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Jeff Bezos's Space Company Reveals Some Secrets

An anonymous reader writes "Jeff Bezos's commercial spaceflight company, Blue Origin, has kept its plans secret to better compete with rivals such as Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic. But in order to build its launch facility in West Texas, it has revealed some details of its future operations: Blue Origin's Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) will carry three or more passengers on suborbital, ballistic trajectories to altitudes in excess of 325,000 feet above sea level. It will launch vertically and land vertically, and will use hydrogen peroxide and kerosene as propellants. It will operate autonomously under control of on-board computers, with no ground control. Blue Origin plans a maximum rate of 52 launches per year."

74 of 240 comments (clear)

  1. Space company? by slimey_limey · · Score: 2, Funny

    Jeff Bezos, the Amazon guy, has a space company? That's plenty of revelation for me!

    1. Re:Space company? by Eric+Giguere · · Score: 2, Funny

      And you get free shipping if you buy $1,000,000.00 or more!

      But just think of the commissions you'd earn from the affiliate program! Where do I sign up?

      Eric
      Read my AdSense blog: high-paying keywords, the Long Tail, and other fun stuff
    2. Re:Space company? by Momoru · · Score: 5, Funny

      Yup...and he has already patented the "One-Click Launch Sequence"

    3. Re:Space company? by pilgrim23 · · Score: 2, Funny

      Yes but currently it is all up in the air..

      --
      - Minutus cantorum, minutus balorum, minutus carborata descendum pantorum.
    4. Re:Space company? by cheesybagel · · Score: 3, Insightful
      Before Carmack started playing with rockets, there were plenty of VTVL prototypes and designs. DC-X, SASSTO, etc.

      Carmack's first attempt used an H2O2 monopropellant engine. This one uses H2O2 as oxidizer and Kerosene as propellant. It is not the same thing by a long shot. To be honest, I would have used O2 instead of H2O2 for the oxidizer (like Carmack is finally doing now). H2O2 is more expensive and decomposes into H2 and O2 easily. Too much trouble considering what it is worth. The only real bonus is that H2O2 is not cryogenic.

  2. Culberson County by ChrisF79 · · Score: 5, Funny

    I don't know about this one. "Culberson County, we have a problem" just doesn't have a good ring to it.

    --
    Finance tutorials and more! Understandfinance
    1. Re:Culberson County by madaxe42 · · Score: 2, Funny

      Yeah, neither does 'onboard computer to paying tourists... onboard computer to paying tourists... take your protein pills and sign your indemnity contract'...

    2. Re:Culberson County by jdray · · Score: 3, Funny

      "All your passengers are belong to us."

      Maybe not...

      --
      The Spoon
      Updated 6/28/2011
  3. What an increibly underwhelming site by Timesprout · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Is this actually a real venture or just a pipe dream to conveniently write tax dollars off against?

    --
    Do not try to read the dupe, thats impossible. Instead, only try to realize the truth
    What truth?
    There is no dupe
    1. Re:What an increibly underwhelming site by Gulthek · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Pipe dream. Like the Red Hat Center (now the Center for the Public Domain) for Mr. Bob Young.

  4. Price? by MarkByers · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Any idea on how much tickets are going to cost?

    --
    I'll probably be modded down for this...
    1. Re:Price? by It+doesn't+come+easy · · Score: 2, Funny

      One house mortgage.

      --
      The NSA: The only part of the US government that actually listens.
    2. Re:Price? by phyruxus · · Score: 4, Funny

      clarification: one Silicon Valley house mortgage.

      --
      "A witty saying proves nothing." ~Voltaire
      "d'Oh!" ~Homer
    3. Re:Price? by Da+Fokka · · Score: 4, Funny

      Exactly US $TOOMUCH. Don't know exactly what that is in Euros, though.

      €5,64. Gotta love the current exchange rates!

  5. Prediction... by It+doesn't+come+easy · · Score: 4, Funny

    Look for life insurance policies to have a new clause added to explicitly exclude coverage in the event of a spacecraft mishap (if they don't already have such a clause).

