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Happy Birthday, Internet!

NobodyExpects writes "I'd like to wish a happy birthday to the Internet! Today marks its 40th birthday! In fall 1969, computers sending data between two California universities set the stage for the Internet, which became a household word in the 1990s. On September 2nd 1969, in a lab at the University of California, Los Angeles, two computers passed test data through a 15-foot gray cable. Stanford Research Institute joined the fledgling ARPANET network a month later; UC Santa Barbara and the University of Utah joined by years end, and the internet was born."

213 comments

  1. Looking forward... by alain94040 · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Before everyone starts posting stories about how they grew up on their Apple II using a 300 baud modem, let's have a forward looking discussion.

    The Internet as we define it today was born 40 years ago when two big computers were hooked up with a cable and exchanged data. Let me ask: what are the milestones that will matter 10, 30 years from now? Some guesses (pick your favorites):

    - wires, what wires?: The Internet goes wireless, with the invention of Wifi (circa 1991 - yes, really that old)

    - device, what device?: The Internet goes ubiquitous, we don't even have to carry those bulky iPhones around (circa ???)

    - telepresence: I see you, you see me, in HD, anytime, wherever you and I are. Maybe we can even shake hands. Definitely coming in the next decade.

    - oracle: all knowledge, all questions, answered all the time (that might change the way we think of our education system!)

    Who said innovation is slowing down? We are still in the stone age of the Internet.

    1. Re:Looking forward... by the_Bionic_lemming · · Score: 2, Funny

      Apple 2?

      Gosh, that was out of the question back then - too expensive.

      --
      _ _ _ Go for the eyes Boo! GO FOR THE EYES!
    2. Re:Looking forward... by Shakrai · · Score: 5, Insightful

      all knowledge, all questions, answered all the time (that might change the way we think of our education system!)

      Yes, by providing even less incentive for people to actually study anything ;) To quote a friend of mine: A masters in Google and a doctorate in speed reading.

      --
      I want peace on earth and goodwill toward man.
      We are the United States Government! We don't do that sort of thing.
    3. Re:Looking forward... by Quothz · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Let me ask: what are the milestones that will matter 10, 30 years from now?

      Amazingly, you missed the invention of DNS and the World Wide Web, arguably the two most popularizing developments.

    4. Re:Looking forward... by commodore64_love · · Score: 5, Interesting

      $1000 for an Apple II isn't that bad. Certainly cheaper than the first Macintosh at around $4000. Hmmm. I guess that's why most home hobbyists owned the cheaper $400 Ataris and $200 Commodores.

      Milestones:

      Killer App (circa 1993) - The hypertext web browser. Prior to its invention few people had a reason to get internet. They were satisfied to just keep using local bulletin boards, but once they saw the Mosaic web browser running on their friend's or their college's IBM or Mac or Amiga, they immediately wanted it.

      Carterphone decision (circa 1981) - It eliminated the monopoly AT&T had on the modem and brought competition. People always ask why is competition is needed? This is a perfect example. From the 1950s to the 1980s the only speeds available were 110 bit/s and 300 bit/s. The monopoly caused stagnation. After the breakup of AT&T multiple companies began a "speedwar" that rapidly moved speeds from 300 to 56000 in only ten years time. If AT&T still had a monopoly over 300 baud modems, the 90s's web explosion would have been impossible (too slow).

      Usenet/Fidonet (circa 1982) - They weren't originally part of the internet, but they helped set the standards. Most of the emoticons ;-) and abbreviations (ROTF-LOL) we use today originated on these early text-only forums. And they allowed people to communicate not just locally, but all around the world like today's web. And it was free (no long-distance charges).

      DSL/cable internet (circa 2000) - Allowed people to escape the 56k barrier and download videos, as well as streaming TV shows.

      That's about all I can come-up with. Most of the advancement has been gradual.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    5. Re:Looking forward... by MrKaos · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Some guesses (pick your favorites):

      You forgot

      Nuclear disarmament: No one can afford internet downtime from emp anymore.

      I know thats why it was originally invented, but I don't think the modern internet is emp resistant.

      --
      My ism, it's full of beliefs.
    6. Re:Looking forward... by IorDMUX · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Before everyone starts posting stories about how they grew up on their Apple II using a 300 baud modem,

      Too late. Did you watch the movie? There's some heavy handed "Get off my lawn"-ness going on in the article itself. To quote:

      a lot of the youngsters nowadays have no real idea how primitive things were a few years ago.

      "This is the first one I could say was my computer [...] You would have to plug it in because there was no battery, and you would work forever to get very little out of it..."

      today's children have no concept of a life before computers.

