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Start of Life Gene Discovered

gollum123 writes "The BBC reports that scientists from the UK and France have may found a gene responsible for controlling the fertilization of a new egg." From the article: "The HIRA gene is involved in the events necessary for the fertilisation that take place once a sperm enters an egg. Faults in this gene might explain why some couples struggle to get pregnant despite having healthy sperm ... Although their work in Nature is based on fruit flies, the same genetic processes are present in humans."

305 comments

  1. Well... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Does this mean that people are willing to acknowledge that fertilization is the start of life for individuals in a species that reproduces via sperm and egg?

    1. Re:Well... by NaruVonWilkins · · Score: 1, Flamebait

      I acknowledge that it's pretty much the beginning of a new life, but I don't think I or the government have any say over that life or are responsible for any sort of protection of it until it is naturally detached from the mother. Until then, it's her call.

    2. Re:Well... by MagicDude · · Score: 4, Insightful

      No, it means "Start of Life" is a more interesting and eye-catching headline than "Start of formation of diploid zygote and progression to cleavage"

    3. Re:Well... by Creepy+Crawler · · Score: 1

      Tough answer. What if the egg doesnt implant to begin with (BUT fertilization does occur). Is doing nothing considered murder?

      --
    4. Re:Well... by JustOK · · Score: 1

      Define "life".

      --
      rewriting history since 2109
    5. Re:Well... by oberondarksoul · · Score: 4, Interesting

      The question is not whether the freshly-fertilised egg is 'alive', but whether it can be considered human. For example, St. Thomas Aquinas* considered an unborn boy to have a soul at 40 days, and an unborn girl to have one at 80; before those times, he saw the foetus to be non-human. At what point to we declare the bundle of multiplying cells to be human, and at what point are they afforded the same rights? I doubt these new findings will bring much insight to this rather contentious question.

      * A-level Ethics and Philosophy pays off again!

      --
      And tomorrow the stock exchange will be the human race
    6. Re:Well... by Dachannien · · Score: 4, Funny

      I dunno, I generally regard cleavage as being eye-catching.

    7. Re:Well... by WilliamSChips · · Score: 2, Informative

      Manslaughter, not murder.

      --
      Please, for the good of Humanity, vote Obama.
    8. Re:Well... by StonedRat · · Score: 1

      I believe an animal life doesn't start until the brain boots up, before that it's no more alive than a plant.

      --
      "Religion is the most malevolent of all mind viruses." - Arthur C. Clarke.
    9. Re:Well... by slashdotnickname · · Score: 1

      The question is not whether the freshly-fertilised egg is 'alive', but whether it can be considered human.

      It's always human, the combination of all 46 chromosomes upon fertilization establishes that. I've heard some, when arguing for the right of arbortion, call the very early stages of development a "pile of goo" which always struck me as a derogatory understanding of the life. The real question is when does a human gain its basic rights, and specifically the right to life (i.e the right not to be killed). Certainly a 8 1/2 month unborn child has that right, maybe a 6 month old fetus... but at conception?

    10. Re:Well... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Its whatever Baby Jesus says it is

    11. Re:Well... by Loconut1389 · · Score: 1

      odd.. considering we're all girls for a certain period of time. Unsure of # of days, but I think its towards the end of the first trimester?

    12. Re:Well... by Black.Shuck · · Score: 1

      Unfortunately, most of us are endowed with a flakey distro. :(

    13. Re:Well... by dadragon · · Score: 1

      A natural extension of that logic is that somebody who kills a pregnant woman should only be charged with one murder.

      --
      God save our Queen, and Heaven bless The Maple Leaf Forever!
    14. Re:Well... by LainTouko · · Score: 1
      That's not quite the right question. You need to figure out why exactly we treat the killing of humans in a different way to the killing of (other) animals. Once you've done that, all you need to do is see whether it applies to foetuses. Trying to decide whether something is "human" without knowing what you want your definition of "human" to do is a recipe for confusion.

      (It's difficult to come up with a reason which puts unwanted foetuses in the same group as "conventional" humans without either suggesting Earth has too few people on it, or treating some sort of mythology as factual.)

    15. Re:Well... by grasshoppa · · Score: 0, Flamebait

      I've heard some, when arguing for the right of arbortion, call the very early stages of development a "pile of goo" which always struck me as a derogatory understanding of the life.

      You'd best sit down, your ego will thank you: That's all life is. From the first twinkly in your mother's eye to the grave, you are simply an eleborate pile of goo.

      People have such a grandios idea of what life is, so dramatic and romatic. The reality is quite simply, you are ( and I saw this on a someone's sig around here ) a bunch of cells deciding to be you for a while. And biological material, more often than not, is gooey.

      So come on down from your high estimation of yourself and look around. It's a quite lovely world, albeit a bit messy.

      --
      Mod me down with all of your hatred and your journey towards the dark side will be complete!
    16. Re:Well... by Darius+Jedburgh · · Score: 1

      How do you know it's the start of a new life? It might be the start of two lives if the zygote splits.

    17. Re:Well... by yinpeaceyang · · Score: 2, Interesting

      No. Not in this case. The mother has no control over whether the fertilised egg is implanted into the uterus. In fact, the woman isn't even pregnant until this happens. The egg will die (stop replicating) by itself without the nutrients provided by the uteris walls.

    18. Re:Well... by wed128 · · Score: 1

      You mean under current law they're charged with two? that's fucked up...

    19. Re:Well... by PsychoBrat · · Score: 2, Informative

      From Wikipedia's article on life:

      A conventional definition

      In biology, a lifeform has traditionally been considered to be a member of a population whose members can exhibit all the following phenomena at least once during their existence:

      1. Growth, full development, maturity
      2. Metabolism, consuming, transforming and storing energy/mass; growing by absorbing and reorganizing mass; excreting waste
      3. Motion, either moving itself, or having internal motion
      4. Reproduction, the ability to create entities that are similar to, yet separate from, itself
      5. Response to stimuli - the ability to measure properties of its surrounding environment, and act upon certain conditions. This property is also called homeostasis.
      --
      Invisible to moderators.
    20. Re:Well... by 44BSD · · Score: 2, Informative

      Especially mammalian diploid cleavage. Rooooowwwr.

    21. Re:Well... by TwentyLeaguesUnderLa · · Score: 1

      Not at all.

    22. Re:Well... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The question is not whether the freshly-fertilised egg is 'alive', but whether it can be considered human. For example, St. Thomas Aquinas* considered an unborn boy to have a soul at 40 days, and an unborn girl to have one at 80; before those times, he saw the foetus to be non-human. At what point to we declare the bundle of multiplying cells to be human, and at what point are they afforded the same rights? I doubt these new findings will bring much insight to this rather contentious question.

      Actually, Aquinas doesn't say when thinks that this happens. The discussion is part of Whether the intellectual soul is produced from the semen? . In particular, see the 'Reply to Objection 2'.

      As I understand it, Aquinas's argument here is that the intellectual soul -- because it subsists in itself and is essentially independent of the form of the body -- can only be created by God, so it cannot be transmitted directly by a man's semen (nor by the "foetal matter" thought to be provided by the woman). But, he says, there must be some preexisting form which the intellectual soul replaces, and this is the sensitive soul which is bound wholly to the world. The intellectual soul supersedes the sensitive soul, having not only all the good parts of the sensitive soul, but also the capacity for rational thought and an inclination toward God.

      Anyway, it seems to me that from this argument, it could happen at 40 days, or it could well happen at 40 nanoseconds.

      In any case, Aquinas does not anywhere claim that there is any difference regarding the souls of male and female embryos. There is more on that in this article (from a rather conservative religious magazine).

      As far as I can tell, people in medieval times knew that they were pretty ignorant of embryology. We have learned quite a lot since then, but like you say, it really doesn't bring that much insight to certain moral questions.

    23. Re:Well... by darkmeridian · · Score: 2, Interesting

      A man beat up his pregnant wife with the specific intent to abort the baby she was carrying. He was successful. The mother survived. In addition to the assault charge, the DA wanted to charge him with the murder of the unborn child. The court dismissed the claims very reluctantly, calling upon the state legislature to fix the criminal statutes. They took up the invitation but left an exception for abortion.

      Yeah. We love to have our cake and eat it, too.

      --
      A NYC lawyer blogs. http://www.chuangblog.com/
    24. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      For the sake of argument, justify that statement. (1) If the zygote is alive, why should it not receive equal protections?
      (2) If, somehow, you managed to imbed an already born person into the body of another person, would that person lose the claim to equal protections?

      Just asking.

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    25. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1

      Genetically, there's no question. What other species did you have in mind?

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    26. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 0
      No, I don't find it hard at all. A human is not defined by his abilities to speak, think, or whatever. He is defined as a member of the human race by his genetic makeup.

      It's actually much more difficult to justify denying unborn babies rights without making arbitrary distinctions based on their location.

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    27. Re:Well... by Creepy+Crawler · · Score: 2, Informative

      Then what about the anti-implantation drugs? "48 hour" drugs given for rape kits do exactly that, and those pills are being attacked as "abortion pills". Usually these are super-dosages of progestrone and estrogen.

      RU486 class drugs are usually after the 72 hour mark when the inseminated egg is already attached to the wall. RU486 causes de-implantation through inhibiting progestrone buildup in the uterine lining.

      --
    28. Re:Well... by blurryrunner · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Although this makes a nice criteria and check list, it doesn't stand to determine when a fetus is actually alive and human. By this definition, a child would not be considered alive until it was of maturity to reproduce. Heck, some slashdotters wouldn't be considered alive under that point (though you would have define ability to debate that point).

    29. Re:Well... by NewKimAll · · Score: 1

      OK, so that would mean when we build biological androids to perform all of these functions, you are willing to say that it's life? I think not. We are most likely over 100 years away from being able to achieve such a goal, but someday we will have to answer that very question.

    30. Re:Well... by mattkime · · Score: 1

      >>It's actually much more difficult to justify denying unborn babies rights without making arbitrary distinctions based on their location.

      Actually, its not difficult at all. In womb - not alive; outside womb - alive.

      See? Easy!

      (and if you think there is anything arbitrary about using womb placement to decide whether this entity is alive or not, i suggest you find out where babies _really_ come from)

      --
      Know what I like about atheists? I've yet to meet one that believes God is on their side.
    31. Re:Well... by Retric · · Score: 1

      There are other factors that make human life have value other than simply being a life form. Many cells in the human body are still alive for weeks after a person dies so clearly "Human Life" means more than simply a single human cell or group of such cells. We kill a lot of wheat but nody cares about that. Thus, simple life like an egg or a few cells at the end of somones fingers are not the same thing as human life, so why would killing a single cell be considered the same a killing a human? If your going to sugjest that it's potentaly a human well so is the cells on the end of a dead guys fingers we could clone them and turn each and every one of them to a human but that does not mean we need to.

    32. Re:Well... by sonamchauhan · · Score: 1

      The early Christian church held that ensoulement occurs at the moment of conception. For instance, the early Church father, Tertullian (160 - 220 CE), wrote: "Now we allow that life begins with conception because we contend that the soul also begins from conception; life taking its commencement at the same moment and place that the soul does" (Apology 27).
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensoulment

    33. Re:Well... by NaruVonWilkins · · Score: 1

      It's possible it could come down to choice, and that we could make the penalties for taking away the woman's right to choose for herself (causing her to miscarry by beating her, or whatever) equivalent to the penalties for killing an infant, while keeping the laws separate so there isn't an open path to play with it.

    34. Re:Well... by sonamchauhan · · Score: 1

      So you know when the embryo's brain boots, do you? And even if you do, do you realize that each night, when you go into non-REM deep sleep, you're probably in a similar vegetative state. Is it fair if someone aborts you, when you're like that?

    35. Re:Well... by CrowScape · · Score: 1

      Yes, to some that is considered murder. If you believe that life begins at conception and not some arbitrary point down the road, then that would mean that intentionally creating a condition where a fertilized human egg is going to die is murder. Much like if you actively denied someone warmth durring the winter, making them die of frostbite.

      --
      common sense: noun
      What those who are ignorant of the subject matter think; usually wrong.
    36. Re: Well... by Black+Parrot · · Score: 1

      > Does this mean that people are willing to acknowledge that fertilization is the start of life for individuals in a species that reproduces via sperm and egg?

      Weren't the sperm and egg already alive?

      For test tube babies, is it ok to throw away the egg and sperm just before you put them together, but wrong a half-second later? A few chemical reactions make all the difference?

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    37. Re:Well... by JavaRob · · Score: 1

      No - by this definition a cheek-scraping is "human". All the chromosomes are in there, and yet we are heartless enough to conduct brutal experiments, experiments that KILL these cells, in high school biology laps all across the world.

      Of course, this leads quickly into the "potential" for human life debate, which gets pretty tangly pretty soon. Even more so as cloning develops -- in another decade maybe those cheek cells may be just as much "potential" humans as a normal fertilized egg (many of which spontaneously abort, by the way, and would not develop into a human no matter what you did).

      The other important point here that seems to get left out is that we aren't just debating one life here. It's not just "at what point does this fetus get rights" -- the fetus isn't out on its own, driving around in a little fetusmobile. It's totally dependant on another, unquestionable human and rights-endowed being, the mother. Can we legitmately force her to sacrifice her own health, risk her own life, etc. for the fetus?

      Even if the fetus were a little curled-up totally-aware *adult* inside her, can we force her to let it exist parasitically in her? I know most twins would give up a kidney to save their twin... but are they legally compelled to do it?

    38. Re:Well... by Gherald · · Score: 1

      > OK, so that would mean when we build biological androids to perform all of these functions, you are willing to say that it's life? I think not.

      I think yes.

      > We are most likely over 100 years away from being able to achieve such a goal, but someday we will have to answer that very question.

      Let's answer it now.

    39. Re:Well... by CrowScape · · Score: 1

      But if you give the cells on the end of a dead guy's fingers and provide them with everything the need to survive (nutrients, heat, pressure, etc.), they will never grow into a human being. Instead, you would need to change what those cells are in order to bring that about. You might just as well talk about a collection of unassembled chemicals, or just a clod of dirt, as a potential human life if the possibility of intelligent tinkering is allowed. A fertilized human egg, on the other hand, if allowed to survive, might some day go to college and have to repay student loans. It's an important fundamental difference that your example pretends doesn't exit.

      --
      common sense: noun
      What those who are ignorant of the subject matter think; usually wrong.
    40. Re:Well... by CrowScape · · Score: 1

      It's totally dependant on another, unquestionable human and rights-endowed being, the mother. Can we legitmately force her to sacrifice her own health, risk her own life, etc. for the fetus?

      No. In fact, most abortion laws that are drafted do have exceptions for life-threatening instances. They still get struck down though. Thus, the question is not the one you pose. The question is is abortion to be treated as simply another form of birth control?

      Even if the fetus were a little curled-up totally-aware *adult* inside her, can we force her to let it exist parasitically in her? I know most twins would give up a kidney to save their twin... but are they legally compelled to do it?

      Yes, because a) most likely, the woman willing engaged in an act that involved the possibility of putting that "curled-up totally-aware *adult* inside her" and b) if she did so unwilling, that "curled-up totally-aware *adult* inside her" was not responsible for the initial infringement of her rights. Now, if society denies her the legal right to kill that person, society also has an obligation to provide support for her so that the obligation is as light as possible.

      Your twins example is also not parrallel with abortion. With abortion, you're talking about preventing the woman from doing something. With the twins, you're talking about forcing the twins to do something.

      --
      common sense: noun
      What those who are ignorant of the subject matter think; usually wrong.
    41. Re:Well... by utnow · · Score: 1

      This is miles off-topic, but a baby in the womb is attatched only by the umbilical cord. There is no blood transfered over this connection, only nutrients. Both mother and child have their own makeup and systems.

      This 'connection' is akin to a mother breast-feeding her child, or holding hands. If abortion is legal, then it should be legal for mothers to kill children who are holding their hand to cross the street. (not nessicarily a bad thing.. lol)

    42. Re:Well... by SirPavlova · · Score: 1

      I already know where babies really come from!

      First, a man waves a chair at a girl, & she gets pregnant. Then a baby starts growing in her arse, & she gets a bubblebutt. After a long time, the baby crawls out of her arse, but leaves lots of other little babies behind, & they grow too. They get tangled, & only sometimes escape to crawl out too, & that's why the girls still have bubblebutts when they get old.

      Or so I told my friend when she was being a smartarse & asked me where babies come from. 'Twas a bad move...

      --
      Yar.
    43. Re:Well... by Chrononium · · Score: 1

      To put it differently, how many hairs make a beard? There are some questions that cannot be solved using technology or science because they are existential in nature. I still haven't heard a good argument for this classic question.

    44. Re:Well... by unapersson · · Score: 1

      There's nothing wrong with a right to choose. If the pro-lifers really want to achieve their goal they just need to put their money where their mouth is and provide some support to women who would have otherwise had abortions to keep and bring up their children. Help the women choose something other than abortion. I don't see them being very interested in doing that though. They'd rather fight for a bunch of cells than help a woman bring up an actual child through providing financial support. Or once it's an actual growing person are they are no longer interested?

      Abortion has always been a part of human life. In fact if you believe in God then he does it all the time, what do you think a miscarriage is but a natural abortion? The body rejecting the growing fetus. Women used to have several methods of bringing on a miscarriage. So you're not going to overcome abortion in a legal manner, certainly not worldwide, so if you want to stop abortions you need to start helping the mothers.

      The funny thing is the pro-lifers I've encountered tend to be the people that are against higher taxes, against financial support for single mothers and in favour of the death penalty. Or is that not typical for pro-lifers?

    45. Re:Well... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I bet your the idiot who made me lose my work by turning off my computer when it was in sleep mode instead of waiting for it to wake up.

    46. Re:Well... by Jackmn · · Score: 1

      There are always going to be nutcases out there. It's best to just disregard them.

    47. Re:Well... by JavaBear · · Score: 1

      It just means that they found the boot sector.
      Wether it is able to bring the whole system up and running successfully might take a few more weeks.