    --
    The NSA: The only part of the US government that actually listens.
    1. Re:Prediction... by rev_sanchez · · Score: 5, Interesting

      There are a few standard hospital diagnosis codes for spacecraft accidents:
      spacecraft accident ground crew
      spacecraft accident occupant
      spacecraft accident person (non-crew)
      falling in a spacecraft (I guess that means floating into something)
      and the generic spacecraft accident

      Being almost too young to remember Challenger we'd kid around about these at work until Columbia.

      --
      If you didn't come to party don't bother knocking on my door. Prince '1999'
  6. No problems here by DragonMageWTF · · Score: 5, Funny

    will use hydrogen peroxide and kerosene as propellants. It will operate autonomously under control of on-board computers, with no ground control.

    No problems what so ever. Sounds incredibly safe to me.

    1. Re:No problems here by Timesprout · · Score: 5, Funny

      It is, all the rocket side of the business will be subcontracted to Acme, they have been in the business for years and really know their stuff.

      --
      Do not try to read the dupe, thats impossible. Instead, only try to realize the truth
      What truth?
      There is no dupe
    2. Re:No problems here by centauri · · Score: 2, Funny

      Nothing could possiblie go wrong.

      --
      Don't blame me, I voted for Durga.
    3. Re:No problems here by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      Well, at least it is controlled by computers...

      Will it be running Windows for Space Flight (tm)? Having to reboot at 300,000 feet gives a whole new meaning to "blue screen of death".

    4. Re:No problems here by Rei · · Score: 3, Informative

      Peroxide is simple (albeit ridiculously low ISP by itself) in theory. However, trying to burn catalytically in practice without a liquid catalyst (and even with a liquid catalyst...) is much easier said than done. There are big problems with quenching - the expansion of the gasses from peroxide decomposing on the catalyst tends to drive off other peroxide. Also, the catalyst packs tend to get ruined by the chemicals that stabilize your peroxide (and unless you can get 100% pure peroxide, you need stabilizers). Armadillo has had no end to problems like this; their engines have had big sputtering and performance problems.

      --
      "This wallpaper is killing me. One of us has got to go." -- Oscar Wilde on his deathbed
    5. Re:No problems here by John+Carmack · · Score: 2, Interesting

      All the quenching problems were with our mixed-monoprop scheme that used low concentration (50%) peroxide mixed with a small amount of methanol.

      If you can get high concentration peroxide (85%+), there are no catalyst quenching problems. We started out with 90% peroxide, and we would still be using it (and would have saved a year of work...) if we had a willing supplier. The original supplier we used went out of business, and the remaining domestic supplier didn't want to do business with us, even for >$100,000 orders.

      We did a number of peroxide / kerosene biprop tests back in August / September 2002 before we ran out of high concentration peroxide.

      We are pretty happy with liquid oxygen now, but if Bezos is sure that supply won't be an issue, peroxide/kerosene is certainly not a bad choice. The sole drawback I would note is that it will put a lower limit on his operating expenses, and a LOX based system could potentially undercut him, although that would only be an issue when ticket prices are getting down towards $10k.

      John Carmack

  7. Landing vertically by madaxe42 · · Score: 5, Informative

    I'm assuming they mean they're going to use 'chutes to land - landing on reverse thrusters or what have you in earth's gravity well could be fairly fuel expensive, and doesn't make much sense.

    1. Re:Landing vertically by WolfWithoutAClause · · Score: 5, Funny
      Actually, it's not too bad. You need about 10% of the landing weight of the vehicle to be fuel.

      However, it more or less has to be computer controlled descent; the timing is a bit critical.

      The description I heard was:

      You're coming in and you think the engines should fire soon, otherwise you're going to die.

      Then you think it's got to fire now, otherwise you're dead.

      Then you fall some more.

      Then you *know* your going to die.

      And then they fire, and then you land.

      Then you go change your trousers.

      --

      -WolfWithoutAClause

      "Gravity is only a theory, not a fact!"
    2. Re:Landing vertically by tsotha · · Score: 2, Interesting
      I'm assuming they mean they're going to use 'chutes to land - landing on reverse thrusters or what have you in earth's gravity well could be fairly fuel expensive, and doesn't make much sense.