      Regardless, I say Happy Birthday, Internet! I can't wait to find out what sorts of wonders you will bring to my kids in another decade or so.

      --
      >> Standing on head makes smile of frown, but rest of face also upside down.
    7. Re:Looking forward... by grumling · · Score: 1, Interesting

      Let me ask: what are the milestones that will matter 10, 30 years from now?

      • Everyone switching to IPv6 and elimination of IPv4.
      • Adoption of a true IP infrastructure across the board... no more IP over (insert your favorite old tech, like ATM or GSM), and all the extra overhead it causes.
      • Useful video search
      • True global mobile coverage, either by satellite or well placed towers.
      --
      "Well, good luck finding a judge that doesn't run a bestiality site."
    8. Re:Looking forward... by Runaway1956 · · Score: 4, Funny

      "There's some heavy handed "Get off my lawn"-ness going on in the article itself."

      Quit yer whinin', you young punk. When we moved out of the caves, we had to WALK to the next village to get our packets!! Now get back out into the street where you belong, you're crushing my grass.

      --
      "Windows is like the faint smell of piss in a subway: it's there, and there's nothing you can do about it." - Charlie Br
    9. Re:Looking forward... by religious+freak · · Score: 1

      Depends on what you mean by "EMP resistant". Yes, it is resistant in that you could take out nine major cities in the USA and you'd still have workable communication because communication would automatically be routed around the affected areas.

      Of course, the affected cities wouldn't have a workable Internet, but they'd have much bigger problems. EMP resistance was never meant to mean resistant at the point of attack, only in flexible routing around the area. Also, EMP wasn't necessarily the whole reason for creating the Internet in the first place either.

      --
      If you can read this... 01110101 01110010 00100000 01100001 00100000 01100111 01100101 01100101 01101011
    10. Re:Looking forward... by religious+freak · · Score: 0

      Two words: Semantic Web - once we have that, hold on to your hats... outside of the creation of the PC, and Internet itself, I don't think there will have been a larger revolution in information technology.

      --
      If you can read this... 01110101 01110010 00100000 01100001 00100000 01100111 01100101 01100101 01101011
    11. Re:Looking forward... by antirelic · · Score: 1

      Hehe... I was thinking about doing a car analogy to make a mockery of your post (to the meta-mods: parent making far fetched predictions about future of the internet), but I guess I can sum it up asking where is my flying car?

      The internet was the most unlikely of inventions to begin with, and the personal civilian application of the internet being the most unexpected application of computers and networking. I cant think of much fiction pre-dating the early 80's that predicted the internet as it is today (yes yes, porn... I know).

      --
      20th century Marxism is not progress...
    12. Re:Looking forward... by RedK · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Adoption of a true IP infrastructure across the board... no more IP over (insert your favorite old tech, like ATM or GSM), and all the extra overhead it causes.

      Uh... ? What is a true IP infrastructure in your eyes ? Because I don't see anything in IP that permits physical interconnexion like ATM or GSM does. IP will always be over (insert some link layer and physical media here). Otherwise, IP wouldn't work.

      --
      "Not to mention all the idiots who use words like boxen."
      Anonymous Coward on Monday August 04, @06:49PM
    13. Re:Looking forward... by Sum0 · · Score: 1

      Competency exams exclude that particular loophole.

    14. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      haven't you heard of open book exams. I can have google but that doesnt make me a brain surgeon or a rocket scientist

    15. Re:Looking forward... by Nursie · · Score: 1

      Semantic web?

      You mean the stuff that's been shouted about by universities across the world as th next big thing for... well as long as I've been in the software game, which is only 12 years I'll admit.

      Call me when it escapes from a lab.

    16. Re:Looking forward... by NotQuiteReal · · Score: 5, Interesting

      No doubt Google can deliver far more information faster than ever before.

      This is not a bad thing -- IF you can figure out which information is worthless and which is the the right answer.

      That should be the motivation to learn enough to learn enough so that you can decide which Google results pass "the sniff test".

      Of course the topic of your query has a lot to do with how well you will be able to tell if the results are the real deal.

      I thought I was done, but that last sentence made me realize the "quick answer" future could either hasten or slow an "Idiocracy" future...

      --
      This issue is a bit more complicated than you think.
    17. Re:Looking forward... by QuantumG · · Score: 1

      when you have the entire collective works of humanity wired into your brain you'll wonder what exactly it is you're talking about right now.