    48. Re:Well... by EntropyEngine · · Score: 1

      In addition to all of that, the Romans didn't even consider babies as being human at all.

      The practice of Exposure was quite a common way of practicing birth control .. err, after the fact.

      This typically involved just dumping the unwanted child somewhere and letting the poor soul die of exposure, presumably...

    49. Re:Well... by sonamchauhan · · Score: 1

      No. I had nothing to do with your machine. :)

    50. Re:Well... by hitmark · · Score: 1

      another question is, when does the life of the child become more important then the life of the mother?

      maorality, what troubles it creates...

      --
      comment first, facts later. http://chem.tufts.edu/AnswersInScience/RelativityofWrong.htm
    51. Re:Well... by ryuuzin · · Score: 1

      I'd say that it's safe to say that before an embryo (so classified between weeks 3 and 9) has a brain (which /starts/ development at 3-4 weeks, not even speaking of having higher brain function until later), it'd be pretty hard to boot anything up on it. So, perhaps the GP was referring to this period of time, hm?

    52. Re:Well... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That definition may be useful in biology, though there's still the question of how to distinguish part of a human from a whole human, and by what principles to distinguish a human genome from a non-human genome. There is, however, little reason to import a biological definition into ethics as the reasons for making distinctions in ethics, such as awareness and agency, are completely different from those of biology. It's perfectly reasonable to have two intersecting definitions of 'human' for use in different contexts.

    53. Re:Well... by sonamchauhan · · Score: 1

      Perhaps. But you don't know for sure. And the crude analogy with computers is plain foolish - each night, our brains boot down, and then boot back up. So is it fair to kill someone in deep sleep. Or should we declare certain human lives more valuable baed on their stored content (and let child murderers off more easily).

      Each human life is worth the same. Don't support denying it the same respect and protection you were extended.

    54. Re:Well... by greginnj · · Score: 1
      I don't think I or the government have any say over that life or are responsible for any sort of protection of it until it is naturally detached from the mother. Until then, it's her call.
      I'm basically pro-choice, but I find statements like this a bit hard-edged. I'm morally uncomfortable with the concept of (alleged) Chinese-style abortions (i.e., late third trimester, possibly days before natural delivery would have occurred) that this seems to permit.

      The detached-from-the-mother standard has the procedural virtue that it is unambiguous compared to the other standards (but still seems to allow 'abortion' after the baby is born, but before the umbilical is cut and the placenta is delivered!). However, it increases the moral ambiguity for me. Does anybody get my point, or have I just opened myself up for flaming?
      --
      Read the best of all of Slash: seenonslash.com
    55. Re:Well... by Retric · · Score: 1

      A fertilized human egg, on the other hand, if allowed to survive...No the egg can be stored for years and fed and it will not turn into a person. It takes specal active care from a womb or womb like enviernment to get that cell to endup as a human. If you just give it food, water and space will will not become a human. If you give the cell all of the above and the right signals you can turn it into a person and with slightly more and slightly diffrent signals you can turn the finger cell into a human. Yes the egg starts off in a slightly diffrent situation but the both take specific external signals to turn into a person. what you need to understand is the egg and the finger are basicly the same thing they have the same DNA, the same cell structures ect but the finger has some specific reversible changes to make that cell think of it's self as a finger cell and not an egg cell.

      Taken another step forward at what point would you stop calling the dirt "dirt" and start calling it a human? When it's a single cell, never as it was not "of mother born", or when it starts to look human?

    56. Re:Well... by TheDormouse · · Score: 1

      The question is...

      Exactly how long will it be before the ob/gyn has to issue a state-mandated "life certificate" after they find a woman to be pregnant. And we'll have to stick with androgenous names like Chris or Pat since you won't know the sex for a few months.

      And get your RFID implanted passport for the travelling fetus in utero, complete with digital ultrasound photo.

      And how long until we start to celebrate our "lifeday" instead of birthday. My guess is we'll stick with both: more presents that way. ...grumble...

    57. Re:Well... by NaruVonWilkins · · Score: 1

      I think you're absolutely right, it is a very morally ambiguous issue, especially regarding when to cut it off. In the US, you can only do abortions during the first and second trimester, and I think that may be fine - the idea being that if it's been that long, you've had a lot of time to make your decision - and if it's been that long, the fetus may be able to survive outside the womb (with some help).

      But many abortions happen because of sudden problems - the mother finds out she's HIV positive, or suddenly is in a position where she won't be able to provide for the child. The father could leave, or any number of things could happen to the mother's situation that make it extremely perilous or unviable to have the child. I think that if she's willing - if this woman who has carried this potential child for at least six months is still willing to have something as unimaginably traumatic as an abortion, she's got a reason that I probably haven't thought of that's a lot better than any reason I should tell her "no".

      I'm morally uncomfortable with the whole thing - I'm also a pacifist who believes that the death penalty is barbarism. But I believe that denying the choice is not a responsible way to prevent women from having to go through it. We need to provide physical and mental health care to prevent the issue from happening in the first place nearly as often. Make contraception free - I'd gladly pay higher taxes for that.

    58. Re:Well... by MerlinTheWizard · · Score: 1

      How is that especially "odd", considering that the guy in question didn't know squat what he was talking about... But women were considered inferior back then, so this is not surprising in the least. The word is not "odd", the word is "stupid".

    59. Re:Well... by Wolfier · · Score: 1

      Girls are always girls, and Boys are always boys.  You're mixed up "looks like a girl" with "being a girl", which is for humans only defined as having 2 X chromosomes, nothing else.

    60. Re:Well... by Loconut1389 · · Score: 1

      Actually, if you do some research or talk to a doctor, you'll find out that even a female (fetus with XX chromosomes) in the presence of certain chemicals in utero will form as a male (speaking physically here), or a male (fetus with XY chromosomes) without the presence of those chemicals will form as a female (physically). There are hormones/chemicals that must be present at certain times in order for the basic tissues that form the sex organs to do the things they're supposed to do.

      I once took a class that explained all this with the correct chemicals/hormones and terms, none of which I remember- though I'm sure of the basic concept at hand here.

    61. Re:Well... by Loconut1389 · · Score: 1

      follow up:
      one cause is AIS which basically makes it so your cells dont accept androgens and an XY male with this has somewhat deformed (mostly internally), but female reproductive organs. This is related in that not receiving the hormones has the same effect as not being able to 'process/use' them.

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_insensitivit y_syndrome

      check these links as well:
      http://www.hopkinschildrens.org/specialties/catego rypages/intersex/sd2.html
      http://www.hopkinschildrens.org/specialties/catego rypages/intersex/sd3.html
      http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/mole00/mole0 0074.htm

    62. Re:Well... by nwbvt · · Score: 1

      I prefer considering the origin of life 3.5 billion years ago. But thats just because I believe in the radical idea of "Biogenesis" as argued by Louis Pasteur, as opposed to spontaneous generation.

      --
      Mathematics is made of 50 percent formulas, 50 percent proofs, and 50 percent imagination.
    63. Re:Well... by rpbird · · Score: 1

      There are already laws in many states for such crimes, and have been for many years. I've heard them referred to as "Mayhem" or "Assault with the Intent to do Great Bodily Harm." They have different names in different states. They carry about the same stiff sentence as attempted murder laws; in a couple states, they carry life in prison.

    64. Re:Well... by JavaRob · · Score: 1

      No. In fact, most abortion laws that are drafted do have exceptions for life-threatening instances. They still get struck down though.

      Partly this is because "life-threatening instances" are very difficult to quantify. Beyond the super-clear-cut cases where the mother is *already* at the brink of death and needs immediate surgery that would kill the fetus, it's generally impossible to know exactly what will happen if the fetus is carried to term. It's also worth pointing out that *any* childbirth carries a risk of fatal complications, even for a healthy young mother. So is every abortion justified based on this?

      The question is is abortion to be treated as simply another form of birth control? No, the question is what laws we can make. We can't control how people *think* about something -- though from what I understand an abortion for the vast majority of women is extremely unpleasant (mentally and physically) and not undertaken lightly. The extreme cases of women who have serial abortions are just that, rare and extreme cases (usually brought up to make a point that wouldn't hold true for the average woman deciding on an abortion).

      Yes, because a) most likely, the woman willing engaged in an act that involved the possibility of putting that "curled-up totally-aware *adult* inside her" and b) if she did so unwilling, that "curled-up totally-aware *adult* inside her" was not responsible for the initial infringement of her rights. Now, if society denies her the legal right to kill that person, society also has an obligation to provide support for her so that the obligation is as light as possible.

      Are you sure? I'm risking making this invented situation too wacky here, but let's assume that this little adult has a fatal heart condition, and they can be kept alive only by hooking their aorta directly into yours for a year or so while a perfect donor heart is found (hopefully). You agree, but after 3 months your spouse has left you, you're feeling sick all the time, the bedsores are driving you nuts, and you decide you can't do it. Can you get out of it now? The surgery to unhook you would kill him; can you do it legally? I'd suggest that you can -- after all, you were only hooked up in the first place out of your (extreme) generosity. You should be able to stop him from continued use of your body.

      Your twins example is also not parallel with abortion. With abortion, you're talking about preventing the woman from doing something. With the twins, you're talking about forcing the twins to do something.

      Sure; so suppose you were both in a car accident, and when you woke up the doctors had saved his life by connecting you, and filtering his blood using your kidneys. Unhook and kill him. Same? Different?

      Obviously there's no *real* parallel to the unborn fetus situation... it just doesn't happen. Personally, I get jumpy about late-in-term abortions -- when the fetus has a functioning brain, nerves, lungs, etc.. (though I don't know what kind of laws I'd be comfortable with) -- but for early abortions I think the mother should have the right to decide based on her own morals, faith, situation, risks, etc. etc..

    65. Re:Well... by sumdumass · · Score: 1

      didn't some peterson guy in california just get charged and convicted for killing his wife's unborn baby when he killed her?

      I think some states actualy have killing an unborn child as a convictable offense outside of medical procedures.

      Yep, Scott Peterson was conviced of second degree murder for killing his unborn child and it apears that in killing the unborn child, it allowed special circumstance to enter and the death penalty to come into play.

    66. Re:Well... by Fred_A · · Score: 1

      So plants aren't alive ?
      Interesting.

      --

      May contain traces of nut.
      Made from the freshest electrons.
    67. Re:Well... by ryuuzin · · Score: 1

      Can I know for sure? Perhaps not. But, how can you be sure that the quintessence that makes a human what they are is there before a potential storage mechanism is there? Where is the seat of the 'soul'? While we're at it, can we also discontinue the statement that people "boot down" every night. This is empirically not true. The brain is active all throughout the night, operating only at a different cycle frequency (between .5 and 4 hertz) and with different functions either on idle or at reduced capacity. Kindly contrast this with a collection of cells that has no functional organ up to a point. I think the more proper analogy is to make a comparison to someone who is in a persistent vegetative state, but even then, someone in a PVS still has more function than 'none'.

      I respect your choice to consider every human life valuable. We both agree on this. In fact, I think that once the brain has had enough time to produce differentiating functions (~8-9 weeks), dropping that fetus becomes a very tricky matter. Where we differ is on when the 'human' begins. I do not believe that it begins at conception and I think comparing a zygote to an out-of-the-womb human being is an irrational argument (further compounded when there are those that support protecting that zygote by law are more than willing to let the out-of-the-womb individual die by law; but, that's not really a part of this thread of discussion). You are, of course, free to think or feel as you wish...

    68. Re:Well... by dadragon · · Score: 1

      Yes, in some parts of the world they are charged with two. I believe California is one such place.

      --
      God save our Queen, and Heaven bless The Maple Leaf Forever!
    69. Re:Well... by Thomas+Shaddack · · Score: 1

      Does a house become a house when its first brick is laid?

    70. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      Easy, except that your definition bears no resemblance to any definition of life developed by those who study life: biologists and doctors.

      The truth is that the abortion debate in philosophical circles has long past moved beyond the question of whether the fetus is alive. Everyone grants that the fetus is alive. The question debated now is whether the living fetus has a right that trumps or does not trump the right of the woman to control her body. You might read Peter Singer on this topic.

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    71. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      If the pro-lifers really want to achieve their goal they just need to put their money where their mouth is and provide some support to women who would have otherwise had abortions to keep and bring up their children.
      Actually, many pro-lifers do exactly that. Two facts back me up here:

      1) The existence of crisis pregnancy centers, funded entirely by donations, whose work is to care for the mother until delivery, then help her as she decides whether to give the baby up for adoption or keep it. Links hereand here

      2) The waiting time for adoptions in the U.S. is nine months or more. That indicates what all hopeful adoptive parents know to be true: demand for adoptive kids is greater than supply.

      While we're on the topic, which is more caring: giving donations to help pregnant moms to be able to carry to term, or taking money from pregnant moms in return for "terminating their pregnancies"?

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    72. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      No, no ... you misread the definition.

      a lifeform has traditionally been considered to be a member of a population whose members can exhibit all the following phenomena at least once during their existence

      Once again, in slow motion: a fetus is a member of the human species (gene check!). The members of the human species can exhibit all of the following phenomena at least once during their existence: (list #1 - 5 above). Ergo, the fetus is a lifeform (and, by definition, "alive").

      You seem to be reading the definition as "in order to be alive, you have to be able to exhibit 1 - 5 right now", which is ludicrous. Almost no larvae in the animal kingdom are capable of reproduction, but no biologist in the world would argue that larvae are not alive.

      Note -- a vain attempt to forstall the trolls here -- that a cancer cell is *not* a member of the human species because it is not an organism. How can we tell? Because a cancer cell cannot ever, in its existence, exhibit the characteristics of a lifeform.

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    73. Re:Well... by walstib · · Score: 1

      Depends if it's an election year.

      --
      The most dangerous strategy is to jump a chasm in two leaps. - Benjamin Disraeli
    74. Re:Well... by Old+Wolf · · Score: 1

      Does this mean that people are willing to acknowledge that fertilization is the start of life for individuals in a species that reproduces via sperm and egg?

      Was that an evolution troll or an abortion troll?

    75. Re:Well... by Da3vid · · Score: 1

      I think this is a good point. It highlights what we might call an arrogance of our species. Why are we so much higher than everything else? Not that I'm promoting the never-kill-a-single-lifeform nonsense, but I'm curious as to why people place human lives over every other life form. There are a lot of cases that we could intervene to save a fetus, or as suggested above, save genetic material to reimbue it into a human form to continue to pass along its genetic code. Are those two situations dramatically different? I'm not so sure. There are a lot of times where the only way the child will survive is with our help and support, we have to nurture it into a free child. If that is the case, how human is it? Are we not merely saving a child, but creating one? Sure, most of the creation had been done, but in taking a third trimester baby and keeping it alive with medical equipment, are we not taking the last step of creation?

    76. Re:Well... by mattkime · · Score: 1

      The question really isn't whether the fetus is alive or not, its whether it meets the all-to-vague definition of "human".

      My hand is alive. If I cut it off, is it murder? "Alive" just isn't the criteria that is being used. Rather, its an abbreviation for a complex and nebulous set of beliefs.

      We have no problem killing animals that have far more intelligence and awareness than a fetus - why is it okay to kill those animals?

      Those who argue against abortion rights and stem cell research often confound various life states to communicate their views. A fetus is a child. Stem cells are children. I wanted to make a point of this in my post.

      Then again, you're probably very aware of this if you've read Singer...as I should.

      --
      Know what I like about atheists? I've yet to meet one that believes God is on their side.
    77. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      Just to be precise, the question for Singer is not "is it human?", since the species is undubitably homo sapiens, a not-vague-at-all definition. Instead, the questions are "Is this living human a person?" and "does this human being actually have value?"

      Links here and especially here.

      If you find Singer's argument "that living human beings are not necessarily people" disturbing and eerily reminiscent of pre-Abolition America, then you understand the beginnings of the pro-life position.

      My own criticism of Singer is that he relies far too heavily on an already-discredited ethical theory, Utilitarianism.

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    78. Re:Well... by mattkime · · Score: 1

      Yes, I have now read his arguments. (at least summaries)

      "that living human beings are not necessarily people" disturbing and eerily reminiscent of pre-Abolition America, then you understand the beginnings of the pro-life position.

      Actually, I find Singer's arguments to be a very accurate description of what we value in life. Blood and guts do not make the person. What do you think of him elevating some of the animal world to the human level? Using his standards of value, slaves never would have been considered sub-human.

      Further, the vast majority of the pro-life position is communicated, "That goes against God." Let alone the fact that there is no prohibition against abortion in the bible. Or stem cell research for that matter.

      If utilitarianism is a discredited ethical theory, would you mind suggesting a credited one? Perhaps there is something you find lacking with it, but its still very commonly used.

      --
      Know what I like about atheists? I've yet to meet one that believes God is on their side.
    79. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      Actually, I find Singer's arguments to be a very accurate description of what we value in life.

      I don't know about "we." Certainly, "some" or "many of those currently in power in most developed countries." But I would not agree in the least with a utilitarian approach to ethics, and most people don't live like that in practice.

      Blood and guts do not make the person.

      I've argued that genetic makeup does. Specifically, my approach to rights begins with the notion of limits: we are limited in what we are allowed to do to others, according to our status relative to those others. As one human being, I am limited in what I may do to another human because we are of equal status, unless he has forfeited his rights in some way.

      What do you think of him elevating some of the animal world to the human level?

      It's an interesting approach, but it fails to address the basic question: why *should* the utility to animals be considered along with the utility of people? Singer seems to postulate it. I would rather approach animal rights from the "limits" perspective.

      Using his standards of value, slaves never would have been considered sub-human.

      Yes, but that's the rub; ethical theories take on a life of their own, and get abused in undesired ways. Just as Hitler hijacked Heidigger and Marx hijacked Hegel, so also Singer is vulnerable to hijacking because of his utilitarian stance.

