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Simple Mod Turns Diodes Into Photon Counters
KentuckyFC writes "The standard way to detect single photons is to use an avalanche photodiode in which a single photon can trigger an avalanche of current. These devices have an important drawback, however. They cannot distinguish the arrival of a single photon from the simultaneous arrival of two or more. But a team of physicists in the UK has found a simple mod that turns avalanche photodiodes into photon counters. They say that in the first instants after the avalanche forms, its current is proportional to the number of photons that have struck. All you have to do is measure it at this early stage. That's like turning a Fiat 500 into a Ferrari. Photon counting is one of the enabling technologies behind optical quantum computing. A number of schemes are known in which it is necessary to count the arrival of 0, 1 or 2 photons at specific detectors (abstract). With such a cheap detector now available (as well as decent photon guns), we could see dramatic progress in this field in the coming months."
Instantaneously slashdotted site?
...they treat the earliest stages as if the diode were a unijunction transistor of sorts (using the photon reaction as if it were the gate 'voltage'), and check the waveform? Gah - I'll RTFA(bstract) @ work... :)
Quo usque tandem abutere, Nimbus, patientia nostra?
Goldberg photon state machines have been able to do this since the 70s.
Yes, on both
bitheaven
heard of it a lot
never seen it myself
You kids and your fancy diodes. Back in my day we counted photon by hand. Some people used paper to record the counts. We called them amateurs. Now get off my lawn!
Well, there's spam egg sausage and spam, that's not got much spam in it.
I read it like:
Simple Slashdot Mod Turns Diodes Into Photon Counters
Now it is official.
F found
i in
a alleyway
t torched
worth more dead than alive, junker from italy (ferrari is all name; construction is middling; also italy)
Cheap, cooled devices...
They don't go into a whole lot of detail on what they mean by "cooled devices." This smells an awful lot like "you have to spend a ton of money to save a tiny bit of money."
If these things have to be cooled with some liquefied gas, then I suppose any cost savings on the material or approach would be quickly eaten up by energy used to cool them... just a hunch...
As the physics is _not_ understood well enough to support the outrageous security claims that are being made by these grant-hungry researchers.
My guess is that at some time the possibility to evasdrop on these connections (and there are already some succcesses with that, despite the initial claims of impossibility), will render this technology useless. I hoper there is at least some useful other discoveries alsong the way...
Most ACs are not even worth the keystrokes to insult them. Be generically insulted by this and ignored otherwise.
"They say that in the first instants after the avalanche forms, its current is proportional to the number of photons that have struck. All you have to do is measure it at this early stage."
That's nothing, I used to turn avalanche photodiodes into photon counters in my T-16 back home.
stuff |
I mean if multiple photons arrive at the same time at the detector should they be counted as a single vote or multiple votes? Whatever you say someone or the other would object and eventually it will be decided in the Supreme Court. Counting is quite weird in Florida.
sed -e 's/Chuck Norris/Rajnikant/g' joke > fact
Something that hasn't been pointed out is how useful this will be in high energy physics. The basic way of measuring a lot of particles is to look for the photons emitted when they interact with materials.
This should help reduce the cost of certain detectors. Especially for measuring neutrinos that can only be spotted by the cherenkov radiation they give off as they pass through massive detectors (look here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1AnjwDDq8Q&feature=related :X
So it turns something cheap and unreliable into something most people can't afford that doesn't perform well in crashes?
http://twitter.com/OLDTELEGRAM
The guy creates a photon counter out of a little diode and you're still making fun of your moderators?
Bad form.
I'd say it's more like finding out your "workstation" is an overpriced, overcomplicated Rube Goldberg device that in reality has the same performance as a Razor scooter.
Up to this point, photon counters were elaborate devices with scintillation media, anticoincidence detctors, veto logic, and complex timing and biasing requirements.
Now you can just apply 9.8V and an instrumentation amp and a couple analog filter/comparator chains, and off you go counting.
I can see the fnords!
This kind of gorgeous tweaking gives me warm feelings inside. Shields has taken a common device used in the field and, through a deep understanding of the physics of its operations, has increased it's functionality without much additional complexity. From the paper he says he cools the device thermo-electrically to -30 deg. C. Thermo-electric cooling is far nicer than cryogenic cooling (typ. using liquid gasses for heat exchange) used in other devices for photon number counting. Further, the method only introduces electronic capacitance subtraction of the photodiode response which is relatively simple compared to other methods (e.g. http://www.stanford.edu/group/fejer/fejerpubs/2005/Langrock_OL_2005.pdf which uses the nonlinear response of a crystal and a massive amount of supporting optics and electronics). This subtraction gives orders of magnitude greater sensitivity and allows the time response of the initial avalanche to be extracted from which photon numbers can be counted. One of those wonderful, "why didn't I think of that", insights. Very nice.
