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Cassini Finds Evidence of Water

CheshireCatCO writes "Scientists working on the Cassini Mission think that they have found compelling evidence for the existence of liquid water at the south pole of the moon Enceladus. In addition to the obvious puzzles relating to how temperatures can be held high enough for liquid water, the presence of water, as well as the detection of organic molecules, opens up the possibility for life at Enceladus's south polar region. The findings are to appear in the 10 March issue of the journal, Science"

50 of 167 comments (clear)

  1. Business Plan: by tverbeek · · Score: 5, Funny
    1. Send equipment to southern Enceladus

    2. Bottle the icy-cold water

    3. Ship bottles to Earth

    4. Sell "Enceladus Springs" at outrageous prices

    5. (Need I say more?)

    --
    http://alternatives.rzero.com/
    1. Re:Business Plan: by Alex+P+Keaton+in+da · · Score: 3, Funny

      You forgot
      6. Get modded down for a tired joke.

      --
      And All I Ask is a Tall Ship And a Star to Steer Her By
    2. Re:Business Plan: by NitsujTPU · · Score: 2, Funny

      True, but I heard that Apples contain arsenic!

    3. Re:Business Plan: by Old+Wolf · · Score: 4, Funny

      > 6. Get modded down for a tired joke.

      This is Slashdot, tired jokes get modded up !

      IN SOVIET RUSSIA, YOU JOKE ABOUT MODDED TIRES!

  2. Arthur C Clarke says ... by nmccart · · Score: 4, Funny

    All these worlds
    Are yours except
    Europa
    Attempt no
    Landing there
    Use them together
    Use them in peace

    --
    Funny sigs make your Karma go down.
    1. Re:Arthur C Clarke says ... by Tackhead · · Score: 4, Funny
      > All these worlds
      > Are yours except
      > Europa
      > Attempt no
      > Landing there
      > Use them together
      > Use them in peace

      All these world
      Are belong to you
      Except Enceladus
      Move no Zig there
      For great justice
      And because it will get wet

    2. Re:Arthur C Clarke says ... by Etcetera · · Score: 4, Informative

      Ironically enough, the original 2001: A Space Odyssey story (it remains this way in the novel) has them visiting Saturn, NOT Jupiter. Supposedly it was changed in the movie because the effects people ended up not being able to make a convincing Saturn. IIRC the Monolith is on the moon Iapetus -- a black dot visited smack in the middle of the extraordinarily high contrast between its faces.

      Clarke's 2010(+) novels follow the cinematic version and keep them visiting Jupiter.

    3. Re:Arthur C Clarke says ... by PinkyGigglebrain · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Acording to Clarke's notes in the copy of 2001 I have Kubrick decided to drop Saturn because he didn't want to confuse the viewers about where the Monolith was, plus try explaining a gravity slingshot manuver to joe sixpack moviegoer.

      Your dead on about Iapetus though, when the first images where sent back from Voyager 1 showing the moon exactly as Clarke had described it, right down to the black dot (in the book its the Monolith)in the middle Carl Sagan promptly sent a copy of the image to Clarke with the note "Thinking of you ..."

  3. Great! by christopher240240 · · Score: 4, Funny

    That's the perfect place for me and my rag-tag band of misfit rebels to establish a secret base! I just hope that taun-taun life is sustainable there.

  4. Saturn by Illbay · · Score: 3, Informative
    It should be noted that Enceladus is a moon of the planet Saturn.

    Yeah, I know a *true geek* such as typically is found on /. will know this without looking it up, but for those afraid to ask...

    --
    Any technology distinguishable from magic is insufficiently advanced.
    1. Re:Saturn by conJunk · · Score: 4, Informative
      Yeah, I know a *true geek* such as typically is found on /. will know this without looking it up, but for those afraid to ask...

      Well, we didn't even need to get the name of the mood, we *all* know where the Casini probe is and what it's doing...

    2. Re:Saturn by meringuoid · · Score: 3, Informative
      It should be noted that Enceladus is a moon of the planet Saturn. Yeah, I know a *true geek* such as typically is found on /. will know this without looking it up, but for those afraid to ask...