      Essentially, utilitarianism has to assign a "score" to people's happiness and pain. Singer discounts the pain of, say, infanticide, because the infant has not yet attained the right to be considered a full person. Similarly, he discounts the pain of euthanizing, even forcibly, the terminally ill and elderly because they are of lesser utility to society. What now if Son-of-Singer tweaks the theory to discount the pain of blacks, or Jews, or left-handed Eskimo pipe-welders*, because they are of lesser utility? Once you crack open the door, there's no way to keep the orcs and trolls out.

      Side note: this is a "slippery slope" argument. However, it is not a fallacious one because the mechanism is clear: the underlying assumption that utility determines value has already been accepted; it is unquestionable that those in power will discount the value of groups they happen not to like. Therefore, Singer's ideas, if accepted, will inevitably lead to abuses by those in power.

      Further, the vast majority of the pro-life position is communicated, "That goes against God." Let alone the fact that there is no prohibition against abortion in the bible. Or stem cell research for that matter.

      I'm OK, in principle, with arguments from the Bible. As a Christian, I find the Scripture to be binding on my conscience. However, even were I an atheist, I would have to ask: Is there a reason that the Bible should be a discredited source? Not really. Therefore, an argument from the Bible is at least as valid as an argument from Singer, unless you really believe that Singer has acheived a truly rational basis for ethics, like Kant wanted.

      Then the question is, can we make a case against abortion from the Scriptures? Only in part. The case for the humanity of a fetus is really a biological one. The case against murder, OTOH, is Scriptural, which is why Christians make it ... tacitly taking the personhood of the fetus for granted, which is rather sloppy on their parts. I'm not prepared to discuss stem-cell research here because of the chimera-like nature of the issue.

      If utilitarianism is a discredited ethical theory, would you mind suggesting a credited one? Perhaps there is something you find lacking with it, but its still very commonly used.

      Touche. Nevertheless, I would endorse Theological Perspectivalism as both more practical *and* less self-defeating than utilitarianism. John Frame is well worth reading.

      *Credit to Gary Trudeau.

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    80. Re:Well... by sonamchauhan · · Score: 1

      > can we also discontinue the statement that people "boot down" every night.
      No. The brain has effectively shutdown:
        http://www.wisconline.com/feature/deep_sleep_image s.html
      Vaguely alluding to electric field frequency (ie. EEG frequency) is useless. Embryonic tissues has eletric fields:
        http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract /106/4/375

      > Kindly contrast this with a collection of cells that has no functional organ

      Yes, lets - both are collections of cells _completely encapsulate_ a _unique _human _individual life_. So you think one is undeserving of life - why - on the basis of strength and power? You would be at home in Nazi Germany.

      > I think the more proper analogy is to make a comparison to someone
      > who is in a persistent vegetative state, but even then, someone in
      > a PVS still has more function than 'none'.

      Yes, sure. See above.

      > ...I think that once the brain has had enough time
      > ... dropping that fetus becomes a very tricky matter.
      Spare me your attempt at feigned righteousness. Do you support doing anything except wringing your hands for abortions after your "tricky" deadline? Are they murder?

      > comparing a zygote to an out-of-the-womb human being is an irrational argument
      Why? Just because one is bigger and stronger than the other?

      > (further compounded when there are those that support protecting
      > that zygote by law are more than willing to let the out-of-the-womb
      > individual die by law; but,
      > that's not really a part of this thread of discussion).
      You said it.

      > You are, of course, free to think or feel as you wish...
      So are you, and we both are accountable for our thoughts and actions. You base yours on speculation and ineffectual compromise.

    81. Re:Well... by mattkime · · Score: 1

      >>But I would not agree in the least with a utilitarian approach to ethics, and most people don't live like that in practice.

      I'm not sure that its the aim of an ethical system to describe how people do live - but rather how they should live. While we try hard, we make many mistakes. There is no reason to believe that our intentions to act in our own self interest are actually realized.

      >>I've argued that genetic makeup does.

      What about chimeras - they're people with two different sets of dna. Are they two people?

      >>Yes, but that's the rub; ethical theories take on a life of their own, and get abused in undesired ways.

      Are you trying to come up with a hijack-proof ethical system? Good luck. Any ideas can be twisted.

      >>What now if Son-of-Singer tweaks the theory to discount the pain of blacks, or Jews, or left-handed Eskimo pipe-welders*, because they are of lesser utility?

      Any ideas can be twisted. Further, he does not discount the "value" of the terminally ill embryos or whatever because of their "utility to society". If that were the case, it would be morally equal to kill a young baby and a fetus on the grounds that there is no substantial difference in their utility to society.

      >>Therefore, Singer's ideas, if accepted, will inevitably lead to abuses by those in power.

      Um, how do Singer's ideas contribute to abuse of power? They're certainly not necessary for the abuse of power. Further, it can easily be argued that the abuse of power simply isn't in the best of interest of society - we have erred in chosing what was best.

      >>Is there a reason that the Bible should be a discredited source? Not really.

      As most Christians believe, the Bible derives its power from God. What power does the book have if you don't believe in God? Now, you may agree with ethical ideas expressed in the book but they should be expressed in a manner that doesn't rely on a diety. So yes, there is a power reason to discredit the Bible.

      >>Then the question is, can we make a case against abortion from the Scriptures? Only in part.

      Only by making large jumps and ignoring contradictory passages, for instance - "When men strive together, and hurt a woman with child, so that there is a miscarriage, and yet no harm follows, the one who hurt her shall be fined, according as the woman's husband shall lay upon; and he shall pay as the judges determine." Exodus 21:22-24

      A Fine! Is that the punishment for murder?

      >>Nevertheless, I would endorse Theological Perspectivalism

      Sorry man, you're talking with an athiest. Can you recommend a theory that doesn't rely on God?

      --
      Know what I like about atheists? I've yet to meet one that believes God is on their side.
    82. Re:Well... by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      The discussion threatens to mushroom at this point. Numbering your responses above, I would say that your points 1, 6, and 7 appear to be responding to (honest) mis-readings of what I wrote. Regarding other points,

      >>I've argued that genetic makeup does.
      What about chimeras - they're people with two different sets of dna. Are they two people?

      It's fairly clear that chimeras are single organisms, so No. Certainly, a doctor seeing a chimera as a patient doesn't get confused about how many patients he's seeing. Nor do we in common language experience any confusion about "him" or "her" over against "them."

      By contrast to the chimera, a pregnant woman is clearly seen to be two separable organisms:

      (a) the zygote and not the woman directs implantation, placental growth, and differentiation and development.

      (b) There are clear biological barriers between the woman's body and the fetus: they do not share a circulatory system, for example, and transmission of molecules across the placenta is highly regulated. Biologically, the inside of the uterus is *outside* of the woman in the same sense that the GI tract is outside of a person.

      (c) at any point, the fetus may be removed from the woman and will develop, if the proper support technology exists, as any other human organism.

      The technically genetically distinct cells of the chimera have none of those characteristics.

      The current defenses of abortion appeal to the woman's right to protect herself from an "invader", which grants the notion that the fetus is a separate organism.

      The real "teaser" is not chimeras, but Siamese twins, in which case I would probably count the number of people to be the number of separable organisms.

      >>Yes, but that's the rub; ethical theories take on a life of their own, and get abused in undesired ways.

      Are you trying to come up with a hijack-proof ethical system? Good luck. Any ideas can be twisted.

      >>What now if Son-of-Singer tweaks the theory to discount the pain of blacks, or Jews, or left-handed Eskimo pipe-welders, because they are of lesser utility?

      Any ideas can be twisted. Further, he does not discount the "value" of the terminally ill embryos or whatever because of their "utility to society". If that were the case, it would be morally equal to kill a young baby and a fetus on the grounds that there is no substantial difference in their utility to society.

      Oh yes, that's exactly how Singer argues. He argues for the right of parents to kill their baby up to 30 days after birth, on the grounds that it is morally equivalent to abortion.

      Hijack-resistance is a desirable trait; ideas which can morph from "intuitively good" to "intuitively monstrous" with small tweakings of non-essential parameters are unstable.

      >>Nevertheless, I would endorse Theological Perspectivalism

      Sorry man, you're talking with an athiest. Can you recommend a theory that doesn't rely on God?

      Sorry, man, you're talking to a theist. Can you appeal only to ethical theories that explictly rely on God's revelation?

      It doesn't work that way. You cannot demand that a person recommend theories that contradict a central premise of his thought.

      You can, however, *read* people who disagree with you. It is entirely possible for an atheist to read Theological Perspectivalists with profit, just as I have read Hume and Nielson with profit. Technically, you are "unconvinced of God's existence", yes? Then it should be possible for you to entertain the notion "what if God did exist? what effects would that have on ethics?" And then read thoughtful people who take that approach.

      That was my real point about the Bible being a non-discredited source.

      Last word goes to you...

      Regards,
      Jeff Cagle

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    83. Re:Well... by unapersson · · Score: 1

      1) They should publicize it a bit more though. And does that support extend beyond birth?

      2) Pregnancy is also a risky business though. My sister in law's friend died shortly after giving birth. There's also a chance of miscarriage, the child could be born with brain damage or varying levels of disability. It might be difficult to find adoptive parents for those children.

      As for your final point, I'd say having to pay for treatment at all isn't caring. But then I live in a country where health care is free at the point of delivery and paid for through general taxation, and that includes abortions.

  2. Maybe it's coincidence by threedognit3 · · Score: 5, Funny

    So if I mate with a fruit fly and she doesn't conceive....I'll know why.

    1. Re:Maybe it's coincidence by oberondarksoul · · Score: 4, Funny

      I think in this case, you may have slightly bigger issues at hand...

      Oh hell, that reads worse and worse every time...

      --
      And tomorrow the stock exchange will be the human race
    2. Re:Maybe it's coincidence by PunkFloyd · · Score: 2, Insightful

      This begs a small penis joke.

      -pf

    3. Re:Maybe it's coincidence by niteice · · Score: 1

      Really, I would have thought his issues are smaller.

      --
      ROMANES EUNT DOMUS
    4. Re:Maybe it's coincidence by darkmeridian · · Score: 1

      Don't you mean slightly smaller issues at hand, if his mate is a fruit fly?

      --
      A NYC lawyer blogs. http://www.chuangblog.com/
  3. NOOO by eebra82 · · Score: 1, Funny

    Just when you thought you'd get rid of those flies for some time now during the winter, scientists come up with a way to help those damn flies to reproduce?

  4. This just in by mnemonic_ · · Score: 3, Funny

    God is dead.

    1. Re:This just in by Ithika · · Score: 4, Funny

      But has it been confirmed? By Netcraft?

    2. Re:This just in by sjanes71 · · Score: 1

      No, if you wanted to drag intelligent design into it... you could say... this is God's implementation of fork().

    3. Re:This just in by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      and no one cares,
      if there is a hell,
      I'll see you there.

    4. Re:This just in by Comatose51 · · Score: 1
      Parent is nerd wittyness at its best.

      "Hey baby, want to help me fork?"

      --
      EvilCON - Made Famous by /.
    5. Re:This just in by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      oh no you DIDN'T!!

    6. Re:This just in by fredopalus · · Score: 1

      Way to stay on topic, you freak of nature.

      --
      Jonahweb.com has stuff.
    7. Re:This just in by PGC · · Score: 1

      "You will die someday too"

      -- God

      ( Now someone will probably tell me I stole that quote from somewhere... well I did ! )

      --
      The Dutch will inherit the earth. If not, we'll settle for a bit of ocean. Beta delenda est!
    8. Re:This just in by chris_eineke · · Score: 4, Funny

      Nietzscraft would be more appropiate ;)

      --
      "All you have to do is be fragile and grateful. So stay the underdog." Chuck Palahniuk, Choke
    9. Re:This just in by NanoGator · · Score: 1

      "God is dead."

      Erm. Isn't 'grasping at facts to make a broad declaration' what's annoying everybody about the creation fanatics?

      I'm sorry, but if people around here are going to shout "that proves God doesn't exist" with every science story around here, then gee, guess what you've turned into.

      --
      "Derp de derp."
    10. Re:This just in by Chrax · · Score: 1

      I think you need to learn to take a joke.

      Also, "God is dead" is hardly the same as "God doesn't exist".

    11. Re:This just in by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      > I'm sorry, but if people around here are going to shout "that proves God doesn't exist" with every science story around here, then gee, guess what you've turned into.

      An individual of sound mind. And if you don't agree with me, well, then I'm sorry.

    12. Re:This just in by Creepy+Crawler · · Score: 1

      Mother forker!

      --
    13. Re:This just in by Trogre · · Score: 2, Funny

      "Nietzsche is dead" - God

      --
      "Nine times out of ten, starting a fire is not the best way to solve the problem." - my wife
    14. Re:This just in by Gamasta · · Score: 1

      God isn't dead! He just got the hell out of here!!

      --
      reason defies logic
    15. Re:This just in by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      "Nietzsche is God" - The Dead

      "Do be do be do" - Sinatra

  5. Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought.. by sjanes71 · · Score: 2, Interesting
    That is the one gene that could be turned into the ultimate-slow motion terrorist weapon of genocide. Take something like HIV, and adapt it to do "gene therapy" and kill this gene for childbirth for individuals that appear to have the undesirable genetic profile of being "white caucasians" and, and... wait. Wait 100 years. Wait another 100 years. Keep releasing this virus into the wild in whatever method you care. What do you get? Eventually you get a population of people whose birthrate declines so much (we're boiling frogs here) that you outnumber them. Completely. Oh wait.. what if you happen to be a extremist who shares the genetic target? You of course make the opposite virus to reverse the change.

    And they would need suicide bombers—why? Kick back, enjoy life and watch your hatred's work progress via multigenerational warfare.

  6. "The Fly" Quote by pin_gween · · Score: 1

    the faulty sperm: "Heelllpp Meeeeeeeee"

    --
    Ignorance is not a crime; neither should it be a way of life

    Congress control $ = inmates run the asylum
  7. Therapy? by jtroutman · · Score: 4, Interesting

    One wonders if gene therapy is a possibility. Could this gene be "repaired" allowing couples previously unable to conceive to have children? If so it may spell the end to births of "litters" as those are mostly due to fertility drugs.

    --
    I stole this sig from a more creative user.
    1. Re:Therapy? by pin_gween · · Score: 2, Insightful

      This would require a change in germ cells in testicles -- a daunting prospect. And there are two lives you affect doing this.
      1. The father has changes to testicles (cringes at thought of just HOW you get the new DNA in there).
      2. Any changes you make to the sperm would be passed onto the fetus. Doesn't matter whether change is dominant or recessive, if it is in the sprem that fertilizes the egg, it's part of the fetus.

      --
      Ignorance is not a crime; neither should it be a way of life

      Congress control $ = inmates run the asylum
    2. Re:Therapy? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Repaired?

      My first thought was the exact opposite. Instead of repairing, reverse this in regular folk... like a terminator seed for humans. Then, if you *really* want kids, you can apply to have it repaired or something. It could do wonders for the gene pool.

      Yeah, I'm serious. Just because the nazis were assholes doesn't mean everything to do with eugenics should be flamed.

    3. Re:Therapy? by khallow · · Score: 1

      What happens if society fails due to a mass dieoff, and suddenly you no longer have somone who can repair that gene?

  8. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by Dachannien · · Score: 1

    Yeah, that episode of Stargate: SG-1 was pretty good, wasn't it?

  9. Start Me Up... :P by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    I wondered where they put the Start button for Windows Vista.

  10. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by sjanes71 · · Score: 1

    LOL. I stopped watching SG-1 like three years ago after it got a little... ridiculous. Didn't see that one. :)

  11. Stargate by craznar · · Score: 1

    '2010'

    Seems like all good ideas come from SF :)

    --
    EMail: 0110001101100010010000000110001101110010 0110000101111010011011100110000101110010 0010111001100011011011110110
    1. Re:Stargate by gnu-sucks · · Score: 1

      Your signature is missing the last 4 bits.

      Here's the complete address:
      01100011011000100100000001100011011100100110000101 11101001101110011000010111001000101110011000110110 111101101101

  12. Grammar Gene by Talisman · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    "...scientists from the UK and France have may found a gene responsible for controlling the fertilization of a new egg."

    Shortly after this discovery, the gene that controls bad grammar was found in gollum123.

    --

    "Study your math, kids. Key to the universe." -The Archangel Gabriel
  13. Didn't they say that... by Spy+der+Mann · · Score: 1

    when the first in-vitro fertilization was performed?

    Gee, we have progressed!

  14. Ode to Fruit flies by bstadil · · Score: 1
    Time flies like an arrow

    Fruit flies like a banana

    G Marx

    --
    Help fight continental drift.
  15. Another term for this gene might be... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    "bootstrap code"...

    Anyone know if it's an Award or a Phoenix? :-)

    (In any case, the ramifications are stupendous - literally
    seems that we're learning something new about genes every day,
    like the story yesterday about Black Death/Plague and HIV)

  16. Re:Does it really matter? by CyricZ · · Score: 1, Interesting

    I find it even funnier that Republicans throw a massive tantrum with regards to abortion in the US, even when done under the best possible circumstances (ie. as early as possible, and so forth). Yet they feel compelled, eager and even overjoyed to participate in the mass slaughter of actual Iraqi and Afghani children via their "war on terror". Then again, your Republicans these days are as hypocritical as your Democrats.

    --
    Cyric Zndovzny at your service.
  17. Sorry to disappoint you... by Spy+der+Mann · · Score: 2, Informative

    But gene therapy using viruses generally doesn't affect the testicles or ovaries - see that's the part that carries the genetic information and spreads it to the offspring - and AFAIK, AIDS targets only white cells.

    Besides, if permanent, inheritable gene therapy had been discovered, there wouldn't be any cases of Down syndrome and other diseases, because people would've been vaccined already!

    heck, we could have vaccined people with the delta-32 gene and get rid of AIDS once and for all!

    But guess what, we aren't there yet.

    1. Re:Sorry to disappoint you... by Achromus · · Score: 1, Informative

      Down Syndrome is not an inherited disease that can be cured by curing carrier parents. Down Syndrome is a mutation, in which the child gets an extra chromosome. The parents don't have the disease to be cured.