      Fuel isn't the cost driver for this kind of venture. VTOL is a great way to save on operational costs, since you can pick your exact landing spot instead of landing wherever the wind takes you. The technical challenges of vertical landing aren't insurmountable, as they've been overcome by at least three groups I can think of (Armadillo, JSA, and USAF).

      The real problem with vertical landing isn't cost, it's weight. You have to carry all the fuel you plan to use in you landing throughout every stage of the flight. For a sub-orbital shot that's no big deal, but building a VTOL orbital rocket that has any sort of reasonable payload is quite a technical challenge. This is the best discussion of the topic I'm familiar with.

  8. Unlimited flights for $79 a year? by AtariAmarok · · Score: 5, Funny
    "Blue Origin's Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) will carry three or more passengers"

    As long as the passengers after the flight are reusable too, it should be a workable, safe plan. However, could we claim spaceflights under the "Amazon Prime Plan", which claims "Unlimited shipping privileges cost just $79 per year"? After all, it all boils down to being shipped by Amazon.

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
    1. Re:Unlimited flights for $79 a year? by antifoidulus · · Score: 4, Funny

      Yeah, but you would have to make the whole journey in a brown box with a smile on it.

  9. interface by justforaday · · Score: 5, Funny

    Apparently, the interface for the vehicle will be a single button with the word "click" stenciled underneath it.

    --
    I'll turn into a supernova and burn up everything. Well I'll turn into a black little hole and you'll turn into string.
    1. Re:interface by Anne_Nonymous · · Score: 5, Funny

      From the article:

      "Astronauts will be protected from massive the G-forces of liftoff by being shrink-wrapped to a piece of cardboard and surrounded on three sides by AirPak (TM)."

    2. Re:interface by Knight2K · · Score: 4, Funny

      If you press it, the label changes to "Do not press this button again."

      --
      ======
      In X-Windows the client serves YOU!
    3. Re:interface by EvilTwinSkippy · · Score: 2, Funny

      Passengers who were later smeared along the Texas coast also purchased...

      --
      "Learning is not compulsory... neither is survival."
      --Dr.W.Edwards Deming
  10. Sign me up! by Ridgelift · · Score: 4, Funny
    It will operate autonomously under control of on-board computers, with no ground control.
    Sounds great! Put me on the list, with one provision: if an announcement is made that "Microsoft will partner with Blue Origin to provide software" then forget it, I'm not goin'
    1. Re:Sign me up! by VikingDBA · · Score: 2, Funny

      It doesn't have to leave the ground to explode. :)

    2. Re:Sign me up! by the+phantom · · Score: 2, Funny

      Actually, they are planning a merger with IBM -- they are to become Big Blue Origin.

  11. Re:Cue the unmanned spaceflight mob by AtariAmarok · · Score: 5, Funny
    "Cue the unmanned-spaceflight-is-the-only-way-to-go zealots..."

    I suggest a compromise with these "unmanned spaceflght zealots". We send each of them up in a manned spaceflight. At some pre-determined point, the spacecraft is programmed to become unmanned due to explosive decompression of the passenger compartment. Then, the flight continues on, unmanned. Everybody's happy.

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
  12. Welcome to Van Horn, Texas! by RobertB-DC · · Score: 4, Informative

    As a public service, here are some facts about Culberson County, Texas.

    * The county seat is Van Horn.

    * As you can see by the satellite photo, the rugged Guadalupe Mountains meet the barren, flat Llano Estacado.

    * Culberson County includes the highest point in Texas, part of Guadalupe Mountains National Park.

    * Road geeks will appreciate the significance of this fact: Van Horn is the western terminus of U.S. Highway 90.

    * Due to the lack of water, tourism and mining are the only sources of income. For details on how the county's 3,407 souls bide their time while waiting for the new spaceport to be built, see the Handbook of Texas Online.

    And in the tongue-in-cheek words of singer-songwriter Brian Burns:

    Welcome to Texas,
    Don't anybody get me wrong;
    We're glad y'all came to see us,
    Just don't forget to go back home.