      A true geek might not be expected to know all the moons of the Solar System - I confess I would have had only a 50% chance of getting Enceladus right - but he would certainly be expected to know that the Cassini spacecraft is in orbit around Saturn. Has been for about five years, IIRC. Thus we are unlikely to hear reports of major discoveries made by Cassini about moons of Jupiter, or perhaps of Neptune.

      --
      Real Daleks don't climb stairs - they level the building.
    3. Re:Saturn by dotslash · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Also notable: This finding is more puzzling because Enceladus is not thought to have "volcanic" activity. It is too small and cold to sustain a molten core, or plate tectonics. Which makes this finding the ultimate irony, since Enceladus is the ancient greek god/giant of volcanos, who was burried under mount Etna, hence the volcano there.

      When they named Enceladus, the moon was considered incapable of sustaining volcanic activity, but maybe the name changed all that!

    4. Re:Saturn by Wyatt+Earp · · Score: 5, Informative

      Cassini was launched in 1997 and entered Saturn's orbit on July 1, 2004. On December 25, 2004 the probe separated from the orbiter and probe reached Saturn's moon Titan on January 14, 2005

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini-Huygens

  5. H2O? by imstanny · · Score: 5, Funny

    Do they know that it's Water as in H2O or simply a liquidy viscuous substance that shoots from a small opening at the tip of the moon?

    1. Re:H2O? by Cybrex · · Score: 4, Informative

      It's H2O. They've been able to specifically identify the Hydrogen and Oxygen, and the ratio is correct.

      --
      Boundless Expansion, Self-Transformation, Dynamic Optimism, Intelligent Technology, Spontaneous Order- BEST DO IT SO!
    2. Re:H2O? by HarvardAce · · Score: 2
      simply a liquidy viscuous substance that shoots from a small opening at the tip

      Judging by current replies to this post as well as its moderation (+2 Interesting), am I the only one that has my mind in the gutter? I have to believe that the OP was trying to be at least a little suggestive...

      --
      Note to self: Stop putting jokes in my insightful comments so I can get something other than +1 Funny!
    3. Re:H2O? by Jon+Luckey · · Score: 4, Informative
      How can a spectrometer work without combustion?

      You can read spectrums as patterns of light absorbtion bands as well as light emission bands

      --
      -- 3 events that reshaped the world in the 20th century: WW1, WW2, and WWW
  6. That is some cold water by digitaldc · · Score: 4, Interesting

    In the spring of 2008, scientists will get another chance to look at Enceladus when Cassini flies within 350 kilometers (approximately 220 miles), but much work remains after Cassini's four-year prime mission is over.

    We need a closer look, but it would be interesting to gather some samples of this water and see if it contains microorganisms of any kind.

    --
    He who knows best knows how little he knows. - Thomas Jefferson
    1. Re:That is some cold water by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

      The practicality of sending a probe to the surface of a far-flung moon for remote experimentation or return payload for terrestrial experimentation aside, the worry with such a procedure would be contamination. The Galileo Spacecraft was plowed into Jupiter's atmosphere to prevent any earth-bound contaminants from entering Europa, another planetoid that's on the short list of places that are likely to be able to support life. Some might see it as a grand irony if our experiment to find out if there's life on Enceladus, only to find that earth-bound microorganisms take seed there and multiply. It's an entirely different irony if the probe ends up being toxic to the indigenous life.

      So, do we sit back, millions of miles away, speculating as to whether life exists there, or endanger the life we seek to discover by "getting a closer look" to see if it exists? Quite a conundrum, isn't it?

    2. Re:That is some cold water by Iphtashu+Fitz · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The practicality of sending a probe to the surface of a far-flung moon for remote experimentation or return payload for terrestrial experimentation aside, the worry with such a procedure would be contamination.

      But why not just do something similar to the Mars rovers? Have a self-contained laboratory that can do all the necessary analysis there. It'd probably be a lot cheaper than trying to retrieve a sample and return it here, and you wouldn't have to worry about contamination, etc.