    2. Re:Sorry to disappoint you... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Though "mutation" is often used to include trisomes as well as base pair mutations, I'd distinguish them, myself.

    3. Re:Sorry to disappoint you... by WindBourne · · Score: 0
      AIDS targets only white cells.

      First, AIDS is the symptom. The virus is HIV.

      Second, once a body is infected, it is carried in all cells (at least it was in the early 80's; mutations may have changed that or knowledge has changed). It is simply that AIDS is displayed via white cells.

      --
      I prefer the "u" in honour as it seems to be missing these days.
    4. Re:Sorry to disappoint you... by Da3vid · · Score: 1

      Actually, gene therapy can be targeted to germ cells (not to confuse terminology, germ cells refer to gametes, gametocytes, zygotes, etc...) the problem is targeting the location of gene therapy within the germ cell. We can add stuff into those cells, just we're not very good at where it goes. We can blindly fire the pieces of DNA we want at the chromosome and hope it lands where we want it to sometime. There are methods to target them better, but its more efficient doing the trial and error version, which isn't very efficient at all to begin with.

  18. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by frieko · · Score: 1

    Interesting thought. But I'm placing my bet on good ol' human nature to stop this one in its tracks. The kind of people that want to kill all those $ENEMY bastards are generally more motivated by self interest than anything else, so this plan's too slow to accomplish anything in that regard.

  19. Drosophila, by whathappenedtomonday · · Score: 1

    you just made my day. Couldn't think of a better excuse.

    --
    I hope I didn't brain my damage.
  20. Re:Does it really matter? by AtariEric · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Who gives a fuck if it is a 'human life' under undefined terms, or under your defined terms, it is a living organism for crying out loud!

    So, I should stop eating plants? They're living organisms! In fact, they're still alive when I eat them!*

    * assuming they're fresh - fast food salads notwithstanding.

    --
    Don't trust any concentration of power.
  21. What? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    No Human Fly jokes? /me ducks ballistic vegetables

  22. Re:Does it really matter? by PGC · · Score: 3, Funny

    Then so is eating turkey. Once a year millions of turkeys get slaughtered for a feast. And what have they done to you ? Did they plan to assassinate you ? No it can't. It is a living organism for crying out loud ! What in the world makes you think you have the privilege, oh I'm sorry, the 'right' as you call it, to take the life of an absolutely helpless innocent turkey ? I'll answer that last one for you ... they taste nice ^_^

    --
    The Dutch will inherit the earth. If not, we'll settle for a bit of ocean. Beta delenda est!
  23. Re:Does it really matter? by rbanffy · · Score: 3, Insightful

    While I tend to agree with you that any viable cell that may become a human being must be treated with the same respect a fully developed one demands, I would not force other people to live under my beliefs.

    It is curious many people (don't know your position about this) who object to abortion never do so about death penalty.

  24. God's Retort by alfrin · · Score: 1

    Nietzche Is Dead ~ God

    1. Re:God's Retort by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's not all that clever - Nietzche was never claimed to be omnipotent and eternal.

      Always bugged me. The reply is so flip, and generally said quite smugly like some points were put on an imaginary scoreboard somewhere, and it doesn't even make sense.

  25. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by Artifakt · · Score: 1

    The ridiculous episodes are the best part. Just ask Murray!

    --
    Who is John Cabal?
  26. Praise God! by paiute · · Score: 3, Funny

    Praise God, who in His infinite wisdom and omnipotence, used the same genetic methodology in fruit flies as He used in that created in His image.

    He works in mysterious ways, so don't bother to wonder why He couldn't optimize the system in each species.

    --
    If Slashdot were chemistry it would look like this:Cadaverine
    1. Re:Praise God! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What is wrong with the comment above? Its a rather interesting question.

    2. Re:Praise God! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why mess with, quite simply, perfection?

    3. Re:Praise God! by sf2turbomaster · · Score: 2, Insightful

      He works in mysterious ways, so don't bother to wonder why He couldn't optimize the system in each species.

      Maybe it's because it is so optimised is why it exists in different species.
      Hmm...

    4. Re:Praise God! by paiute · · Score: 1

      Maybe it's because it is so optimised is why it exists in different species.
      Hmm...


      F and E nurses everywhere just wet their pants laughing.

      --
      If Slashdot were chemistry it would look like this:Cadaverine
    5. Re: Praise God! by Black+Parrot · · Score: 1

      > Why mess with, quite simply, perfection?

      Yes, but what about the rest of us?

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    6. Re:Praise God! by Alpha_Traveller · · Score: 1

      Actually, I'm more inclined to believe he did optimize the species. There's probably a good reason why people aren't mating with fruit flies.

      --
      "Love is like pi - natural, irrational, and very important." (Lisa Hoffman)
    7. Re:Praise God! by jrldh2 · · Score: 1

      Why mess with, quite simply, perfection? Perfection??? --> You conveniently forgot infertile couples...

    8. Re:Praise God! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Do you use a different compiler for every program you write?

    9. Re:Praise God! by AnthonyPierre · · Score: 1
      I hope we are not missing the sky for the trees here folks.

      Please dont factor the small matter of 'faith" out of the debate since it is supposed to be central to any discussion pertaining to Him.

      Without a consideration of belief the debate proceeds as though the variable of doubt ceases to exist.

      It doesn't.

  27. HIRA Loader by jtseng · · Score: 1

    Stage 2...

    Booting Human Organism (2.6.13) in 5...4...3...2...1...

    --

    Sanity.html - Error 404 not found

    1. Re:HIRA Loader by endernet · · Score: 1

      Haven't you heard, 2.6.14 is out.

  28. Maybe... by Captain+Scurvy · · Score: 1

    ...but then again, why must God be unknowable or even mysterious? Maybe we're just getting closer.

    1. Re: Maybe... by Black+Parrot · · Score: 1

      > ...but then again, why must God be unknowable or even mysterious? Maybe we're just getting closer.

      Because everytime we get close to knowing Him, He turns out to be just another boring old natural process.

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
  29. I don't see the curiosity... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

    Just a note, I personally don't have anything against (most) abortions, but I can see the point of view of those who are against abortion and for the death penalty.

    Its basically that the fetuses have done nothing to deserve death, while the criminals have.

    Effectively, for most, its about sin and biblical justice.

    1. Re:I don't see the curiosity... by Propagandhi · · Score: 1

      But if even a single innocent person is killed by capital punishment then isn't that ever so much worse than a few quasi-human cellular blobs being "killed"? Sure, the fetus hasn't done anything, but I seriously doubt it's really experiencing or remembering anything, either (and definitely not in the first trimester).

      Effectively, for most, its about sin and biblical justice.

      I guess that makes sesne.. biblical justice has always seemed a little savage.

    2. Re:I don't see the curiosity... by Chrononium · · Score: 1

      I think some strict pro-lifers (anti-abortion and anti-death penalty) view it differently: Both fetuses and criminals deserve a certain level of dignity, which, at its most basic level, includes life. The euthanasia argument is the same. Strict pro-lifers, if they developed a universal bill of human rights, would include life as a right. Ergo, war is wrong. Criminals should never be executed, and practicality be damned. Mercy killing (euthanasia), however convoluted the argument and the sympathies, is wrong. Sin and biblical justice don't have to enter the equation. Buddhists can still be pro-life.

  30. Start a life gene? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    Where do I sign up?

    1. Re:Start a life gene? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      need to have the get a life gene first.

  31. Not so fast there, grasshopper by Shimmer · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I am a strict materialist, as you seem to be. Therefore, I agree that organic life has no "animating spirit" that fundamentally distinguishes it from non-life. In that sense, you are correct that life is just "an elaborate pile of goo".

    On the other hand, human life exhibits some characteristics that are currently beyond all scientific explanation. In particular, I am thinking of free will, conciousness, and self-awareness (which are all probably words for the same underlying phenomenon). No one has the slightest idea how these characteristics arise in a human (and, puzzlingly, don't seem to in any other form of life).

    While this doesn't necessarily imply that humans have "souls", it does leave the question very much up in the air. Therefore, it is entirely possible that your personal pile of goo is home to some extremely unusual processes. Some have speculated, for example, that quantum mechanical uncertainity is at the heart of free will. In this sense, the difference between "human" and "a bunch of cells" is an immense one.

    --
    The most rabid believers in American Exceptionalism are the exact same people whose policies are destroying it.
    1. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      No one has the slightest idea how these characteristics arise in a human (and, puzzlingly, don't seem to in any other form of life).

      Rubbish. The great apes and dolphins have all demonstrated free will, consciousness and self-awareness. Perhaps also monkeys, parrots, cats and dogs/wolves to a lesser extent.

    2. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by jatencio · · Score: 1
      On the other hand, human life exhibits some characteristics that are currently beyond all scientific explanation. In particular, I am thinking of free will, conciousness, and self-awareness (which are all probably words for the same underlying phenomenon). No one has the slightest idea how these characteristics arise in a human (and, puzzlingly, don't seem to in any other form of life).

      I must admit that our current understanding of scientific knowledge may not explain these characteristics that seem to arise in human beings. However, I have full faith that in the future, science will will be able to explain what this phenomenon. If this universe is truly objective and something that we can learn from, then science will eventually be able to explain free will, consciousness, and self-awareness. However, it might also be the case that these are truly illusions that do not exist in the first place and that is our humanness that makes it appear that we have such things.

      Also, imagine a being whose intelligence is a magnitude higher than our own. To this being, it may seem that the creatures on Earth do not appear to be consciouses, self-aware, or be free under their own will at all. From this beings perspective, we could be all just reacting to our chemical processes that take place on a daily basis and all our decisions based on some concept that we have yet to understand. Meaning, that we should not attribute a lack of free will, consciousness, and self-awareness to other creatures here on Earth because of our lack of understanding.

    3. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by Daniel+Dvorkin · · Score: 3, Insightful

      In particular, I am thinking of free will, conciousness, and self-awareness (which are all probably words for the same underlying phenomenon). No one has the slightest idea how these characteristics arise in a human (and, puzzlingly, don't seem to in any other form of life).

      Yawn. The idea that humans have those characteristics and other intelligent social animals don't is dogma, no more. My dog is more self-aware than a lot of people I've known ...

      --
      The correlation between ignorance of statistics and using "correlation is not causation" as an argument is close to 1.
    4. Re: Not so fast there, grasshopper by Black+Parrot · · Score: 1

      > On the other hand, human life exhibits some characteristics that are currently beyond all scientific explanation.

      Everything we have a scientific explanation for was once "beyond all scientific explanation". Did that make any of it "special" in some way? Was it supernatural until we investigated it, at which point it became natural?

      > In particular, I am thinking of free will

      How do you know you've got free will?

      > conciousness, and self-awareness

      Are you sure those attributes are restricted to humans?

      > No one has the slightest idea how these characteristics arise in a human

      A hundred years ago we didn't know the mechanism of inheritance. Was it magic back then?

      > While this doesn't necessarily imply that humans have "souls", it does leave the question very much up in the air.

      It also leaves the questions of whether we have psi power and invisible tentacles up in the air.

      > Therefore, it is entirely possible that your personal pile of goo is home to some extremely unusual processes.

      It's possible that your personal pile of poo is home to some extremely unusual processes, but there's equally little evidence for it.

      How do you know you're not destroying some transcendental being every time you flush the toilet? Shouldn't you pile that poo around in your room, just in case?

      > Some have speculated, for example, that quantum mechanical uncertainity is at the heart of free will.

      So, it's actually the sub-atomic particles that have the free will?

      > In this sense, the difference between "human" and "a bunch of cells" is an immense one.

      Well, if anyone happens to think your appeals to the supernatural and pop pseudoscience are convincing, perhaps they'll agree with you.

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    5. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by EtherealStrife · · Score: 2, Interesting
      Mod parent up and gp down. One particular bonobo -- Kanzi -- is remarkably human-like, having a capacity for deceit (he'll lie to your face) and the ability to distinguish between right and wrong (making him more "human" than many of those incarcerated in psych facilities). He's even able to recall past events, and to "plan" for the future (making him unique in the non-human world).
      The little rogue watched researchers trying to teach his foster-mother how to use lexigrams. When she failed and was sent away, Kanzi started pecking away at the keyboard on his own -- with no human encouragement / motivation. To this day Kanzi is the only non-human I'm aware of who will work with researchers without a reward-based system. An anthropologist was able to teach him to create stone tools (setting him on par with Homo habilis -- or humans 2.5mya), and Kanzi has even played music with Paul McCartney.
      A good site for info on Kanzi:
      http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwlrc/biographies/kanzi.html

      Even the slightly less intelligent and significantly more aggressive common chimps have social structures similar to our own (the 'alpha male' is determined by who has the most supporters / thugs).

    6. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by Darkman,+Walkin+Dude · · Score: 1

      In that sense, you are correct that life is just "an elaborate pile of goo".

      Whoa there, thats a bold statement indeed. I have objections to in on a moral level and a scientific level. First off, I should say I am a strong proponent of the rational; I think people advocating ID and creationism should be lashed about the head and face with a fossil for a while. But on a moral level reducing people to piles of mobile meaty goo opens the door to all sorts of unpleasantness.

      Its a bit like saying someone "is" gay. Its a fundamentally flawed assertion, like saying someone "is" an exhibitionist, but besides that, it leaves the way open for the next fascist leader or bible thumping self proclaimed prophet to target people based on genes which may or may not influence sexuality, but which in any case are certainly not the last word in what turns a person on. Materialism in that sense is very wrong; you would idly throw a chair out if you don't like the colour, why not do the same to people since there is no real difference between the two?

      Secondly, only a heartbeat ago in human history, radio waves and rocket ships were witchcraft and alchemy. What we actually know about ourselves and the nature of the universe in contrast to the whole that could possibly be known, is essentially nothing. You heard me right, we're only a hop skip and a jump away from the mud huts and hunter gatherer society, so lets not fool ourselves into thinking we have any sort of a grasp on reality. In the light of that, discounting the existence of the soul would be the highest form of folly.

      Oh and by the way, if you think you have no soul, what the hell are you doing wasting your precious time on slashdot? You only have a finite number of seconds remaining; make the most of them, you big quantum bucket of dice you!

    7. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by greginnj · · Score: 1
      On the other hand, human life exhibits some characteristics that are currently beyond all scientific explanation. In particular, I am thinking of free will, conciousness, and self-awareness (which are all probably words for the same underlying phenomenon)
      Ok, class, welcome to Philosophy of Mind 201. As your homework for tonight, come up with 3 examples demonstrating that:
      • free will is not the same as consciousness
      • free will is not the same as self-awareness
      • consciousness is not the same as self-awareness
      Your examples may include both biological and non-biological constructs, however you choose to define those terms.
      --
      Read the best of all of Slash: seenonslash.com
    8. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by Fred_A · · Score: 1

      Lying and deceit (and knowing very well about doing wrong while doing so) has been observed in groups of chimpanzees as well by ethologists outside of the lab. The more you study interactions between other animals, the more delusional our self percieved uniqueness becomes.

      While we certainly are more intelligent (on average at least), you'll find that most of our social characteristics are shared by a lot of other species.

      --

      May contain traces of nut.
      Made from the freshest electrons.
    9. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by master_p · · Score: 1

      Free will, conciousness and self-awareness are by-products of the brain's high capacity. Any sufficiently big brain will manage to achieve conciousness and self-awareness, because the high capacity means there is enough processing power to monitor the brain's processes.

    10. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by grasshoppa · · Score: 1

      I am a strict materialist, as you seem to be. Therefore, I agree that organic life has no "animating spirit" that fundamentally distinguishes it from non-life. In that sense, you are correct that life is just "an elaborate pile of goo".

      Whoa there, slow down. I never said I believed that. I said life is an elaborate pile of goo. I never said there wasn't an "animating spirit", or whatever. Asside from seeing and speaking the obvious, I also suffer from a deeply rooted spiritualism, which I can't say has any basis in religioun.

      On the other hand, human life exhibits some characteristics that are currently beyond all scientific explanation. In particular, I am thinking of free will, conciousness, and self-awareness (which are all probably words for the same underlying phenomenon). No one has the slightest idea how these characteristics arise in a human (and, puzzlingly, don't seem to in any other form of life).

      Excepting all the other animals that show the same characteristics. The apes are the obvious, but I have no problem seeing the same behavior in dogs too ( speaking from experience ).

      While this doesn't necessarily imply that humans have "souls", it does leave the question very much up in the air. Therefore, it is entirely possible that your personal pile of goo is home to some extremely unusual processes. Some have speculated, for example, that quantum mechanical uncertainity is at the heart of free will. In this sense, the difference between "human" and "a bunch of cells" is an immense one.

      Never said it wasn't. In the physical, life is just an elaborate pile of goo. Who knows what it can and can't do? I believe life is more a spiritual thing than physical, but I could just as easily be wrong and it could simply be a weird arrangment of cells that create "life", whatever that's defined by.

      --
      Mod me down with all of your hatred and your journey towards the dark side will be complete!
    11. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by Shimmer · · Score: 1

      The idea that humans have those characteristics and other intelligent social animals don't is dogma, no more. My dog is more self-aware than a lot of people I've known.

      Upon reflection, I tend to agree with you. The difference in self-awareness between you and your dog may just be a matter of degree.

      However, I don't think that negates my central point -- that the purely materialistic, reductionistic view of life currently provides no adequate explanation for such self-awareness.

      --
      The most rabid believers in American Exceptionalism are the exact same people whose policies are destroying it.
    12. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by Shimmer · · Score: 1

      Whoa there, slow down. I never said I believed that. I said life is an elaborate pile of goo. I never said there wasn't an "animating spirit", or whatever.

      Wow, that's pretty funny. Go back and read your original post -- it makes exactly that argument. If you intended something different, you sure didn't express yourself very clearly.

      --
      The most rabid believers in American Exceptionalism are the exact same people whose policies are destroying it.
    13. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by Reziac · · Score: 1


      [puts on professional dog trainer hat] The notion that only humans have free will and self-awareness is a too-limited view (I'da said "bunk", but didn't want to seem flamey :) In my observation, these traits are much like intelligence: every creature with a brain has some, however minimal; where they are on the scale is a matter of degree, rather than presence vs absence.

