is why this treatment may have the side effect of infertility.
In Korea, only old cancer cells die.
The Tao of math: The numbers you can count are not the real numbers.
This experiment was conducted in a petri dish.
Killing cancer cells in a petri dish is one thing, locating them, isolating them and killing them in the human body is another.
------ The best brain training is now totally free : )
Who was it that revolutionised the dye industry? The Americans and Germans? I'm sorry I was of the impression that an Englishman by the name (Sir) William Perkins revolutionised the dye industry. The first non-plant based die, based on coal-tar analine products was discovered by Sir William. The first such die was Mauve, this discovery of how to manipulate organic products is generally recognised as one of the discoveries that revolutionised modern chemistry, drugs etc which you credit to America and Germany. Interesting that you use American spellings, so I presume you are American yourself.
Sure it would be true to say that other countries took the revolution and made the most of it, the revolution itself, and the start of such industrial manufacturing of dies(leading onto other related areas) started in the house of William Perkins, in London England.
William Perkins
Also a good read:
Mauve
You would think that would be the case, but those of us with id's like say... mine, have groupies who follow us around offering us sexual favors constantly.
You are sick. Even if you believe for a second that the parent might be making it all up, just say nothing.
PowerLevel.com - A next generation marketplace for virtual items and services
I don't that research is less of a priority in America than it used to be. Research is being funded from companies and government agencies that have fallen prey to the same thinking that caused/exacerbated the Enron-ish scandals: Only short-term rewards are important. This thinking also seems to be showing-up in our government officials (perhaps because the current crop are businessmen?).
Any research that is not expected to bear fruit within a very few years is less likely to get funding, even if the long-term rewards that might be forthcoming from that research are great.
Nod to Godwin's Law: Hitler made two large mistakes concerning scientific research. He banned any research into defensive weapons (on the theory that his uber-soldiers would never be on the defensive), and he banned any weapons research that was expected to take more than two years to deliver a weapon (probably on the theory that he would control the world in less than two years). American research is falling into this second trap.
Censorship is telling a man he can't have a steak just because a baby can't chew it. --Mark Twain
"...he banned any weapons research that was expected to take more than two years to deliver a weapon (probably on the theory that he would control the world in less than two years). American research is falling into this second trap."
I agree. As an American, I think it is pragmatic to think it will take at least 5 years to take over the world. I put forward that we should all sign an online petition to congress to get them to fund weapons that will put out in at least 5 years, instead of the current two year limit.
This has many advantages, not the least of which are massive robotic mechs that we can build in conjunction with our allies in Japan.
Additionally Alfred Bester alluded to this in The Computer Connection (1975!) where he referred to the fact that the immortals in his story were living just short of runaway cancer...sort of the theory "the cure for cancer is old age."
Interesting how life imitates art.
-----------------------
To understand recursion, one must first understand recursion.
Here's a 4 year old paper about a compound that doesn't only work in cell culture but also in animals. Sorry but who's first?
A highly selective telomerase inhibitor limiting human cancer cell proliferation
As an aside, would you rather take a pill or inefficient, potentially mutagenic gene therapy?
I know what I'd choose...