    3. Re:That is some cold water by Kjella · · Score: 3, Insightful

      But why not just do something similar to the Mars rovers? Have a self-contained laboratory that can do all the necessary analysis there. It'd probably be a lot cheaper than trying to retrieve a sample and return it here, and you wouldn't have to worry about contamination, etc.

      Well, if all you had to care about was contaminating the sample you took, what's the big worry? The worry is that microorganisms are incredibly resistant and could survive the trip from Earth to the moon. In fact, there are whole theories about earth being seeded by microorganisms from an asteroid although I consider those pretty far out. But it doesn't get any better by the fact that a) it's coming from a place we know is full of microorganisms, b) space probes travel much shorter, c) land more gentle, d) need radiation shielding and livable operating temperatures. You can read more here about how hard these bastards are to kill. Sending a probe there would be almost as much a medical task (sterilization, contaminant detection, seals) as space travel.

      --
      Live today, because you never know what tomorrow brings
    4. Re:That is some cold water by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful
      The practicality of sending a probe to the surface of a far-flung moon for remote experimentation or return payload for terrestrial experimentation aside, the worry with such a procedure would be contamination.

      But why not just do something similar to the Mars rovers? Have a self-contained laboratory that can do all the necessary analysis there. It'd probably be a lot cheaper than trying to retrieve a sample and return it here, and you wouldn't have to worry about contamination, etc.

      Firstly, sending a self-contained labratory to do experiments there on the moon's surface is sending a probe to the surface of a far-flung moon for remote experimentation, which was the first option mentioned in the snippet you quoted.

      Also, note that this in no way removes the chance of contamination, it probably increases the chance. Even though these probes are assembled in clean rooms and every attempt is made NOT to contaminate the probe prior to flight, it's impossible to make sure that the probe is 100% free of earthborn life. Airborne viruses might get caught inside the probe, and could wreak havoc on the alien biology, for instance. Other posts here illustrate the problems of microorganisms, but the problem isn't necessarily that our microbes could taint their microbes; the very probe itself could very well contaminate the moon on its own. Remember, the probe very likely would NOT be chemically inert; it could poison the water that it touches. A probe sitting on the surface of a planet for all eternity will degrade and erode. Obviously this is purely hypothetical, but imagine that part of this probe was lead. If a chunk of lead fell into our drinking water, we'd suffer consequences and eventually succumb to lead poisoning. Lead is poisonous to us to some degree, and we can't be overexposed to it. Well, what is poisonous to extraterrestial life that we're investigating? How do we make sure that there's nothing we leave on that planet that damages the ecosystem?

      Alternatively, let's assume that we can send a probe which is totally inert and nonthreatening to the moon's environment. We have the possibility of creating something akin to a artificial reef, as life grows around the probe and becomes dependent on it. Are we trying to seed life, encourage life, or study life? Where do we cross the line between letting life grow as it may and interfering with its evolution?
    5. Re:That is some cold water by khallow · · Score: 2, Interesting
      Other posts here illustrate the problems of microorganisms, but the problem isn't necessarily that our microbes could taint their microbes; the very probe itself could very well contaminate the moon on its own.

      Well, given Enceladus' location, there should be a lot of exposure to metallic meteorites including more lead and other heavy metals than you could possibly cram on a probe.

    6. Re:That is some cold water by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Apples and oranges. The Galileo Spacecraft was plowed into Jupiter's atmosphere because it wasn't properly decontaminated (not needed for something that stays in space and takes pictures). Equipment that is meant to land and search for life will obviously be decontaminated.

    7. Re:That is some cold water by FleaPlus · · Score: 2, Interesting

      The practicality of sending a probe to the surface of a far-flung moon for remote experimentation or return payload for terrestrial experimentation aside, the worry with such a procedure would be contamination.

      Actually, part of the beauty of this discovery is that we wouldn't necessarily have to do that, because it seems that the geyser system on Enceladus is shooting liquid water (and whatever it contains) all around the Saturn system. From a piece of commentary by James Oberg on Why the Enceladus discovery matters:

      Enceladus has now offered, on a space platter, the easiest-so-far way to examine directly the composition of such oceans. We don't have to drill or melt our way through a hundred miles of an outer ice shell, as on Jupiter's moon Europa, or fight our way down through and back up through a thick atmosphere such as found on Titan, Saturn's largest moon.