      Anyone who's seen a dog pull an "I can't HEAR you" rapidly becomes aware of just how free-willed and self-aware they really are (on average, about the same as a 5 year old human child). Same with other critters, to varying degrees and expressions.

      I've even seen chickens make conscious "er, maybe not" decisions, which clearly required that it act against its inclinations.

      --
      ~REZ~ #43301. Who'd fake being me anyway?
    14. Re:Not so fast there, grasshopper by Daniel+Dvorkin · · Score: 1

      [shrug] I don't see it as so mysterious, personally. Way I look at it is, awareness (of any sort) is a survival characteristic, and therefore likely to be favored in evolutionary terms; self-awareness will arise as a result in any creature with a big enough brain (enough extra processor cycles, so to speak, although I think that's a very inexact metaphor) that it doesn't have to spend all its time thinking about survival on a minute-by-minute basis. This is particularly true of social animals, of which both dogs and people are prime examples; for us, awareness of ourselves in relation to other members of the pack/tribe is in and of itself particularly valuable for survival. Basically I don't consider it any more mystical than anything else our brains do.

      --
      The correlation between ignorance of statistics and using "correlation is not causation" as an argument is close to 1.
  32. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

    Wow, do you political moonbats EVER take a day off?

    I'm not a Republican (or a Democrat) by the way... just sick of seeing politics dragged into EVERYTHING. The fact that this has been moderated "interesting" rather than "off-topic" (as it clearly is) shows the extent to which this crap has gotten out of hand.

    Hint: there are lots of people who don't give a flying fuck about your big-end vs. little-end fetish.

  33. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Think your confused. They don't consider them "not human", they just consider them "not human enough" by the usual standard for americans, by which I mean how dark their skin is.

  34. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This lie isn't interesting. What's said is that there are morons who moderated it "interesting". Mass slaughter of Iraqi and Afghan children. Right. You're why our party is dying.

  35. More religious trolling by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Apparently, He left brain cells out of Muslims. Islam in action against Christians

    That's OK, they're just infidel Christians.

    "Religion of Peace" my ass.

  36. Re:Does it really matter? by Carnage+Pants · · Score: 1, Insightful

    Firstly, it may be a living organism. But at 2 weeks or 3 weeks, certainly not cognizant. Further more, it's not so much taking the life of a 'child' (I wouldn't call a bundle of goop after a couple weeks a child), but preserving the life style of the mother. For people who accidentally conceive, and have no wish to have a child, who are not ready to have a child- say a college student- a child would be catastrophic. Certainly the mother's livelihood takes precedence over a bundle of goop. I can't see how you would argue that an abortion is a worse outcome than a mother being forced to have a child she doesn't want and has no interest caring for.

    Secondly- pull your head out of your ass and realize that people can accidentally conceive while using protection. It's not foolproof.

    Thirdly- go back to school and learn you some gooder words:

    Abortion is LEGAL GENOCIDE. Simple as that.

    "genocide- Noun. The deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation." Last time I checked, "babies" can't be classified as a nation or ethnic group.

    Lastly- you can say "Abortion is legal ______ (I would say infanticide, but that definition doesn't really fit either)," but the fact is that it is legal. So, neener neener neener.

    Please, come back when you have some sensical arguments and aren't typing while slobering over a Bible.

  37. The amazing part is.... by WindBourne · · Score: 1

    that we as a society can define death as when the higher level brain is no longer functioning AND has not capability to do so again. The smart way to define human life would seem to be the opposite of that definition. And yet, there are so many who try to change that. Some by creating a none life (pro-choice), when it is obvious that it is (at the very least, if the fetus can live outside the womb AND has higher brain function, then it must be alive). Then there are others who wish to extend the creation of life back to the beginning, will still accepting the above as death.

    Too funny.

    --
    I prefer the "u" in honour as it seems to be missing these days.
    1. Re:The amazing part is.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      haha, fag

    2. Re:The amazing part is.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And theres yet another choice, as shown by the furor over Schiavo's case:

      "Life is defined to be as long as you have enough cash to keep the machines pumping"

  38. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Judging by the extreme replies to this, I think you hit a nerve.

    Good job. *applause*

  39. HIRA wordplay on HERA? by Quirk · · Score: 1

    Is HIRA intended as wordplay on HERA, the wife of Zeus and Queen of the Olympian deities? I ran a quick search and found no such suggestion. Hera is an ancient mother goddess worshipped as the source of life. She is an aspect of the White Goddess whose three representations are a young mother (colour blue), a warring matriarch (colour red), a death hag (colour black).

    --
    "Academicians are more likely to share each other's toothbrush than each other's nomenclature."
    Cohen
  40. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I could walk down the street in a city with a bucket of monkey crap and start slinging it at other pedestrians. I'd get their attention, but for the wrong reasons.

  41. Obviously infertility is genetic by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    That's because infertile couples have lots of kids who pass on their infertility genes to their kids and so on...

    1. Re:Obviously infertility is genetic by Gobelet · · Score: 1

      And how do you pass genes to your kids if you can't have kids?

  42. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I have a parallel for you. How many animals in nature actively kill their young when there is no need to? Almost all animals in the wild protect their offspring with their own life yet the human race is willing to kill its own offspring and for what? To avoid having it go through the same hell they did? To avoid letting it ruin your life? Now don't get me wrong...I'm an atheist...a single celled or even multicelled being without a nervous system or any rational thought can hardly be considered a human being. But think for a moment about how much of a dynamic the active killing of our own young before they are born puts us in relation to the rest of the natural world.

    It kind of dehumanizes us...but I for one wouldn't take a second thought at killing some son or daughter of mine if I had it just a few years ago...but now I can afford to have a child...now college and my future isn't such a dramatic event in my life that it must be completed or I'll wind up some druggy on the streets begging for beer money.

    I think the real reason why we have abortions in today's world is because of the way we view single mom's. Because of the huge finacial burdon it forces on us...because we've all been programmed to think by our parents and the media that if we have kids to soon they will grow up wrong and destroy our lives in the proccess...and from everyone I've run into that has had kids to early...they hit it right on the dot. So logically speaking it makes perfect sense...but what about the moral fiber that we are plucking while taking a potential human life away...it's no different than playing god with our genes...get over it and use science to help the human race instead of hiding from it for fear of what it might turn us into. What we where in the past was a lot worse than what we are today.

  43. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Just wanted to say (not that I agree with abortion, I think each individual should be free to choose - that is THEIR right, and until the baby is born, it's got no idea "wtf" is going on)... that "esp." stands for especially - that does not mean that it must be part of that to fit the definition. Oh, and... babies are a group... just because they aren't together doesn't mean anything :) Oh yeah, and I have a problem with calling it a baby until it's born. Before that, no matter HOW MUCH it resembles a human, there isn't a percentage - it either is or it isn't. Babies don't have little LCDs in their heads, displaying how complete they are. Up until they pop out, they are as someone above termed it a pile of goop.

    Still, that's *my* belief. I won't force it on anyone, and I hope that you realize that you shouldn't force your's on me :)

  44. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You mean like suicide bombers?

  45. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by deglr6328 · · Score: 1

    Mmmmhmm. because when terrorists want to make a point and wreak havok they often go the the most non-sensational, subtle and long term but slowly effective methods available. Right. But let's continue thinking along the lines of OH NOES! won't someone think of the terrorists?!! Because, you know, even though its irrational, that's more exciting. Right?

    --
    - "Hear that?! The percolations are imminent! Cease your ingress!"
  46. MBR by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    how do i mod this bootstrap code to load linux?

  47. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Iraqis and afghanis are white, though often tanned, and are not racially distinct from europeans. Well, they're about as white as spanish or greek people, i.e. white by european standards, anyway.

  48. Wonderful research by earthforce_1 · · Score: 1, Funny

    Just as long as Dr. Van Parijs, formerly of MIT's biology department had absolutely no involvement with collecting the data.

    --
    My rights don't need management.
  49. META_MODDERS by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    the GPP makes a number of small errors. The pp corrects them.

  50. Bill Joy by Charles+Jo · · Score: 0

    Wasn't this along the thoughts of Bill Joy (fromerly of Sun) and his fear of having such open access to critical technology? It is a scary thought that one person or a small group of people can stop the entire human race.

  51. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I would have a lot better time hearing pro choice arguments if they also said it would be ok to kill a newborn if unwanted. I'm serious, there really isn't any difference, and I would like a consistent argument.

  52. Is there any question about this? by Ogemaniac · · Score: 1

    If you are alluding to the abortion/stem-cell/IVF debates, the question isn't really weather life begins at conception, but rather moral personhood.

    I would have to say that a fertilized egg is "alive" by any meaningful standard you can come up with. Bacteria are indisputably alive, and a fertilized egg is even more complex and larger. The cell has potential to reproduce and is metabolizing, which are often used as tests as to whether something is alive.

    The three debates I mentioned above are not technical or scientific debates. Rather, they are moral, philosophical debates. In other words, they are not disagreements about what is, but what ought to be. Science can never answer such questions.

    1. Re:Is there any question about this? by mysticgoat · · Score: 1

      the question isn't really weather life begins at conception, but rather moral personhood.

      Excellent point!

      And I'm glad you qualified "personhood", since any reasoned discussion on these subjects has to be able to distinquish between "moral personhood" and "legal personhood".

      To my mind, the most critical issue from a pragmatic point of view is when does "legal personhood" begin under US law? Unfortunately, a strict constructionist view of the US Constitution doesn't help here, because the Framers didn't have the foresight to define who, exactly, was a legal person (or "man", in the parlance of that day). I think this was a cop-out: I think under the pressing immediate need to get some kind of governance established, the founding fathers decided to avoid any phrasing that would bring up questions about the status of women, blacks, and children, and whether they were chattel or not. This was probably a wise decision at the time-- history shows that finding the answers to some of these questions had a terrible blood cost that the US would not have been able to pay in the late 1700s.

      It is clear that US rights extend beyond US citizens to anyone with legal personhood who is in a US jurisdiction no matter what their citizenship. So is a given fetus within an area of US jurisdiction? Superficially that might seem easy to determine, but then there are embassies of foreign nations that are within US boundaries but are not within US jurisdictions.

      I think for a variety of reasons, we need to regard the fetus as similar to the foreign employee of a foreign embassy-- not subject to US justice even though physically surrounded by US territory. I think trying to handle this in any other way would destroy some critical foundations of US law. I think it would quickly lead to a situation where a US President would be able to justify a war against China because China fails to provide its citizens with the rights delineated in the US Constitution. We already see that kind of reasoning being offered by some citizens who are rather ignorant of Constitutional rights and obligations; there is no question that if it was possible to phrase such a justification in legitimate terms, we would see it put forth by some politicians, and we would have to deal with the consequences.

  53. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by johansalk · · Score: 1

    Goddammit don't mod him interesting; I'm sick of this 'terrorist' thing coming up on every friggin' topic already.

  54. God's Reply by lachlan76 · · Score: 1

    mnemonic is dead.

    1. Re:God's Reply by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      johny?

  55. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    And yes, I know I summarized a single-sentence post with a smaller single-sentence.

  56. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    How many animals in nature actively kill their young when there is no need to? Almost all animals in the wild protect their offspring with their own life

    You have a rather romanticised view of nature, it seems. That's very much untrue. Deliberate killing of burdensome or objectionable offspring is rather common in social mammals (lions, monkeys, meerkats, etc. ... including humans.)

  57. Re:Does it really matter? by DigiShaman · · Score: 1

    find it even funnier that Republicans throw a massive tantrum with regards to abortion in the US, even when done under the best possible circumstances (ie. as early as possible, and so forth).

    How about the MAJORITY of American throwing a massive tantrum. It's not that hard to figure it out when nine judges cast a vote on the most controversial topics in US history. In fact, it's so controversial that many are in favor of putting togeather a Constitutional Amendment that explicitly states when you can and cannot justify abortion at the federal level.

    Seriously, I suggest all Non-Americans read about Roe vs. Wade before bashing America for our ethical and moral views. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_vs._Wade

    --
    Life is not for the lazy.
  58. Re:Does it really matter? by Clockwurk · · Score: 1

    According to here, there are approximately 46 million abortions every year (1.4 million in the US). It seems a little hypocritical to hold massive protests and complain so much about the "mass slaughter of Iraqi and Afghani children" when the 126,000 unborn children destroyed every day are written off as "the right to choose".

  59. Ka-ching!... by SysKoll · · Score: 2, Interesting

    This means that modern medicine will soon be able to detect infertile couples by testing for the HIRA gene and help these couples reproduce, for example through early in-vitro fertilization (early while the woman is young and has little pregnancy risk).

    Of course, this means that the descendants will also carry HIRA, thus greatly increasing their chances they'll require assistance to reproduce.

    This is like a repeat-customer wet dream for a clinic chain owner, you know. When the IVF clinic owner's kids will inherit the clinic, they'll also inherit a sound customer base.

    It reminds me of these PC repairs technicians that just reinstall Windows on the same spyware-laden machine every month instead of training their customers to use Linux or a Mac. Repeat business.

    --

    --
    Mad science! Robots! Underwear! Cute girls! Full comic online! http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/

  60. Cells atomic particles by fossa · · Score: 1

    Some have speculated, for example, that quantum mechanical uncertainity is at the heart of free will.

    Could someone expand on this? From what I understand, the cells in our brains are much too large to be aware of or take advantage of any quantum uncertainty...

  61. Re:Does it really matter? by RequiemX · · Score: 1

    I wonder if this breakthrough could lead to better birth control options.

  62. Citation, please by Ogemaniac · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I have never met any American, left, center or right, who is at all pleased with the "mass slaughter of Iraqi and Afghani children".

    Can you provide even one example?

    Or are you just making "#$# up?

    1. Re:Citation, please by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I have never met any American, left, center or right, who is at all pleased with the "mass slaughter of Iraqi and Afghani children".

      Can you provide even one example?

      Or are you just making "#$# up?


      Someone hasn't visited Little Green Fucktards before.

    2. Re:Citation, please by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      www.freerepublic.com

    3. Re:Citation, please by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You re-elected the people directly responsible. At the very least, you don't disapprove.

  63. And... by Gibsnag · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    ...I, for one, welcome our new armchair philosopher overlords.

  64. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

    Yeah right.

    Like a bunch of raving durka durkas are going to be able to accomplish anything like that.

  65. That makes no sense? by Ogemaniac · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Under your logic, you would also permit murder of fully sentient adult humans! After all, you wouldn't want to force your belief that murder is wrong upon others?

    It is perfectly logical and self-consistent to use force in order to prevent one person from harming another. I daresay you would hate living in a world that did not adopt this general standard.

  66. Is killing two people better than killing one? by Ogemaniac · · Score: 1

    If the zygote has rights, the fact that it could reproduce does not diminish its rights - it enhances them!

    1. Re:Is killing two people better than killing one? by Darius+Jedburgh · · Score: 1

      Reproduce? It's below the age of consent and therefore a sex offender. Lock it up!

  67. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by Distinguished+Hero · · Score: 1

    Have you seen the replacement rates in Europe (both eastern and western)? They are well below the replacement rate (approx. 2.1 children/fertile woman), resulting in exponential population decay. By most projections, the muslim to non-muslim demographics in France are expected to flip within less than 50 years (and that's a conservative estimate). Terrorists don't need to do anything to prevent Europeans (and Canadians, Australians, etc.) from breeding; they are doing a very good job by themselves without any help.

    --
    Uttering logically derived and empirically supported truths to the disciples of the orthodox establishment.
  68. Re:Does it really matter? by heinousjay · · Score: 1

    What I find interesting is that pretty much no one in the system has any logically self consistent views. People in favor of abortion are typically against war, and the death penalty, and much more likely to be vegetarians for cruelty reasons, while people who want to end abortion typically are happy to kill just about everything except fetuses.

    I know this isn't 100% applicable, but it's close enough to be right.

    --
    Slashdot - where whining about luck is the new way to make the world you want.
  69. He's Just a Lazy Programmer by Greyfox · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Why hand-optimize the system when you can use genetic programming to optimize the system to perfection? While you may never get as good a result as if you'd gone in and tweaked all those millions of genes yourself, you're letting the system do all the hard work and the end result will be "good enough" to perform its job efficiently. It's exactly the way I'd have done it!

    --

    I'm trying to teach myself to set people on fire with my mind... Is it hot in here?

  70. Also, postmenopausal women. by Grendel+Drago · · Score: 1

    Postmenopausal women, by that definition, are not alive. I suppose it means a reproductive phase in the life cycle, not constant fertility. And neither are folks in a coma, as they don't really respond to stimuli, right.

    Oh, wait, it included the phrase "at least once during their existence". Never mind.

    --
    Laws do not persuade just because they threaten. --Seneca
    1. Re:Also, postmenopausal women. by CrowScape · · Score: 1

      So if I kill someone before they hit puberty, then that's ok because they were unable to reproduce durring their existance, and therefore not alive? I can just go on a rampage through the maternity ward then instead of playing GTA!

      --
      common sense: noun
      What those who are ignorant of the subject matter think; usually wrong.
    2. Re:Also, postmenopausal women. by Peter+La+Casse · · Score: 1

      Some people do believe that since abortion is ok, infanticide should also be ok, since there's such a small difference between a late-term fetus and a newborn infant.

  71. Why not? by Grendel+Drago · · Score: 1

    Why would an engineered device that satisfied those criteria not be life? ("Because people made it" isn't a valid answer.)

    --
    Laws do not persuade just because they threaten. --Seneca
  72. Moonbat? by Grendel+Drago · · Score: 1

    What, exactly, is a "moonbat"?

    --
    Laws do not persuade just because they threaten. --Seneca
  73. Re: Does it really matter? by Black+Parrot · · Score: 1

    > I have a parallel for you. How many animals in nature actively kill their young when there is no need to?

    Lots of male mammals kill the children of any female they court.

    (I doubt that many pro-lifers would approve that behaviour in humans.)