    --
    Stressed? Me? Of course not. Stress is what a rubber band feels before it breaks, silly.
    1. Re:Welcome to Van Horn, Texas! by VikingDBA · · Score: 3, Funny

      "I'd rather go to hell than texas."

      It's just a bit further down the road, just keep goin'.

    2. Re:Welcome to Van Horn, Texas! by dr_dank · · Score: 2, Funny

      * As you can see by the satellite photo [google.com], the rugged Guadalupe Mountains meet the barren, flat Llano Estacado

      I see quite a few stains in that photo. Looks like they've been making test flights already!

      --
      Where does the school board find them and why do they keep sending them to ME?
  13. Re:Cue the unmanned spaceflight mob by fimbulvetr · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Then, the flight continues on, unmanned. Everybody's happy.
    I think something like "Nobody onboard would care." is more appropriate, but that's just me.

  14. Good trick by It+doesn't+come+easy · · Score: 3, Interesting

    [...]would operate autonomously under control of on-board computers,

    Didn't know anyone had systems relable enough for civilian passengers (i.e. not NASA, military, etc.) to do this yet (or maybe it's all in the disclaimer you have to sign beforehand :)...

    with no ground control during nominal flight conditions[...]

    So they will have ground control during less than nominal flight conditions?

    --
    The NSA: The only part of the US government that actually listens.
  15. Re:Cue the unmanned spaceflight mob by eln · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Since the only real use for this sort of suborbital flight that isn't already adequately served by other methods (like high-flying aircraft) is tourism, unmanned flights wouldn't really work very well in this case.

  16. Next: eBay by AtariAmarok · · Score: 5, Funny
    Next thing you know, eBay will offer spaceflights, too. Just read the negative feedback carefully, and look for things like:

    "The TANG was stale"

    "Space captain farted in airlock and refused to provide refund"

    "Unsecured lunch lockers: tribbles ate my sandwich"

    "I am a smoker, and was told that smokers had to step outside during spaceflight. Do NOT buy!"

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
  17. not bad by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    at one launch per week, it wouldnt take more than a year or two to send prety much everyone i dont like into space. ^_^

  18. 52 Launches a year? by lintocs · · Score: 5, Funny

    I guess weekly launches aren't unattainable, as long as there's no requirement for an equal number of landings, and a large supply of launch vehicles.

    S

  19. Cart, horse by Princeofcups · · Score: 5, Insightful


    I don't know. To me this is like the Wright brothers announcing their new airline and airport before ever flying at Kittyhawk.

    jfs

    --
    The only thing worse than a Democrat is a Republican.
  20. One click launch sequence? by Frank+T.+Lofaro+Jr. · · Score: 4, Funny

    Would he have a one click launch sequence?
    Would he patent it?

    --
    Just because it CAN be done, doesn't mean it should!
  21. So the question is... by It+doesn't+come+easy · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Would you take a ride on this thing?

    --
    The NSA: The only part of the US government that actually listens.
    1. Re:So the question is... by tocs · · Score: 3, Funny

      Yes, but you would have to go first.

  22. No ground control? by suman28 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    What about evasive evasive maneuvers? Ground clearance? and all the other details involved in space flight?

  23. Land vertically? by 3770 · · Score: 4, Funny


    This thing is supposed to land vertically? That sounds more like a crash to me.

    Will it have parachutes?

    --
    The Internet is full. Go Away!!!
  24. The response is even worse by That's+Unpossible! · · Score: 4, Funny

    "WTF do you want us to do about it, all the guidance computers are on your ship!"

    --
    Ironically, the word ironically is often used incorrectly.
  25. Re:Missiles by AtariAmarok · · Score: 3, Funny
    "[cheap intercontinental ballistic missiles] Carrying people and cargo instead of nuclear weapons. Quite an improvement I'd say."

    You are going to have to have an awfully slick sales pitch to get over the fact that the flights always end with 600 mp/h impact at former Soviet Union strategic targets. Other than that, it's a great flight, man!

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
  26. That's not a crash by AtariAmarok · · Score: 2, Funny
    "That sounds more like a crash to me."