      We can go out there to Enceladus and pick up the samples in deep space, delivered conveniently by the geyser system that appears to be driven by the same heating process -- gravitational flexing -- that created the Enceladus liquid water pools in the first place. ...

      An aerogel-equipped spacecraft could be dispatched to the Saturn system to make repeated passes over Enceladus (the geysers don't seem to be permanent features) while opening Stardust-like collection grids. Bonus passes through the upper atmosphere of Titan and the outer rings of Saturn might also be possible. And we may get even more potential targets as the Cassini probe that discovered these wonders continues to explore.

    8. Re:That is some cold water by JavaLord · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Are we trying to seed life, encourage life, or study life?

      Accomplishing any of the above would be pretty remarkable, and a success.

  7. slashdotted already? by spanklin · · Score: 5, Funny
    I teach astronomy, and I just tried to go to Cassini's website for some information for a presentation I'm giving next week. When I found the Cassini website down with some strange error, I clicked over to /. to check the news until their site comes back up. Lo and behold, the first story on /. is about Cassini.

    Did you all purposely do this?

    1. Re:slashdotted already? by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 4, Informative

      Well, ciclops.org is feeling the load quite badly at the moment. We're still on a single T1 and we're serving up a lot of very large images at the moment. Apologies if the site is slow or unresponsive. (And we're working on getting another line, but... bureaucracy is happening.)

  8. That's no moon... by Rob+T+Firefly · · Score: 4, Funny

    ...it's an Evian station!

  9. Yeah, sure... by Wavicle · · Score: 5, Insightful

    1) Suggest a possible discovery of liquid water out there
    2) Make allusion to possibility of life emerging there
    3) ???
    4) Grant Funding!

    I'm as much a fan of discovery as the next scientifically minded person, but this has become a little tired in recent years. Every time a possible discovery of liquid water creeps up, the potential for life always follows in the very next paragraph if not the next sentence. One would wonder what would happen if we found a vast reservoir of liquid water but no life in it. I imagine some segment of astrobiology would be so incredulous as to insist on probing it until an earth born microbe manages to survive the trip and contaminate the discovery.

    When I was first reading this I thought "Wow, wouldn't it be interesting to figure out how liquid water could have existed there." Then came the inevitable "hey, maybe there's life there!" I just gave up. The conditions for liquid water are remarkable enough, do we need to include the outrageously small probability of life developing before we've looked at the more answerable questions like "where's the heat coming from?"

    --
    Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army.
    Edward Everett (1794 - 1865)
    1. Re:Yeah, sure... by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The water thing is tired because the Mars community has over-done it pretty badly. This is a case where liquid water should not exist (based on what we know right now), so it's pretty remarkable.

      I mentioned the possiblity of life only because of the detection of organic molecules. Frankly, I think that the odds of life are quite slim, but this discovery *does* add Enceladus to a rather short list of good places to look. Even if there is no life, we can learn a lot about the abiotic formation of organics and probably put some better constraints on the conditions under which life might develop. So I'm not saying that there is life or that we should expect to find any, merely that this makes Enceladus an interesting place for astrobiologists.

    2. Re:Yeah, sure... by argStyopa · · Score: 2, Insightful

      ...do we need to include the outrageously small probability of life developing...

      Well that's just the POINT, isn't it?
      I mean, right now we have liquid water on one planet, where life developed. Statistical correlation of 1.0 (great!) over a sample size of 1 (not so great).

      Neither you, nor I, nor Carl Sagan, nor all the scientists at NASA knows/knew whether the 'probability of life' is large, small, or somewhere in between. What we're talking about though is DOUBLING our sample size which is a pretty big deal, although still doesn't get us very far (statistically speaking).

      --
      -Styopa
    3. Re:Yeah, sure... by gstoddart · · Score: 2, Insightful
      The conditions for liquid water are remarkable enough, do we need to include the outrageously small probability of life developing before we've looked at the more answerable questions like "where's the heat coming from?"