They say that in the first instants after the avalanche forms... All you have to do is measure it at this early stage... like turning a Fiat 500 into a Ferrari.
Summary sounds like a v1agra spam ad...
...that they want to take an avalanche photodiode and get some readings before the avalanching behaviour kicks in. Wouldn't it be easier to use a PIN photodiode without avalanching?
yeah, I just read with Javascript off because of this problem. Also, when I'm on a Mac, Safari frequently crashes while browsing Slashdot when Javascript is on for the past month or so
Karma: Excellent. 15 moderator points expire sometime.
Simple Mod Turns Diodes Into Photon Counters
and yet he still couldn't get his Lambretta to start...
Thanks, I never even thought of trying that (sometimes it takes a bit to engage the brain while at work). Seems (with very minimal testing) to have resolved the issue.
My Babylon
Right. So how long before these simpler devices get into digital cameras? It would certainly help to increase the signal to noise ratio.
I wonder how these things would perform in direct sunlight. You're getting a few more than a couple of photons at once in that case....
Ask me about repetitive DNA
If this is the probability of finding particular signal amplitudes (time unspecified), how does it relate to single photon counting?
It seems all back to front. Naively one might expect that multiple photons would result in a larger initial avalanche current, but the graph doesn't seem to relate to this at all. It shows a high probability that the output at no photon will be around 5mV, whatever that is supposed to mean. Is that the dark current of the diode at a given bias, before it triggers?
I suspect that what we are seeing here is a diode biased with some low voltage from a limited current source, and that the pulse amplitude results from the self-discharge of the diode capacitance into the measuring resistor. In which case what is being shown is that the resting output is around 5mV, and that the pulse height depends on the number of simultaneous photons. If so, this could have been shown quite clearly on a conventional graph with the output pulse height represented on the Y axis, the number of photons on the X axis, and the probabilities shown by the shape of the distribution.
So, either I don't get it (always a possibility) or someone needs to go and (a) read up statistics again and (b) read Tufte.
From scarped cliff or quarried stone she cries "A thousand types are gone, I care for nothing, no not one."
a lot of the applications for "security" actually is the defeat of cryptanalysis systems as these computers could crack keys in a reasonable amount of time. This would start to drive key length to very large values in order to keep data safe.
Essentially the value in quantum computing is you can set up a logical relationship between all the qbits and then preform an operation on any number of them and they instantaneously effect the remaining qbits. This saves the computation time for preforming operations on all the other qbits. The question on making this feasible is can you make the read/write time for each of the qbits reasonable and the technology affordable to do so. This seems to be a huge step in the right direction for the latter.
Oh honey look... How cute... an angry slashdotter!
Isn't that what those little cells (rods) in our eyes do?
I remember they can detect one single photon, (although we wouldn't perceive it) going all the way up to super bright light.
Although they are more of an analog detector, (stronger signal just looks brighter) rather than digital, it's pretty much the same device.
Isn't that what the Starship Enterprise used to destroy enemy ships?
Finally we can settle whether a Galaxy class star ship can defeat the Deathstar. How many photons in a photon torpedo?
Winkey shortcut mapping for 64bit windows. WinKeyPlus
And the commodity price of photo diodes shoots up to match that of photon counters.
Vintage computer adverts: http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/computers-and-software-ads
Up to this point, photon counters were elaborate devices with scintillation media, anticoincidence detctors, veto logic, and complex timing and biasing requirements.
Now you can just apply 9.8V and an instrumentation amp and a couple analog filter/comparator chains, and off you go counting.
Not so.
The photon counter was a device _inside_ the complicated setup you just described, e.g. a Photon-Multiplier (PM), or an Avalanche Photo Diode (APD)
What they actually do is take an expensive photon counter, and make it distinguish between one..two..n photon arriving within such a short time that the photon counter would normally miss all but the first.
So: this is not about sensitivity (the APDs used here are single-photon sensitive already!), but about pile-up.
Still, it's a HUGE development: up until now, you had to decide _before_ the measurement, whether you'd be expecting one or two photons or so (setting up the thing in Geiger mode so as to not miss a single photon), or whether you wanted to measure how many photons were streaming in (setting the thing into proportional mode)
Up to this point, photon counters were elaborate devices with scintillation media, anticoincidence detctors, veto logic, and complex timing and biasing requirements.