    --
    Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
  74. Good point by JavaRob · · Score: 1

    I mean, girls' souls are a different color than boys' -- so God can't have handed the thing a soul until that's settled.

    This also brings up the point that many theolgians have seriously, seriously discussed -- that a fetus must not be granted a soul until it's PAST the point where it may split into twins... because then each twin would only have HALF a soul.

    Heady stuff, I know.

    "But who are you, so wise in the ways of science?"

  75. Re:Does it really matter? by m50d · · Score: 2, Insightful
    While I tend to agree with you that any viable cell that may become a human being must be treated with the same respect a fully developed one demands, I would not force other people to live under my beliefs.

    An unborn child can hardly stand up for itself. Would you say we shouldn't try and stop parents killing their 10-year-olds?

    It is curious many people (don't know your position about this) who object to abortion never do so about death penalty.

    While I'm personally very anti-death-penalty, a child is almost the definition of innocence. You can't compare wanting to stop people killing their children - which is how most anti-abortion people I've spoken with see what they're doing, I'm not saying they're right or wrong - to wanting to stop criminals who have killed other people being killed.

    --
    I am trolling
  76. Um - all involved have rights by JavaRob · · Score: 1

    For the sake of argument, justify that statement. (1) If the zygote is alive, why should it not receive equal protections?
    (2) If, somehow, you managed to imbed an already born person into the body of another person, would that person lose the claim to equal protections?


    I'm not the GP poster, but here are some thoughts on this (#2 is especially interesting to me):

    1) We don't afford equal protection to all living things. Only "humans", and a zygote with no brainstem yet, etc. doesn't fit into that category in everyone's book. The definition is complicated, because it's not consistent with mental development, etc -- i.e., the average guinea pig has more brain function than some people with severe brain damage or serious genetic defects... but it's very hard to pin this one down. "Potential human" as a concept is just as fraught.

    2) You're forgetting that two people's rights are involved here, and the fact that one of the people would be totally and parasitically dependant on the other. If I woke up one morning and a psycho missing some essential organ had wired himself to me so that he'd *die* if we separated him, I definitely *do* *not* think his right to live would trump my right to live free of him. Think about it. Cut the sucker free; it's not my problem.

    So how does the law work on related questions? Suppose you had identical twins who hated each other, and one would die without a kidney but the other refused to give it. Obviously there's a huge moral question here, but could the twin be legally FORCED to undergo the operation and give up a kidney? I have a feeling that the answer here is "no", but I don't know.

    Really, really interesting stuff.

    1. Re:Um - all involved have rights by solarrhino · · Score: 1
      You make three important points. The first is that the question is not "when does life begin". The question is really, "when does humanity begin". Each sperm cell is alive, as is each egg; but neither alone is human. As a simple rule of thumb, I'd say a human being is an organism with two human parents. Mental development is irrelevant - work with the severely retarded for a month, and tell me that they aren't human - and so are minor genetic defects. Incidently, this definition eliminates all the confusion that some people seem to have between killing a fetus and killing, say, a skin cell. The issue is, does the destruction of that cell or cluster of cells destroy the organism? The number of cells involved doesn't matter in the least. We all seem to understand that when we're talking about adults - we don't confuse the harm of putting a tiny, tiny bullet hole in someone's head with the benefit of a surgeon removing a 10 pound tumor - so I don't know why people get confused when the person involved is a fetus.

      Your second point, about the right to personal freedom vs. another person's right to life, is also good. However, you choose the wrong analogy. I tend to use this example: you are driving somewhere in a hurry, so you take a shortcut through an alleyway, too narrow for you to open your doors. Halfway along you see a drunken bum wander halfway across the alley, lie down, and pass out. You honk, you flash your lights, but the bum is oblivious. You try to back up, but your reverse gear decides just then to break. So you're stuck in the alley behind this bum. What situations would give you the right to drive over the bum, killing him? If you were bleeding to death? If you were hungry? If you had a million-dollar commission on the line? If you were late to work? If you were simply tired of waiting? Legally, you could only justify killing the bum if your own life (or the life of someone else) was in imminent danger. How much more reluctant should one be when the life to be taken is not that of a drunken sot, but the innocent life of one's own child?

      Your third point, about the twins, shows two misunderstandings. First, once the zygote splits into two independent organisms, they are just that - independent. As such, neither has any special obligation to the other. Second, you seem to assume that there are only two options: help, or harm. There are in fact three options: help, harm, or do nothing. For example, if you and I were in a steakhouse, and you began to choke, I could 1) give you a Heimlich, 2) keep eating, or 3) stab you in the heart with my steak knife. A prohibition against 3) does not take away my option to do either 1) or 2). In the abortion context, that means that prohibiting abortion except when the mother's life is unusually threatened does not impose a requirement to use extreme measures to save every pregnancy. Society can choose to continue eating its meal, if it wants. So can the twin in your example.

      Incidentally, I should clarify when I mean by "unusually threatened". One of my cousin's was pregnant when she was diagnosed with uterine cancer. She was told that she needed to have an immediate hysterectomy just to save her own life; that saving her child was impossible in either case. In a case like that, I and all of my family would have supported that option, if she was willing to do it. As it happens, she was not. As it happens, her second son was born healthy, started college this year, and she survived both the childbirth and the hysterectomy that followed and is still alive today to enjoy it.

      --
      "Lord, grant that I may always be right, for Thou knowest that I am hard to turn" -- A Scots-Irish prayer
    2. Re:Um - all involved have rights by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Mental development" is not irrelevant. The fact that a gallstone is not sentient is a pretty important consideration when we are entertaining the thought of removing it and disposing of it.

      Your confusion over tumors is gratuitous, because people are talking about the welfare of the tumor, not of its host. You simply cannot argue that the welfare of the tumor is improved by being removed from its host. Also, you seem to have missed some crucial points about tumors, which is that tumor cells can grow on their own, that they are human tissue, their own genes, etc. (What they don't have is an organization which makes them humans, and not just human tissues)

      Your bum example has built into it the very point of contention - that our obligations toward a 2wk. fetus are the same as (or a superset of) our obligations toward a bum in an alley. People who disagree with you do not accept this premise, so how do you expect it to convince them? I do not believe that someone who gets an abortion is committing a heinous homicide. Your attitude that they are does a lot to explain Eric Rudolph.

    3. Re:Um - all involved have rights by JavaRob · · Score: 2, Interesting

      We all seem to understand that when we're talking about adults

      This is an essential point. I was starting to counter your "bum" example with the addition of the conceit that this bum was not sleeping, but surviving on your blood ("but I'll die if you don't let me feed for the next... 9 months!") when I realized that's a dead end in more way than one.

      We *aren't* dealing with an independant adult, or even an independant *organism*. A fetus is not a bum, and it is not sitting in a steakhouse with you. The mother can't just say to the zygote "look, I won't hurt you, but let's just go our separate ways". We are dealing with what is initially a single cell, that is gradually going to resemble a human infant more and more until (finally) it is developed enough that it can survive independantly, at which point the mother's body will hopefully force it out of her at the right time and without complications.

      Do you see how this is so complex? Suppose you could perform an abortion by teleporting the fetus out of the womb without otherwise harming it in any way. Okay, so the mother isn't "killing" it, she's just no longer allowing it access to her body (but of course it will die, because it cannot survive as an independant organism). I'm obviously playing with semantics here to make a point -- do you think she might have this right?

      This is the real root of the pro-choice argument for me -- that her right to control her body trumps the right of the potential human growing inside her to control her body.

      Personally... if my wife got pregnant right now (and we aren't planning on having a child yet!), we would not abort it. I don't think of a fetus as "just a random bundle of cells", etc. -- but if my wife changed her mind and decided to have an abortion I don't think the courts should be able to override that decision and force her to endure the 9 months, massive hormone changes, physical risks and side-effects, PPD, etc. etc. on behalf of the fetus.

      [Thanks for replying -- I'm finding this a very interesting conversation!]

    4. Re:Um - all involved have rights by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      Agreed, JavaRob. This is a much more productive conversation than the other one on this thread.

      Your argument about the psycho wired to you is a variant of the Judith Thompson's classic "Attached Violinist" argument: You wake up one day to find that a famous violinist has been attached to your body. The terms are as follows: she must remain attached to you for nine months in order to live. After that time, she will be detached and you can go about your business. Thompson then asks: are you morally obligated to stay attached to the violinist?

      Her answer is No.

      The criticisms of that argument (sample link here) center around three questions:

      1) Is the violinist situation exactly parallel to pregnancy? There is some doubt; after all, in *most* cases of pregnancy, the woman has engaged in an action which could arguably be construed as an invitation for the fetus to come in. Even sex with (failed) birth control is an action which entails known, forseeable risks.

      2) Does the violinist have a moral obligation to allow you to detach? That is, there might be a paradox of obligations here ... you might not be obligated to share your body, but she might not be obligated to let you go, either. In that case, should "might make right"?

      3) Even if 1) and 2) are granted in the pro-choice side's favor, is Judith's conclusion of "No" a sound one? That is, is it truly correct that control over the body for nine months trumps being *killed*?

      4) (out of three!) The link above introduces a new wrinkle: what if the violinist were your own child? Would your moral obligations change then? It is possible -- reasonable! -- that we have a greater moral obligation to our "blood" family members, even ones we have never met, than we do to strangers.

      Just thoughts.

      Regards,
      Jeff Cagle

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    5. Re:Um - all involved have rights by solarrhino · · Score: 1
      I'm glad that you enjoy the conversation. I appreciate your reply as well. It's rare not to have people demonizing each other.

      This is the real root of the pro-choice argument for me -- that her right to control her body trumps the right of the potential human growing inside her to control her body.
      You're entirely correct - that is the heart of the debate.

      It saddens me that we even have to have such a discussion, but I accept that it is human nature. Our whole history has been filled with attempts to define some people as slightly less human than others. It makes life so much more convenient. The result has been slavery, genocide, sexual discrimination, and religious warfare. There will be a day when it allows euthanasia, if we aren't already gotten at that point. The same impulse drives much of the public fascination with androids - an almost human creature that can be ordered to do whatever you want. Personally, I believe we will sooner see creatures, genetically-engineered to be legally subhuman, which fill this role.

      There is no aspect of this de-humanizing impulse that I find noble or praise-worthy. That is why I reject it in all of its forms, regardless of the inconveniences that may result.

      BTW, I don't mean to demonize you by this analysis. I'm sure that you do disapprove of slavery, etc. If not, there'd be no point writing that list - you'd simply nod your head approvingly as you read it. I'm sure you think that the distinction between a fetus and a delivered baby is important. But I hope you will recognize that those who did support slavery or justified violence and oppression on the basis of gender, religion, tribe, or whatever all believed with their whole hearts that whatever distinction they were concerned about was also essential to the definition of true humanity. In their cases, we now look back and think they were all wrong. Personally, I hope and believe that, if mankind survives long enough, someday people will look back on the abortion era the same way we look back on the slavery era, and wonder "how on earth did they justify treating other human beings that way?"

      As to your specific questions: if I were to teleport you into space, by your logic I would not be killing you - I would merely be removing you from the environment which supports your life. I disagree - I think I would be killing you. It doesn't matter how much of a burden you would be to me if you were not teleported into space :-). If the sci-fi aspect of this example bothers you, replace it with me kicking you out of a submarine airlock at the bottom of the ocean, or abandoning you in the desert, or... you get the idea.

      Another, slightly off-topic point: you refer to the "courts" forcing a woman not to have an abortion. It is in fact the courts which are currently forcing all of us to allow abortion. In the absence of Roe v. Wade, it would be state law, written by elected officials, who produced whatever regulation governed abortion. To the extent that one believes in democracy, that seems better than using the courts, which are fundamentally non-democratic. Note that, of the three possible positions one could take - use the courts to forbid all abortion everywhere; use the courts to allow abortion everywhere; and leave it to legislators to pass the appropriate laws which reflect the will of the people - until Roe v. Wade, the US took the third position. There was never a significant effort to impose the non-democratic first option. Of course, speaking personally, I now think we should impose the first option, in order to clearly support the sanctity of human life. Otherwise, I see Huxley-esque nightmare scenarios in the very near future, as I indicated earlier.

      --
      "Lord, grant that I may always be right, for Thou knowest that I am hard to turn" -- A Scots-Irish prayer
    6. Re:Um - all involved have rights by JavaRob · · Score: 1

      I'm glad that you enjoy the conversation. I appreciate your reply as well. It's rare not to have people demonizing each other.

      I'm sure you find watching politicians debate as infuriating as I do, then? :)

      Anyway, it's pretty clear our main difference here is the definition of "human". Your airlock examples, etc., are still built on the assumption that an embryo is a viable human. Let's just talk about a newly fertilized egg, since that's where we differ the most. You are arguing that a fertilized egg is just as "human" and worthy of protection and as (in your examples) adult slaves, Jewish people, the elderly, etc.. I'm arguing that a definition of "human" must be based on more than genetics -- including at an extreme minimum things like nervous/circulatory systems of some kind.

      Your definition is handy in that it completely avoids the gray areas. You're saying basically that anything with human DNA and any living cells is "human" and has equal rights. I think we *have* to get into the blurry areas to some degree, because the distance from a fertilized egg or a headless body kept "alive" on machines, to what most of us think of as a "person" is just too great for us to start impinging on the rights of normal people on behalf of these extreme examples, organisms that cannot possibly suffer or even feel unappreciated. It's not just "inconvenience"; forcing a mother to carry a fetus to term and deliver it means forcing her to risk death and serious health complications.

      I still wouldn't do away with the idea of "human" as a single concept (in spite of the reality of varying levels of functioning, etc.), but all previous human rights struggles have been about the rights of organisms that function at least at the level of a housefly, for instance. A newly fertilized egg does not. Human rights advocacy has always been about fighting for people's rights to not be held in slavery, not be tortured or cruelly punished or arbitrarily arrested or searched, freedom of expression and assembly, equal pay for equal work, freedom of thought and religion, of movement, etc.. Freedom of life, liberty, and security of person. These things don't apply to a fertilized egg, though (except "life", which could apply to bacteria as well). It cannot suffer from any kind of discrimination. These rights do apply to women, though -- for example, her right to security of person is violated when she's forced to host and deliver a fetus against her will.

      Assuming you disagree about the "humanity" of the zygote... I still think you would at least feel that we should possibly focus our attention first on human rights violations against thinking, breathing humans (such as the Guantanemo Bay detainees, or the myriad humans rights violations happening all over the world from condoned rapes in Pakistan to "disappeared" intellectuals in China) as a much higher priority than early abortions in particular. I.e., let's first try to save the victims that actually suffer before trying to save the far fringe of the questionably human (only human according to a very broad definition). Thoughts?

      I should point out that I do not think a fetus has the same negligible "value" as any random bundle of cells. A fetus *should* have legal protection, but based on the *mother's* rights. In most cases the parents and family invest a huge amount of emotional value in it -- I do lean in favor of harsher penalties for people who kill a pregnant woman, just because the suffering of the father and family is much more severe because of the potential human that was destroyed. But my reasoning is based on the actual suffering of the adults and their rights, not any rights of the embryo. I also think castrating a man is a worse crime than cutting off a finger, for similar reasons.

      Other comments:
      Your arguments about supposedly soon-to-exist engineered subhumans, and sliding backwards into legal exclusions for "partial humans" or humans who are less human than others sound like

    7. Re:Um - all involved have rights by solarrhino · · Score: 1

      So sorry for the lack of response. The truth is, I simply have no time. I suppose we will have to agree to disagree for now. All the best.

      --
      "Lord, grant that I may always be right, for Thou knowest that I am hard to turn" -- A Scots-Irish prayer
    8. Re:Um - all involved have rights by JavaRob · · Score: 1

      Understood. Good discussion -- my viewpoint and ideas are much more defined now than what I started! If you want to pick it up later for blog fodder, whatever, you can email me at slashdot@[see domain name above].

      -Rob

    9. Re:Um - all involved have rights by JavaRob · · Score: 1

      1) Is the violinist situation exactly parallel to pregnancy?
      Obviously not, but we can make it closer -- let's say for the sake of argument that you and the violinist randomly met at a bar the night before, and the "attached violinist" question came up after about 6 beers (this represents about how logical human thinking is when the hormones are going full blast). "Well, I *am* a famous violinist! But I'll bet you'd cut me free and leave me to die..." says the violinist, laughing.

      "No way, you're great!" you cry out. "I'll save you! Letsh shake on it."

      Can you change you mind later? I don't think this really changes the situation. Your attachment is an ongoing thing, a new sacrifice every day. You have the right to stop providing that service. If you signed a contract or something like that, the law might come into it around that -- but a broken condom is not a contract of any kind.

      2) Does the violinist have a moral obligation to allow you to detach? No -- but the demands the violinist can morally make end where your basic right to not have your body violated begin. Don't forget that you are risking your own life (it's not just an inconvenience) to help the violinist. Should the law be allowed to force you to do that? It's not just about morality (which gives us conflicting answers, and is always specific to the case -- suppose keeping you attached prevented you from finishing work on a cancer cure?), it's also about what power we can safely give to the law. Would a law allow the non-famous, wanna-be violinist also to attach himself to you the day after the famous one is cured?

      3) ...is it truly correct that control over the body for nine months trumps being *killed*? It's not just control, it's also a risk of physical damage and death... but I still think that legally, a person should be able to control how their body is used in almost all cases.

      4) ...what if the violinist were your own child? Would your moral obligations change then? Again, it's not about your personal moral obligations, it's about what the law can/should enforce. Most mothers would donate a kidney, bone marrow, etc. for their child, and many people expect this response. But the mothers are not legally obliged to. [This topic probably deserves more discussion than I'm giving it here...]

      This is also a good time to point out the limits of the attached violinist comparison. A newly fertilized egg is not a child. It has far less function than some adults who are legally dead. It has the potential to become what we think of as a person, if all goes well, and an embryo may have huge value to its parents for this reason... but it has no value to itself. It won't suffer if its rights are denied -- any legal protection it gains at this point must be based on the rights of its parents. We're in a grayer area as the fetus develops, but I'm arguing for now against people who feel all abortions (no matter how early) should be illegal.