      It's two-fold.

      Everyone has always acted like water in the universe was scarce and Earth had some special circumstances that allowed liquid water to exist.

      Also, damned near any conditions where we can find water on Earth, there will be sort sort of life hanging about in the form of one extremophile or another -- no matter the conditions.

      The more and varied places you can find water, the more you need to start wondering how likely it could be that, if not there but someplace, maybe the likelihood of life existing elsewhere is less remote than we'd thought.

      It's not like we expect to find (intelligent) life everywhere we find a puddle or a block of ice. But the more water we find in different places/conditions, the higher the likelihood we could find life, intellligent or othewise, in a lot of places.

      If you start increasing the values of any of the things in Drake's equation (or W.A.G. if you prefer) the more likely it seems you would be to eventually find other intelligent (or at least more evolved than microbes) lifeforms around. Learning more about own own solar system lets us make broader guesses about the range of conditions which could exist out there.

      If there's any substance to the belief that life on Earth was seeded from elsewhere, other places could have also been seeded. One just never knows. This is just a reflection of the fact that scientists are more willing to entertain the notion than they were in the past.

      Cheers
      --
      Lost at C:>. Found at C.
    4. Re:Yeah, sure... by jc42 · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Everyone has always acted like water in the universe was scarce and Earth had some special circumstances that allowed liquid water to exist.

      That belief has always puzzled me.

      Let's see now; H is the most common element in the universe, and the current estimates for other elements have O in third place. So H and O atoms stand a very good chance of meeting each other nearly everywhere, to form HO. HO in turn is highly likely to bump into another H after a short trajectory. There's also a good possibility of that O bumping into an H2 molecule, since much of the universe's H outside stars is in the form of molecules.

      Astronomers will tell you that water is one of the most common chemical compounds in the universe. It takes special conditions, mostly plasmas inside stars, to avoid having a lot of water on hand.

      Current estimates are that most of the satellites of the gas giants, as well as Pluto and Charon, are around 50% water.

      Of course, at the 70K equilibrium temperature around Saturn, you'd expect water to be mostly a rather hard mineral. It doesn't even sublimate at that temperature.

      So for Enceladus to have liquid water, even temporarily, implies that there's a heat source somewhere inside. That's the interesting part of this story.

      --
      Those who do study history are doomed to stand helplessly by while everyone else repeats it.
  10. Re:I don't like to complain but.. by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 3, Funny

    All of the NASA money is going into manned space programs. Money for the science space program depends on how much money is left over from updating the website.

  11. Re:Predictable rabble by Golias · · Score: 3, Insightful

    All /. comment so far have nothing to do with the news. *sigh* Always the same with astronomy items.

    The news: The most simple and common combination of two extremely common elements might have been noticed on a large rock, very far away.

    Like most astronomy news, it's incredibly boring unless you let your imagination run wild and start dreaming about colonies, alien life, or other flights of fancy... so it's no surprise that most of the /. posts are just people cracking stupid jokes.

    --

    Information wants to be anthropomorphized.

  12. Re:Yeah, sure... or How I Love Grants by WillAffleckUW · · Score: 4, Interesting

    1) Suggest a possible discovery of liquid water out there
    2) Make allusion to possibility of life emerging there
    3) ???
    4) Grant Funding!


    Well, the avian-human transmission of influenza was actually discovered by a research scientist who wanted an excuse to go surfing in Australia, so he proposed a grant to study if seabirds were a reservoir for influenza that infects humans.

    Turns out they were. Plus, he got some good surf in.

    So, maybe we should investigate the surfing potential of this moon, and maybe we'll discover a cure for cancer ...

    --
    -- Tigger warning: This post may contain tiggers! --
  13. Further Link by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 5, Informative

    The editors changed my story link. My original submission had http://www.ciclops.org/ which has not only the press-release but several supporting images which might be of interested. Granted, our server is feeling the load pretty badly at the moment, but that'll probably ease up in a little while.