Now you can just apply 9.8V and an instrumentation amp and a couple analog filter/comparator chains, and off you go counting.
Single photon avalanche diodes produce rising edge times well under 1ns. You need to measure the *shape* of that rising edge to use this technique. That is a complex circuit, no matter how you look at it.
The new circuits will be vastly simpler. But they will require a fair bit more than instrument amp and a ballast resistor and a comparator.
Smells like a wonderful technology to implement as part of a camera sensor (when dealing with very low light, such as in astrophotography, nightshots of nature, etc.)
Canon's got the "switchable capacitor well" patent hanging in reserve, and it looks like they're going to have to use it with Nikon's new D700 going ASA 6400 and pushing all the way to 25600; but I wonder just how far you could take a camera's sensitivity if you had *accurate* photon counting... imagine a photodetector that counts photons as they arrive and simply increments a large counter. This would literally be a "digital" sensor, rather than an analog one. Precision light sensors. Mmmmm-good. :-)
I like wide-field astrophotography. I'd be all over a (relatively) affordable DSLR that could really do low light in a precise manner. Right now, you have to spend about three grand to get a camera body that can go to an honest ISO 6400; if they could get the price in or around that area with something that was effectively counting all the photons... Oy.
Have to do something about the color and IR filters, too. Swing them out of the way or something equally tricky. Maybe some variation on a single-well, filterless approach like the Foveon one.
I've fallen off your lawn, and I can't get up.
That's no joke. I was going to buy a photon counter for my wife and I to share, but now, I'm going to buy about ten of these for each of us, just in case of a hurricane or something.
Hopefully economies of scale will kick in once these hit the Best Buy shelves.
If moderation could change anything, it would be illegal.
...and you're just being a dork.
Can some less physics challenged person enlighten me as to how we can actually manipulate a single photon. That to me seems to be such a small amount of energy as to be undetectable. I mean if I remember correctly, if you bounce one electron down from one high level to a lower level on one atom, then, it would give off one photon... and getting one atom to do that seems rather a tall challenge..
This is my sig.
oh wait...
What a strange analogy.
I wonder if a classic car buff would really want to convert their beloved collector's piece into a modern consumerist status symbol for power and wealth?
In any case, while one is fast, and the other is slow, the Fiat was originally made small so that it could navigate the teeny one-lane streets featured in many Italian cities, whereas the Ferrari needs some serious hubcap room. It could be argued that the analogy should be reversed since the smaller car is more agile and able to deal with small details whereas the other cannot and is in fact primarily focused on flying through as many kilometers as quickly as possible and isn't terribly concerned with counting them off in smaller quantities.
Of course, this kind of observation is the reason why I would be irritating at parties. Carry on. I'm listening.
-FL
You could then measure the distance to the moon with a 10 Watts laser, a telescope, a very precise clock and the newly build photon counter. On the moon are placed some special reflection spots just for exactly this purpose.
No wonder everyone was gawking at my "photon enhanced" Fiat 500 the other day...
That's what "analog filter/comparator chains" do... so you are correct.
I can see the fnords!
That's like turning a Fiat 500 into a Ferrari
Ha, thank you, dear Slashdot editor, for inserting a necessary car analogy here! As you rightly guessed, it came right at the point in the summary where my feeble mind wondered "huh?!? photon avalanche wtf???".
Thanks to your enlightening analogy my next thoughts were "ha, a Ferrari, of course! So this has nothing to do with the dangers of skiing on beams of light!", at which point I decided to stop reading the summary as these few concise words seemed to synthesise perfectly the very essence of this discovery, and that my mind proceeded to wander about how awesome it would be to be able to ski on waves of light!
Thank you a thousand times, oh most esteemed and wise Slashdot editor!
You just got troll'd!
I was thinking so, too, but the comment i was expanding was being scrolled-to-top sometimes. So now I know where to look when that happens.
from 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0
to 45 2F 6E 40 3C DF 10 71 4E 41 DF AA 25 7D 31 3F
To whoever modded this offtopic: It's a haiku, it's supposed to be funny, and I liked it...
Now your homework assignment is to google "haiku" and "burma shave". It takes all of fifteen seconds...
Alexander Peter Kristopeit bought his basement from his mommy for one dollar.
Thanks. My Burma Shave efforts typically do better, but going small for photons got very little lovin' this time. :(
Get thee glass eyes, and, like a scurvy politician, seem to see things thou dost not.--King Lear