    Crash? We prefer to refer to it as a high-velocity landing with 100% collateral damage to passenger, crew, and craft.

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
  27. Re:Space Vomit by raptor_87 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Approximately 1/3 of astronauts get space adaption syndrome. Basically, when you're in microgravity, the fluid in your inner ear doesn't settle, and so doesn't give your body a proper sense of balance. This does cause nausea and disorentation (lasting for up to a few days) in some people. Since these sub-orbital hops only give a few minutes of weightlessnesss, this will hopefully not be an issue.

  28. close to roswell by e**(i+pi)-1 · · Score: 2, Funny

    The place looks close enough to Roswell.
    Is there a secret meaning to Blue Origin?

  29. Re:Here's a problem set for you: by madaxe42 · · Score: 5, Informative

    Well, in a nutshell -

    The amount of GPE gained during an ascent requires X amount of fuel.

    Descent requires no fuel to move downwards, however K.E. will be accumulated equal to the sum of the GPE and disippated thermal energy.

    Therefore the amount of fuel required to stop a descent is less than that required to ascend.

    To be honest, the best solution would probably be a combination of the two - drogue chute, main chute (both lightweight and easily re-deployable in future missions), which ensure a low velocity, and also proper alignment for the retro-rockets, which could be used for final touchdown (much like several mars missions).

    And yes, I am a rocket scientist. :)

  30. And afterwards... by Kozar_The_Malignant · · Score: 4, Funny

    You're still in Texas. Sheesh! I though the idea was to escape.

    --
    Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
  31. Ballistic trajectory? by Bad+to+the+Ben · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Are they implying that this thing will be unguided? Just pointed at the sky and shot off without post launch guidance, like a bullet? That's what it sounds like to me, and would explain why ground control guidance is not seen as a problem: there's no way to guide it. It would be considerably cheaper to develop, but I'm not sure it would be too popular.

    Another thing I'd like to know is, where does it land? If it's a water landing, that makes passenger safety and training more complex (they have to learn how to stay afloat if something goes balls up). If it's a land based touchdown, who's land is it going to land on? They'll have to buy a pretty big slab of dirt if they're going to guarantee it always lands on their property.

  32. Sand Crash? by centauri · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Neal Stephenson (Snow Crash, The Diamond Age, The Baroque Cycle, etc.) has taken a part-time job as a consultant for Blue Origins.

    --
    Don't blame me, I voted for Durga.
  33. NASA folks have it. by Overzeetop · · Score: 3, Informative

    Not really on topic, or of any use whatsoever, but NASAs group life indurance policy (as of 10 years ago) actually did include loss of life due to space craft disaster.

    --
    Is it just my observation, or are there way too many stupid people in the world?
  34. Re:Here's a problem set for you: by madaxe42 · · Score: 2, Informative

    Well, yeah - the most fuel-inefficient mode would be to attempt to decelerate immediately after reaching your maximum upwards velocity - it's far more efficient to let gravity do the work for you... Apogee is only defined by the point at which your vertical velocity relative to the surface is zero, so apogee is effectively whenever you choose it. Attempting to slow at any point before apogee is, however, just silly.

  35. Morbid humor... by KC7GR · · Score: 3, Funny

    "It will operate autonomously under control of on-board computers, with no ground control..."

    This could certainly add new meaning to the phrase "Blue Screen of Death."

    I'll wager that they'll never get guv'mint approval to operate without at least one human pilot.

    Keep the peace(es).

    --

    Bruce Lane, KC7GR,

    Blue Feather Technologies

  36. Re:Forget People by AtariAmarok · · Score: 2, Funny
    "When are we going to get 90-minute express ballistic shipping to anywhere on the planet?"

    Greetings, Professor Falken. Want to play a game?

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
  37. "Land vertically?" by Verminator · · Score: 2, Funny
    Oh, it'll land vertically, alright.

    In high power model rocketry, we call this condition "Shovel Recovery," and it's not pretty.

    --
    "The more corrupt the state, the more it legislates." - Tacitus
  38. Unfriendly competition by Dachannien · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Jeff Bezos's commercial spaceflight company, Blue Origin, has kept its plans secret to better compete with rivals such as Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic.