  14. Re:Supercooled water by vapspwi · · Score: 2, Insightful

    It generally has to be pretty clean water, too, at least from what I've observed. We put bottles of filtered water in the fridge here at work all the time, and it supercools - if you're careful, you can drink some nice, below 32F water, but if you shake it up or bump the bottle too much, the water will crystalize into an icy slush. Pretty neat trick. Unfiltered water just seems to freeze solid in the freezer, though.

    JRjr

  15. Maybe . . . by ndansmith · · Score: 3, Funny
    Do they know that it's Water as in H2O or simply a liquidy viscuous substance that shoots from a small opening at the tip of the moon?

    It's oil. Now we can get our petrol without having to rely on those unstable sources like Canada.

  16. Re:Really dumb question... by biraneto2 · · Score: 4, Informative

    The current theory is found in this link

  17. Re:Supercooled water by LunaticTippy · · Score: 3, Interesting
    Your observations are dead on.

    Anything that seeds the crystallization will do - an ice crystal works best, but particles or shock will do.

    I had a bottle of cider camping (I don't know the temperature, but my kerosene froze) that stayed liquid until I opened it. Spiderwebs of ice forming inside, quite beautiful, followed by the crack of the bottle breaking.

    --
    Man, you really need that seminar!
  18. Re:Same old news with a new press release and a (! by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 4, Informative

    Speaking as someone who worked this: no we didn't. We knew that there was a plume earlier but as far as we knew it was warm ice that produced it. And that wasn't a year ago that we announced the discovery of the plume, either.

    The new measurements suggest that there too much water vapor in the plume to be warm ice and it almost has to be liquid water.

    Also, there is no detection of ammonia so far.

  19. We're still talking very cold temperatures by PIPBoy3000 · · Score: 3, Informative

    If you look at a temperature map of Enceladus, it's still quite cold, perhaps 100 degrees Kelvin. With virtually no pressure, it's enough to cause evaporation and the formation of water. There's a good write-up here.

    So, don't expect to see exotic creatures swimming about. It might end up being a great place to mine for water, however, supporting future colonies of Saturn. The moon has virtually no gravity, so you could practically throw it off the surface (well, not really - the escape velocity is 212 m/s).

  20. Threat to humans? by ecorona · · Score: 2, Interesting

    So say there are organisms that live on Saturn's moon. My fear is that they are extremely efficient at utilizing resources since they probably don't have many resources there. If we all of a sudden bring them back to earth where the resources for are that much higher then how do we know they won't spread unstopably and destroy us all?

  21. Let's use some logic by Expert+Determination · · Score: 2, Funny

    Pluto is made of solid matter. The Earth is made of solid matter (it least its surface has a large solid component). There are computers on Earth. So maybe there are computers on Pluto. I vote that we allocate funds to NASA to research this hypothesis.

    --
    "The White House is not an intelligence-gathering agency," -- Scott McClellan, Whitehouse spokesman.
  22. Re:Neptune by CheshireCatCO · · Score: 3, Informative

    That sounds like Triton, although I don't think we have any direct detections of a nitrogen ocean. There are certainly plumes erupting from the surface, though, so it's definiately possible.

  23. Bwahahaha! by kadathseeker · · Score: 2, Funny

    Now I can ship myself and a ton of robots and equipment there and begin to fufill my evil plans...

    I will have the first wave of gas staions, drive-throughs, and Starbucks on the spacelanes and secure a monopoly all for myself!

    Bwahahaha! Monopoly! I feel like Bill Gates...

    --
    The 'Net is a waste of time, and that's exactly what's right about it. - William Gibson
  24. Re:Predictable rabble by thesandtiger · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Actually, the news in this case:

    The most simple and common combination of two extremely common elements might exist on a large rock, very far away, in a form that shouldn't be possible based on our current understanding of the conditions there.

    You might not find that to be interesting, and may even be in the majority, but for people who are interested in that field, possibly finding something completely unexpected (not the water part, but the liquid state) is pretty interesting.

    Am I suggesting that people leap up and down and hoot and holler over this? No, but I'm not suggesting that people should treat this as just "more of the same" either.

    --
    Since I can't tell them apart, I treat all ACs as the same person.