      The underlying conflict here that I see is that

    10. Re:Um - all involved have rights by JavaRob · · Score: 1

      Oops, tried to preview above and hit submit....

      I was saying, there's an underlying conflict here, between two artificially extended concepts of human rights.

      Reality is that all humans are technically not equal in their "value" to the rest of the species -- contrast, say, Jonas Salk with a junior academic lecturer who never discovered anything of note -- but this "value" is impossible to calculate (and Salk was inspired to pursue his vaccines after flaws in a boring lecture got him thinking - how does that count?), AND people who presume to make these judgments (e.g., Hitler) have had a huge cost on humanity. As a result, we try on principle to protect human rights equally for all people, not based on their current perceived "value". We try to grant human rights on an all-or-nothing basis, and to use an inclusive definition.

      One of the most basic of these human rights is integrity of person. Medical experiments on unwilling participants are bad (no matter what the potential or proven gain to humanity!); forced servitude is bad; arbitrary imprisonment is bad, any physical attack on another person is bad (only outweighed by your own rights, if you are protecting yourself).

      Right-to-life advocates push the all-or-nothing line of humanity out to include the unborn, back to the moment of egg fertilization. Some also want the definition to include brain-dead adults. The problem with the embryo situation is that it's not yet an independant organism -- it's attached to the mother and cannot survive separate from her. Her right to control her own body is irreconcilably in conflict with the newly granted right of the fetus to its life.

      It's true that extending human rights in the past (to black slaves in America, etc. etc.) has been a very good thing. These were groups of people that were suffering & dying because of particularly false values assigned to them. It doesn't hold true that all extensions of human rights are good, though. In forcing a woman to carry a newly fertilized egg (keeping this simple...), we are extending human rights to something that is not suffering whatsoever, at the direct cost of an unquestionably rights-endowed person who does suffer because of this choice.

    11. Re:Um - all involved have rights by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      Hey again. I would want to focus on this point:
      Right-to-life advocates push the all-or-nothing line of humanity out to include the unborn, back to the moment of egg fertilization. Some also want the definition to include brain-dead adults. The problem with the embryo situation is that it's not yet an independant organism -- it's attached to the mother and cannot survive separate from her. Her right to control her own body is irreconcilably in conflict with the newly granted right of the fetus to its life.
      I want to break this apart into several separate statements:

      (1) Right-to-life advocates push the all-or-nothing line of humanity out to include the unborn. True. My own basis for doing so is that any other line assigns the quality "human" to an organism based on either (a) utility -- that is, a definition based on a particular theory of ethics, or (b) location of the organism relative to some other organism. The first is abhorrent; the second is ad hoc. The only scientific way to procede that makes sense to me is, Species? Human. Living in a biological sense? Check. Living human being = person.

      (2) Some also want the definition to include brain-dead adults. Possibly true, but most are willing to concede that a brain-dead adult is non-salvageable. The Terri Schaevo case was remarkable because (a) her wishes were not in writing, (b) her function was clearly minimal, (c) the needed amount of life support was also minimal, and (d) both sides had potential interests in the outcome. It was, in other words, a horrible test case. I would have pulled the tube, myself.

      (3)The problem with the embryo situation is that it's not yet an independant organism -- it's attached to the mother and cannot survive separate from her. Well, we agree that the attachment is what causes the problem. Unfortunately, the attachment is not a sufficient cause to declare non-humanity. For one thing, no organism is truly "independent" of others, regardless of attachment. My two-month-old Elizabeth would die very quickly without my wife or me. "Independence" (a murky concept at best) is clearly not a necessary condition for humanity.

      One might argue that the embryo is non-detachable from her particular mother, but this fares no better. If in the year 2050 it became possible to transplant embryos from one womb to another, or to a special incubator, then the embryo *would* be able to survive without attachment to a particular woman. If detachability is the criterion for humanity, then embryos would suddenly become human in 2050 -- an odd result, indeed.

      (4) Her right to control her own body is irreconcilably in conflict with the [...] right of the fetus to its life.Agreed. Which is why I would ban abortions *except* in situations for which the rights of the mother are enhanced (aggravated conditions, such as rape; threat to life; serious threat to physical health). Put another way: if we want to balance the rights of mom and baby in any way whatsoever, the right approach is to make abortions illegal, with exceptions. Any other position (no restrictions, OR no abortions without exception) fails to balance competing rights.

      (5) ...the newly granted right of the fetus to its life. Historically, this is false. There have been some questions about the beginning of life, but there has never been a doubt that a living fetus has the right to not be killed. Roe invalidated abortion restrictions because it disagreed with Texas on its theory of life. What you may have meant is "its newly granted status as being alive", but my argument there is that the fetus was simply not recognized by the courts as being alive.

      Regards,
      Jeff Cagle

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
    12. Re:Um - all involved have rights by JavaRob · · Score: 1

      My own basis for doing so is that any other line assigns the quality "human" to an organism based on either (a) utility -- that is, a definition based on a particular theory of ethics, or (b) location of the organism relative to some other organism. The first is abhorrent; the second is ad hoc. The only scientific way to procede that makes sense to me is, Species? Human. Living in a biological sense? Check. Living human being = person.

      I could point out corner cases that your definition includes, but this discussion is getting off-track by focussing on the definition of "human". It's not actually useful to say "all humans should have equal human rights" -- which sounds reasonable -- then decide that a scientific definition of the word human must include X, Y, & Z, and assume that our original statement must true for those. The original statement (and the gut emotional response to it) is based on a commonly used, non-scientific, fuzzy word. When you say "human" as in, "draw me a picture of 5 humans and 2 canines in a room", what would you draw? When we hear the word in "the Chinese are violating basic human rights", we think of fully functional, living adults, not even children.

      The reason human rights exist in the first place is because we, adults, know or can imagine what it is like to suffer pain and humiliation, to have our freedom of movement restricted unjustly or our bodies violated, etc., and we feel empathy for other beings like us who are undergoing these things. It's simply not logical that we can extend this empathy to a single-celled, newly fertilized egg. The fact that fertilization provides a convenient starting point to affix your definition of human doesn't change that at all -- the real argument isn't about a word definition, it's about whether a mother can choose to abort a newly fertilized egg.

      On the other hand, look at the woman in this situation, who suffers unquestionably. It's not like carrying around a backpack for 9 months than taking it off, after all. Pregnancy means serious hormonal and physical changes (some irreversible). It means a risk of required surgery or death even if the health of the mother is otherwise perfect. Even if she plans to give up the child up for adoption, that doesn't help with post-partum depression. It doesn't help with the trauma of giving birth (one occasional "side-effect" of giving birth is diagnosable Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome).

      We owe our wives and mothers a huge debt for undergoing what they do, and most of the time they suffer it willingly, to create a child that they are capable of caring for (or helping to care for), that they will be able to keep safe, that is wanted.

      But who are the women that you would deny abortions? Imagine being forced to go through this when you're a sophomore in high school (say, 14 years old) because you made a stupid, 90-second mistake after a senior's party you got invited to. Or suppose you're 29, but living with an husband who is already sexually abusing your 3-year-old, and you really, really don't want to bring another child into the house. Do you think it feels "inconvenient" for these woman, feeling the fetus growing inside them? Do you think their lives go back to normal nine months later?

      Suppose you have no medical insurance and dropped out of high school, and have finally managed to get a job that's over minimum wage, when you find out a condom must have leaked. Think you'll be able to keep the job when you have to leave for a month? Think the boyfriend will stick around? Think you'll be able to avoid bankruptcy?

      One might argue that the embryo is non-detachable from her particular mother, but this fares no better. If in the year 2050 it became possible to transplant embryos from one womb to another, or to a special incubator, then the embryo *would* be able to survive without attachment to a particular woman. If detachability is the criterion for humanity, then embryos would suddenly become human in 2050 -- an odd result, indeed.

    13. Re:Um - all involved have rights by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
      You make good points.

      On the other hand, look at the woman in this situation, who suffers unquestionably. It's not like carrying around a backpack for 9 months than taking it off, after all. Pregnancy means serious hormonal and physical changes (some irreversible). It means a risk of required surgery or death even if the health of the mother is otherwise perfect. Even if she plans to give up the child up for adoption, that doesn't help with post-partum depression. It doesn't help with the trauma of giving birth (one occasional "side-effect" of giving birth is diagnosable Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome)...

      Agreed on all points, and the ones which follow that paragraph. I would never argue that pregnancy is a simple inconvenience -- having recently supported my wife during two of them -- nor that we should outlaw abortions without providing a support structure for moms.

      When you say "human" as in, "draw me a picture of 5 humans and 2 canines in a room", what would you draw? When we hear the word in "the Chinese are violating basic human rights", we think of fully functional, living adults, not even children.

      If I asked you to choose 5 numbers, would you choose any non-integers? How about any irrational numbers? Transcendental numbers? Complex numbers? If not, it is still crystal clear that the lack of any such numbers in your list is a failure of imagination on the your part, not a limitation of the scope of the word "number."

      It's not actually useful to say "all humans should have equal human rights" -- which sounds reasonable -- then decide that a scientific definition of the word human must include X, Y, & Z, and assume that our original statement must true for those...The reason human rights exist in the first place is because we, adults, know or can imagine what it is like to suffer pain and humiliation, to have our freedom of movement restricted unjustly or our bodies violated, etc., and we feel empathy for other beings like us who are undergoing these things. It's simply not logical that we can extend this empathy to a single-celled, newly fertilized egg. [Argument reordered for clarity within this post]

      Your argument is valid, assuming that (a) your account of human rights is correct (and specifically, that "human rights" is not a notion that applies analytically to all humans), and that (b) I am truly extending the set of humans rather than removing an artficial restriction on it. I want to argue that (a) is wrong morally and historically, and that (b) is wrong historically.

      (~a) Human rights do not exist to affirm our empathy towards the pain, suffering, humiliation, etc. of others. Instead, human rights exist in order to provide a check against our *lack* of empathy towards some people. If human rights were a function of empathy, then we would

      (1) extend more rights to those who are more pathetic (i.e., able to arouse empathy),
      (2) extend human rights to animals who also suffer,
      (3) increase the rights of those who suffer more.

      Historically, the basis for human rights in America is that all humans are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Even those skeptical that humans were specifically created (Jefferson, Paine) signed on to these principles, because they believed that to be human meant having human rights. In this, they were guided by the philosophical Realism of Locke. And, they were specifically arguing against the idea that rights are derived from the sympathies or laws of a particular society (such as England), but instead are universal and transcendental.

      In short, for the Founding Fathers, "human rights" are possessed by virtue of being human.

      It was, and is, important to base human rights on an objective property because we lack the proper empathy towards those who deserve it. The FF recognized that legislators tend to favor sympathetic causes. The Constitution was established to check that

      --
      Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.
  77. Re:Does it really matter? by sysiphus474 · · Score: 1

    You mean instead of abortion?
    When you get right down to it, most[0] people who oppose abortion these days are really against the use of abortion as birth control. Children are a huuuuge responsibility, and sex is still the way most people have 'em. If people thought about not getting pregnant BEFORE having sex, there would be less "need" for abortions. Fact remains that pregnancy is 100% preventable--it should not have to be stopped.

    [0] Yes, I talked to everyone. I called you and left a message.

  78. Re:Cells atomic particles by photon317 · · Score: 2, Interesting


    He's probably referring to the book by Roger Penrose and Martin Gardner (both brilliant minds, to be sure) called "The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics". In that book, Penrose makes a rather detailed argument for the fact that the essence of human-ness, whatever that is (consciousness, creativity, free will, etc...), the thing that we are desperately trying and failing to create with strong-AI efforts (AI that *really* can operate on a human level, not the stuff that gets marketed as "AI"), depends on some quantum effects in the brain. I haven't actually read the book (but I should), only seen reviews of it.

    I'm guessing he's just getting very technical about an idea that I've also always harbored about human intelligence vs AI - that a lot of the "magic" of how the human brain works boils down to have a good random number generator deep down inside every neuron that has a small chance to perturb the neuron's normal output and give you something unexpected. A quantum probability effect somewhere within the neuron would fit the bill nicely. On the scale and complexity of the brain, that small probability of "error" (as opposed to how an otherwise relatively rigid neural network would perform) could give rise to creativity, and also break loops (a problem detailed by Hofstated in the GEB and MMT books - how can you construct a peice of (sufficiently complex) software such that it will never get stuck in an infinite loop regardless of the inputs? You really can't - but a true AI needs that capability, or it will get stuck often. Small random perturbations in neuron decisions gaurantees that you won't keep re-executing the same response to the same feedbacked stimulus over and over and over)

    --
    11*43+456^2
  79. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    No, what's curious is that you seem to be totally unaware of the fact that there are millions of people who object to both abortion and the death penalty.

    How exactly is it that you're not even aware that the largest Christian sect in the world has taken this postion? It's not like they make any secret of it. Those kids have about a billion followers. If only one in ten of them agree with the Church's offical teaching, then there are 100 million counter examples to your theory.

  80. How Do They Even Get Fruitflies to Reproduce? by hippycow · · Score: 0

    Or do I just misunderstand the term?

  81. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    And people against the death penalty are for abortion :) While George Carlin made a great joke about this, the two topics are not actually opposite in viewpoint and it is quite understandble why people have different stances on each.

  82. What about specialization by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I was hoping there was a new break through in the puzzle that is cell specialization. I mean, all the cells carry the same genetic code. How is it that they start to realize which ones should become heart cells, brain cells etc and also to specialize in the right location relative to others.

    Has this question been answered already?

  83. Re:Does it really matter? by Phroggy · · Score: 1
    --
    $x='S24;r)>63/* h@<5+oZ)32"5cz';$me='phroggy'x$];
    $x=~y+ -xz+\0-Tx+;print$_^chop$me for split'',$x;
  84. Re: Does it really matter? by Chrononium · · Score: 1

    Animals are not a moral standard (look up naturalistic fallacy). More generally, facts do not form a moral standard.

  85. My hot wife wears "start to life jeans" by Chuqmystr · · Score: 0
    Yeah, serious guys! She looks so damned good, her little ass-end all slinky and what-not in them jeans... And then we get to doin' the do coz, well, she looks oh temptatious and then damn! Imade a discovery o' my own up in dem jeans and next thing y'all know I get a couple of lil' Chuq 2.0's running around. Oh, my bad, you wrote genes...

    Now lemme stipulate da real to y'all. Um, as to start of live, if that lil' zygote test tube baby can't toast me up some garlic bread and fetch me some chiante, hang out and ride a bike, play some Nintendo wit daddy, sit all up on my lap and listen to my lame ass stories or simply crappy up a nappy then they ain't wit da livin' dig? Until dat lil' science experiment pops out da oven and is all cooing/sleeping/cryin' in ya arms and growin' up ta be a general pains in da behinds and yo main reasonification fo gons to work fo da man ( face it you quacks, you all slave to "da man") den dat lil' bastad ain't but a meat byproduct. Or at least that be my twisted take. But then, you ever seen some dumb bastad tryin' to talk football stats to da hopeful son in mama's belly? PU-THET-NICS Y'ALL. Ait not no person till dat lil' bundle O' joy is all up in yo arms and just a wreckin' yo life. Now STFU! Ahem!

    --The secret to walkin' on da water is knowin' where da rocks is! Aqua-boogey baby! [Bootsy Collins]

  86. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    That's an easy one.

    The cell's done nothing wrong. (Presumably) Someone on death row has.

  87. Re: Does it really matter? by Black+Parrot · · Score: 1

    > Animals are not a moral standard (look up naturalistic fallacy). More generally, facts do not form a moral standard.

    Nor do misstatements of fact.

    But shouldn't you have directed your reply to the GP post, where some A/C argued:

    >>> I have a parallel for you. How many animals in nature actively kill their young when there is no need to?

    --
    Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
  88. Re:Does it really matter? by Chrononium · · Score: 1

    Thought experiment: Premises: 1) You don't want to force others to live under your beliefs. 2) I am a ritualistic cannibal and want to consume your significant other, a practice allowed in my original country. What do you do if you happen to value your s/o's life? What do you do if you happen to value people's lives in general? Do you stop me and therefore impose your version of morality on me? Relativism is tyrannical because you force it upon people who don't believe in relativism (i.e. they believe in some absolute form of morality). If I believe that most people in this world are unproductive slobs and don't belong to a master race, and you say that you feel I am wrong, but don't want to impose your value judgement on me ... well, that's already happened, hasn't it? Develop a real ethical system where you can stick to your values without necessarily compromising everytime you disagree with another person on moral matters.

  89. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by dreamer-of-rules · · Score: 1
    "Here's my second plan. Back in the Sixties I had a weather changing machine that was in essence a sophisticated heat beam which we called a "laser." Using this laser, we punch a hole in the protective layer around the Earth, which we scientists call the "Ozone Layer." Slowly but surely, ultraviolet rays would pour in, increasing the risk of skin cancer. That is, unless the world pays us a hefty ransom."
    -- Dr. Evil
    Yeah, baby.
    --
    Everyone is entitled to his own opinions, but not his own facts.
  90. 15 seconds is a lifetime by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Time and space genes .
      Cant move or remember anything without them.
      Maybe life starts years before birth.

  91. How about this... by sonicattack · · Score: 1

    They should patent it ... just to see the Pope go berzerk on television.

  92. No, not PC at all! by Trogre · · Score: 1

    Now now, you can't just go about saying that a fertilized egg is 'life'.

    That could lead you down a path that might interfere with a womans right to choose what to do with her body.

    Utopia forbid.

    --
    "Nine times out of ten, starting a fire is not the best way to solve the problem." - my wife
  93. Re:Does it really matter? by NitricEster79 · · Score: 1

    I said when there is no "need" to. I was very aware of male animals killing the young of other males before they produce their own offspring. I'm no biologist but I don't recall watching to many nature shows talking about a male killing its own ofspring when there is no reason for it.