    Commercial manned space travel still seems like quite a lofty goal - lofty enough, and expensive enough, that trying to ensure competition in the marketplace at this very early stage seems counterproductive. One would think that everyone could benefit from open cooperation between Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic, at least until they both get a revenue stream going (read: customers actually in space).

    Unless, that is, Bezos and/or Branson think the first-mover advantage will really translate into significant profits. I suspect, however, that those profits are in the pretty distant future, and the best way to bring the profits closer would be to cooperate.

  39. A Pilot: There is no substitute by mariox19 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    You know, from what I hear, jet airliners basically fly themselves. It's not a major problem for a pilot to land or take off in one of these things, and once you get it up, it's basically cruise control. Of course, as they say, when you need an experienced airline pilot, there is no substitute.

    What happens when something goes wrong? If this thing isn't built to have some human control when things are out of the ordinary, no one in his right mind would go up in one of these things.

    (Just my two cents.)

    --

    quiquid id est, timeo puellas et oscula dantes.

  40. Government Regulations... by HopeOS · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The Wright brothers probably did not have to file environmental impact statements or calculate mean casuality per launch or estimate the damage of an explosion for insurance purposes or...

    Jeff Bezos brought his evironmental impact statement to a conference once; it's about the size of a metropolitan phone book. It has sections that state that their rocket will not cause floods or hurricanes, will not change the flow of any rivers, will not interfere with the mating habits of local desert lizards, and on and on.

    Present day aerospace development is regulated to the point of near inactivity. At least, the developers are still allowed to kill themselves in the process or nothing would get done.

    On the upside, recent legislation has made launching easier. Finding a launch site with an appropriate window and a minimum of EPA hassles is still tricky.

    -Hope

  41. Re:Why? by everphilski · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Both companies (virgin and blue origin) are run by people who have more money than they know what to do with... trying to create a new market is risky and expensive. To rich people it's gambling and that's exciting. To Aerospace engineers (like me) it's exciting to see people taking the initiative to try a new market, and do something that has been traditionally relegated to government contractors - the building of space hardware. Before the X-prize you (for the most part... there were some exceptions) had the little guys who built rocket engines in their backyard, and then you had Boeing/LockMart/Pratt&Whitney. Now you have middle ground, people who made their millions and can now risk to venture into captializing on space. Even if there is no response, there's bragging rights. An there will be a response, there have been numerous published and not so public studies stating that the market for suborbital tourism exists, even in the $100,000 range.

    IAAAE (I Am An Aerospace Engineer)

    -philski-

  42. Re:Why? by LurkerXXX · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Were you never a kid? Have you never wanted to see the earth as a blue ball with a thin layer of hazy atmosphere against the black of space? Have you never wanted to experience serveral minutes of uninterrupted weightlessness? Lots of folks would love the chance to experience that. Unfortunatly probably only a rich few will have the chance at it from these companies.

  43. Re:Stale tang by AtariAmarok · · Score: 3, Funny
    "I've never heard of Tang going stale"

    You are so right. It is a very bad example, like "ape going ugly".

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
  44. Re:Why? by RiotNrrd · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I can appreciate the gee-whiz factor involved in this - who *wouldn't* want to take a ride in a spaceship?

    What I'm asking is this: besides being a *very* expensive roller coaster, what practical applications does this have right now? It would be great if there were somewhere for us to *go* other than up and then down.

    The good news is that if/when we can live on another planet we'll know how to get there.

  45. Forgot this one. by AtariAmarok · · Score: 2, Funny

    This is another common one in the feedback: "Aliens insisted on giving me anal probe". About half of these feedback listings are negative, and half are positive.

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
  46. Hydrogen peroxide?!? by Locke2005 · · Score: 2, Funny

    But, couldn't a launch accident involving hydrogen perozide render everyone within a 3-mile radius blond?

    --
    I've abandoned my search for truth; now I'm just looking for some useful delusions.
  47. The Amazon business model by gelfling · · Score: 2, Funny

    Send enough flights into space and EVENTUALLY one will come down profitably.