  94. Re:Does it really matter? by Trogre · · Score: 1

    It is curious many people (don't know your position about this) who object to abortion never do so about death penalty.

    I've heard this repeated often but have never come across someone who holds those (seemingly contradictory) values.

    It's looking more like a strawman argument used to tar pro-lifers as hypocrites.

    --
    "Nine times out of ten, starting a fire is not the best way to solve the problem." - my wife
  95. False Start by ArthurT · · Score: 1

    The start of life gene doenst kick in until either speech or 'Screw You' is uttered. Sheep they is until then.

  96. So... HIRA is a VM!!! by the_skywise · · Score: 1

    "Sperm makes this change by swapping the type of 'packing material, known as histone proteins, it contains.

    The result is called the male pronucleus, which can then combine with the female pronucleus.

    The process is controlled by the HIRA gene. "

    In other words:

    The female downloads the executable to her ovum and attempts to insert it into the Egg OS... the HIRA (VM) runs the male code and translates it into the local Egg OS opcodes so the egg can run it...

    Insert whiney geek laughter here followed by obligatory monty python quote...
    (Okay that's not QUITE right, but then it wouldn't be funny... But it does strike me as pretty close to the mechanism that's going on there...)

    1. Re:So... HIRA is a VM!!! by Reziac · · Score: 1

      "The female downloads the executable to her ovum and attempts to insert it into the Egg OS... the HIRA (VM) runs the male code and translates it into the local Egg OS opcodes so the egg can run it..."

      Sounds like a Trojan to me!!

      --
      ~REZ~ #43301. Who'd fake being me anyway?
  97. Re: Does it really matter? by Trogre · · Score: 1

    No, but then again lots of animals practise homosexuality, rape and cannibalism.

    If it's morality we seek, the animal kingdom is not the place to look.

    --
    "Nine times out of ten, starting a fire is not the best way to solve the problem." - my wife
  98. LOL by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Funniest thing ever posted to Slashdot

  99. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You are retarded.
    You obviously have as much hate for "them" as "they" have for you. You would just as soon kill them as they you, and that makes you both just about equal. You no longer see them as people, because you have written them off as evil with no goal in life but to kill "white caucasians" (is it just me or is that a bit redundant?). They have a reason for what they do, and it is not simply "hatred" or "insanity". They have families and loved ones and motivations and ups and downs just like you "white caucasians" do. Until we all learn to TALK to eachother and find out what eachother's motivations are, we will never learn to get along. White westerns (aka Americans) are stuck in a problematic cycle of escalating badwill with Muslims (maybe even Arabs on the whole). The problem being that Muslims (again maybe Arabs in general) felt wronged by America. A small group of Arabs finally takes "revenge" against America (9/11) for whatever (there are a number of reasons why they may feel they need to take revenge. The reasons are too many to list here). So America takes revenge on them in Afghanistan and again in Iraq. Now the Arabs'll feel the need for revenge again. And so on ad infinitum. Eventually we all need to just stop and talk this stuff out. They want our military bases off of their holy land (for starters), America (of course) wants oil and peace (I personally want peace... not sure about the administration). We need to find a way to start compromising and working towards some sort of a treaty or pact.

    OH yeah. And if they could "just" modify the HIV virus in that way (which would be SO simple, cuz you implied it would be), then that would be something. Then they'd have magically achieved what mainstream medical science has so far failed at doing. And that's effective gene therapy. Oh and the HIV virus doesn't infect our reproductive cells (they infect immune cells dumbass), so your little diabolical plan wouldn't work anyway. OH and there's less genetic difference between two people of different races than there is between a short and tall person. So having your mythical virus somehow "detect" these miniscule differences would be impossible. OH and viruses don't pick and choose who they infect. As far as I know there is no natural example of a virus somehow examing its prey's DNA and then deciding whether or not to infect the prey based on the DNA. And there's no artificial means to make that happen.

    So yeah basically you're freakin stupid is what I'm trying to say.

    The reason many people suspect that the HIV virus was designed to target the gay and black communities is that that is where it originally appeared. And the belief in those days (at least the belief of many conservative right-wingers) was that inter-racial dating didn't (or maybe shouldn't) happen, and you couldn't swing both ways. So maybe these right-wingers introduced a virus into those populations hoping or assuming that it would be contained in only those populations, based on a *social* model.

    Dumbass.

  100. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by zippthorne · · Score: 1

    wait. Our birthrate is ALREADY below the replacement rate due to our own lifestyle decisions. No virus needed.

    --
    Can you be Even More Awesome?!
  101. dont mess with gods great plan by nih · · Score: 1
    --
    I'm a rabbit startled by the headlights of life :(
  102. Re:Does it really matter? by mikiN · · Score: 1

    Fact remains that pregnancy is 100% preventable--it should not have to be stopped.

    Consider the female of a couple trying to have kids (so she is off birth control) getting raped, resulting in her getting pregnant.

    I'm not trying to argue that abortion should be warranted in this case (it is a very complex subject and I've not made up my mind about it yet), I'm just saying that pregnancy is not 100% preventable.

    --
    The Hacker's Guide To The Kernel: Don't panic()!
  103. Re:Does it really matter? by jrldh2 · · Score: 1

    How about the MAJORITY of American throwing a massive tantrum This is all so dishonest (in its omissions), it is making my head spin. The majority of Americans may be against abortions regardless of development status but I have never heard that the majority is against _all_ abortions. You would count me to support your cause, because I am against abortion myself, if abortion is defined as ending pregnancy at any time before birth. But I am for abortion, if the pregnant woman chooses one when there is no unborn child but only a fertilized egg or a clump of cells without brain because who am I to tell another human being what to do with her body, if it does not harm somebody else (and, no, its not a "somebody" right after conception and up to TBD development phase) Of course, the question is where to draw the line. But amazingly this is rarely discussed !?! Neither the die hard pro-lifers (=control freaks?) nor the die hard pro-choicers (=individualist extremists?) want to give an inch.

  104. remember, not required for life by v1 · · Score: 1

    sexual reproduction, while old, is not the root of life. All early life was asexual. Sex was just an evolutionary breakthrough that allowed more rapid evolution. So calling this gene the "start of life" is not really all that accurate.

    --
    I work for the Department of Redundancy Department.
  105. Re:Does it really matter? by chialea · · Score: 1

    >I would have a lot better time hearing pro choice arguments if they also said it would be ok to kill a newborn if unwanted. I'm serious, there really isn't any difference, and I would like a consistent argument.

    There's a very large difference. When a fetus is embedded inside you, you are the one that must care for it (and take serious health risks for it). Once it's born and turns into a baby, you can hand it off to someone else, who can then take responsibility. It's the difference between "part of your body" and "not part of your body". This is, I believe, where the Roe v Wade viability test comes in.

    I'm not going to say where I stand on this issue, but I do think it's pretty clear that the situation where the fetus is inside vs. where the baby is outside are distinct.

  106. Male Contraception? by FFFish · · Score: 1

    Sounds like there is potential to develop a great male contraceptive out of this, too.

    Be even better if a single gene therapy would damage the HIRA gene, and another could reverse the damage.

    --

    --
    Don't like it? Respond with words, not karma.
  107. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by sjanes71 · · Score: 1

    Its fun to be anonymous, is all.

  108. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by sjanes71 · · Score: 1

    Let's see... non-sensational, subtle and long term methods... well... you got me... they don't do it that way at all. Except maybe for long term methods... they (the religiously intolerant ones who subvert Islam for their own needs-- lets be clear...) already have decades of experience in extremist indoctrination down pat. Let's hope they never learn to become subtle.

  109. Who do we blame? by Gax · · Score: 1

    The HIRA gene is involved in the events necessary for the fertilisation that take place once a sperm enters an egg. Faults in this gene might explain why some couples struggle to get pregnant despite having healthy sperm .

    I'm confused. My knee jerk reaction is too blame the parents for everything. Now they say the fault lies with a gene. How dare Slashdot challenge my worldview!

  110. Re:Does it really matter? by khallow · · Score: 1
    Abortion is LEGAL GENOCIDE. Simple as that.

    No. Genocide has a special meaning. What ethnic group is being targeted via abortion? I'll grant that it is legal murder, but that doesn't in itself mean that we should ban abortions.

    Second, the mother has always had the power to kill their unborn child and has exercised it for thousands (perhaps even millions of years). Frankly, we turned out all right despite that. I still believe the interpretation of whether this power is "right" or "wrong" is a dogmatic belief of the society, and see no obvious reason for either allowing or prohibiting abortion.

  111. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by sjanes71 · · Score: 1
    I thought about that before I posted but decided that it would be fun do to something for Halloween. (and I got flamed for it... but hey... it's Slashdot, if you're not stepping on any toes you're not contributing and I'm happy that some people considered it at least somewhat interesting.). Not everything with me is terrorism vs non-terrorism. I am not an "alarmist."

    Apparrently the replacement rate in the US is around 2.06 (in 2000) so it's not as bad as it is in Europe-- where they have already begun some social programs to encourage people to have families. One plan in Germany that makes childless individuals pay more for nursing home premiums seems a little... discriminatory. It's not clear to me if it works this way, but if you're at retirement age and need assisted living, it's a little late for you to have and raise children to cut yourself some slack in retirement. If this punitive kind of program keeps working there, I can see it encouraging emigration of the childless-elderly.

  112. What is a human? by rpbird · · Score: 1

    I know people who have lost their legs, are they no longer human? What makes us human, our shape? Our fingers? Our brains make us human ("Humm, brains" - sorry, Simpsons flashback). Neurological development should be the guiding factor in determining when the fetus turns from just another organism into a human.

  113. Re:Cells atomic particles by Trinn · · Score: 1

    Admittedly I'm walking out into hotly contested area here, but I also feel that such quantum events are required for the essence of free will...otherwise you are merely a state machine. My basic "religious" theory is that the "soul" is what decides the actual outcomes of the quantum events within the brain that are connected to "consciousness", and thus the soul can't actually "bind" to the being until the brain has formed to a certain degree. My guess is that time is somewhere around the beginning of the third trimester but I could be wrong.

  114. quantum randomness in humans by Dog135 · · Score: 1
    In that book, Penrose makes a rather detailed argument for the fact that the essence of human-ness, whatever that is (consciousness, creativity, free will, etc...), the thing that we are desperately trying and failing to create with strong-AI efforts (AI that *really* can operate on a human level, not the stuff that gets marketed as "AI"), depends on some quantum effects in the brain.

    So, he's saying there's something going on at a sub-neural level in the brain that effects our decisions and creativity in slight ways. And that this phenomenon only happens in human brains. (Why only human?)

    Sounds like a soul to me.
    --
    "That's so plausible, I can't believe it!" - Leela
    1. Re:quantum randomness in humans by Old+Wolf · · Score: 1

      I've read the book, and he doesn't say that it only happens in humans. He says that it doesn't happen in computers (thus far), and doesn't address the question of other animals.

  115. The name says it all by Ogemaniac · · Score: 1

    Why on earth would I visit such a site?

    You might be able to drag up some neo-Nazi-like trash to demonstrate the existence of such an absurd thought, but the assertion that it is in any way mainstream is silly.

  116. infanticide used to be birth control by bodrell · · Score: 1
    I would have a lot better time hearing pro choice arguments if they also said it would be ok to kill a newborn if unwanted. I'm serious, there really isn't any difference, and I would like a consistent argument.

    The line is certainly arbitrary, but it has to be drawn somewhere. Quickening has been a traditional time point, birth is another, conception yet another. But some societies found it acceptable to kill newborn children, as a method of birth control. In Iceland, before the missionaries converted everyone, infanticide was an acceptable practice--the infants were left to die of exposure, i.e., freezing to death. The Spartans did the same thing, and with a disturbing frequency.

    I personally think abortion is a necessary evil--no one would argue abortions are a good thing, except perhaps Cartman on South Park. Birth control ought to be readily available to everyone, including Plan B ("morning after" pill) and abortions, because unwanted children are most often the ones who turn out to be criminals or screwups. If a child is unwanted, best to get rid of it as fast as possible, while the damage is minimal. Think about all the cases where an unwanted child grows up to be a murderer. Wouldn't it have been better if he'd been aborted? Of course it's best to prevent an unwanted pregnancy from occuring in the first place, if at all possible; but from a practical standpoint, I think the current legal standard is reasonable.

    Now you have a consistent argument: any termination of pregnancy is undesirable, and is more distasteful the older the fetus gets, and an arbitrary place where we (the US) draw the legal line is after two trimesters. Happy?

    --
    Si la vida me da palo, yo la voy a soportar Si la vida me da palo, yo la voy a espabilar
    1. Re:infanticide used to be birth control by Reziac · · Score: 1

      It is possible to transfer an early-stage fetus to another host (a fetus might be viewed as a very specialized parasite, and is generally not picky about its host's identity, or even about being inside a uterus, so long as there is a good blood supply available).

      But I've never heard an anti-choice adherent volunteer to become a host for an unwanted fetus, nor even offer to adopt the unwanted child after birth.

      --
      ~REZ~ #43301. Who'd fake being me anyway?
  117. Re:Okay, prepare to have a scary Halloween thought by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The whole "race" thing is a myth. It's a phenotype, not a genotype, so it doesn't really match up with the genes. Kinda like Hitler having dark hair, etc. with the "ideal arian" having blonde hair & blue eyes, whoever was stupid enough to make one of these would have to hope that they checked their own genetic profile rather well :P

    Oh, and these things have a bad habit of mutating, too. Which tends to put a damper on the whole thing :)

  118. This isn't arguement, it's abuse! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    > Lastly- you can say "Abortion is legal ______ (I would say infanticide, but that definition doesn't really fit either)," but the fact is that it is legal.

    I'm disturbed by the notion that one's ethics "should" match up with 51% (or whatever) of the populace. Not to mention the fact that, depending on who goes to the Supreme Court next, this may not be true in the US in the near future.

    > So, neener neener neener. Please, come back when you have some sensical arguments and aren't typing while slobering over a Bible.

    Well, this isn't usually the place where one comes for sensible arguements, now, is it? :)

  119. Abortion and Religion Double Standard by jmoloug1 · · Score: 1

    Wading into the quagmire here...

    One of the observations I have personally made about abortion and fetal rights is how the mainstream society handles naturally-occurring miscarriages. I don't know of anyone who names an early-term miscarriage. However, if it is a person, shouldn't receive a proper religious funeral? Similarly, the Catholic Church (with which I am most familiar) won't baptize an in-utero fetus, so again, if it were a person, shouldn't it be eligible?

    I'm not sure where the line needs to be drawn and I have a deeply unsettled mind regarding abortion. However, I'd like some consistency in the logic being forced upon society by the religious right.

    1. Re:Abortion and Religion Double Standard by fingerfucker · · Score: 1

      However, I'd like some consistency in the logic being forced upon society by the religious right.

      Sorry pal, religion is never based on logic but rather on conviction.

  120. Wow, 200 posts and no obligatory joke by Old+Wolf · · Score: 1

    Which came first, the H1RA gene or the egg?

  121. Re:Does it really matter? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Honestly, the types of people that would kill their young so that they could still fit into a nice pair of designer jeans and continue their partying, schooling, working or doing whatever they enjoy doing shouldn't be multiplying anyway. I advocate free sterilization at abortion clinics so that one trips solves all their problems. There's no point in going back repeatedly.

  122. Obv. Joke by SeanDuggan · · Score: 1
    2. Any changes you make to the sperm would be passed onto the fetus. Doesn't matter whether change is dominant or recessive, if it is in the sprem that fertilizes the egg, it's part of the fetus.
    Reminds me of that old joke of someone saying that sterility runs in the family...

    Seriously though, some people definitely have more trouble. My parents did. They didn't believe in using drugs, so they researched fertility cycles. Interestingly enough, in the four week cycle, a female can only become pregnant in three days of that cycle. By virtue of NFP, they have six children. *wry grin* Although that leads to another old joke...
    What do you call people who use the Rhythm Method?
    Parents.

    And, since I told that joke, I feel obligated to mention that NFP is not the Rhythm Method. It has a similar concept, watching natural cycles, but it's much more advanced, with a 99.9% success rate when used to prevent conception.

    --
    This sig has absolutely no significance and serves only to take up screen space and waste the time of the reader.
  123. Ah, so a deist, then? by SeanDuggan · · Score: 1

    God isn't dead! He just got the hell out of here!!
    Ah, so you're a Deist, then?

    --
    This sig has absolutely no significance and serves only to take up screen space and waste the time of the reader.
  124. Re:Does it really matter? by rbanffy · · Score: 1

    You must be lucky. I have come accross quite a few. Most of them are conservative right-wing non-catholic christians.

    And I bet George W Bush is pro death-penalty.

  125. I don't think so. by Grendel+Drago · · Score: 1

    The argument is usually presented as "IF late-term abortion is okay, then infanticide is okay". This usually leads to "late-term abortion is not okay".

    --
    Laws do not persuade just because they threaten. --Seneca
  126. Re:Cells atomic particles by lisaparratt · · Score: 1

    Having fallen victim to thought loops many times, I'd personally say it's the equivalent of a watchdog timer that fixes it, and not some inherent quantum property that prevents the mind getting into them in the first place.

  127. errata by cagle_.25 · · Score: 1
    Doh! You try to proofread and the errors still slip through!

    "...the lack of any such numbers in your list is a failure of imagination on your part." [strike "the" in original].

    However, from a legal and moral perspective, we have consistently held that articles XIII, XV, and XIX were enacted because we finally realized that we had been artificially restricting the rights of some humans because we did not properly recognize their humanity. Few now would argue that blacks did not actually have a moral right to vote prior to the passage of Amendment XV. Rather, our collective understanding is that the right for blacks to vote was implied in the Constitution and Declaration, but went undiscovered until 1869, when XV was adopted. We did not expand society in 1869; we righted a fundamental injustice that had previously gone uncorrected. It was our failure to correctly empathize with women and blacks that kept us from granting them full rights from the beginning, in 1789.

    --
    Human being (n.): A genetically human, genetically distinct, functioning organism.