      --
      How we know is more important than what we know.
    18. Re:Looking forward... by SBrach · · Score: 2, Funny

      I totally know what your talking about. Imagine how happy I was when the Mayo Clinic interviewed me for their open Neurosurgeon position by handing me a laptop and a multiple choice test.

    19. Re:Looking forward... by Sir_Lewk · · Score: 1

      telepresence: I see you, you see me, in HD, anytime, wherever you and I are. Maybe we can even shake hands. Definitely coming in the next decade.

      That's a tad optimistic, in a few decades I can buy but I don't see it happening in the next ten years.

      --
      "linux is just DOS with a UNIX like syntax" -- Galactic Dominator (944134)
    20. Re:Looking forward... by klapaucjusz · · Score: 3, Informative

      I know thats why it was originally invented, but I don't think the modern internet is emp resistant.

      That's an urban legend.

    21. Re:Looking forward... by MrNaz · · Score: 1

      but they'd have much bigger problems

      Yea, like how to tweet about the radiation-mutated flesh eating zombies when all local routers are fried.

      --
      I hate printers.
    22. Re:Looking forward... by Hurricane78 · · Score: 1

      - wires, what wires?

      It's a common misconception, that in the future everything is wireless. But if you actually think about it for so much as a minute, you will notice, that wired connections will always be faster and more efficient. Therefore they will never go away. There will be a place for both. But I think some stuff will always continue to be better and cheaper when wired.

      - device, what device?: [...] those bulky iPhones around

      Actually, we already were over the sweet spot for size. Remember that old tiny Nokia that everyone had in circa 2000? People later decided, that bigger sometimes is better. Especially with displays.
      The second wave will come, when displays finally will be independent and integrated into contact lenses, glasses, etc. But then there is still the point of processing power and lifespan. As long as it fits my pocket, why make it smaller. It's good enough. :)

      - telepresence: I see you, you see me, in HD, anytime, wherever you and I are.

      Already exists in east Asia.

      Maybe we can even shake hands. Definitely coming in the next decade

      Naah, I don't think that someone would wear a tactile glove all day long, just to shake hands. Maybe with more, it will become a fashion. And Matrix-style BCIs are still a bit too far away.
      But I wouldn't want to shake virtual hands anyway.

      --
      Any sufficiently advanced intelligence is indistinguishable from stupidity.
    23. Re:Looking forward... by Jafafa+Hots · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You're the only person other than me who I've seen that realized that without the Carterphone decision, there would be no internet as we know it.

      There were even books published in the 80s about how the AT&T breakup was a disaster for technology. Bet that author feels stupid now.

      --
      This space available.
    24. Re:Looking forward... by Capt.+Skinny · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Who was it that said books would mean the end of academics (academics consisting, at the time, entirely of lectures)? I wonder if the "which is worthless and which is right" question was pondered when books were first mass produced?

    25. Re:Looking forward... by Hurricane78 · · Score: 1

      I don't think so. The new major decision in life will be, what not to learn.

      Besides: What do you think studying consists of, if not learning some material from others (e.g. through reading)?

      I can make professional games, music, 3d objects, software, websites, a bit of matte painting, AND am an expert in nutrition and psychology.
      I also learned English trough the Internet. Mainly from learning material on the above subjects, Slashdot, The Daily Show and some torrented TV shows. I kid you not!

      I don't think I would have been able to do that without the Internet! (Especially the professional tutorials, e.g. via Torrent or books ;) Not even remotely.

      --
      Any sufficiently advanced intelligence is indistinguishable from stupidity.
    26. Re:Looking forward... by WoodenTable · · Score: 5, Insightful

      A masters in Google and a doctorate in speed reading.

      This has actually been somewhat true (if you replace Google with Searching, that is) for a lot longer than the internet has existed. One of the most important things to learn at medical university/college, for example, is how to look stuff up. Ever wonder why doctors have giant libraries sitting around in their offices? That's all knowledge they gained in university, then promptly forgot, like any sane person would. They learned the reference system available to them at the time, and know how to use it - where one person gets hopelessly lost, they can find something useful. My mother collected a ridiculous number of books over the years for her practice - and she says her laptop and the internet almost invalidated nearly half of them.

      Some basic training will always be required to understand certain things without a reference, though. Very simple example: nowhere in the wikipedia article on "clouds" does it say they're too diffuse to stand on. :) Don't go skydiving with intent to land on one, folks!

    27. Re:Looking forward... by Capt.+Skinny · · Score: 1

      EMP wasn't necessarily the whole reason for creating the Internet in the first place either.

      Nukes were not a motivation for creating the Internet; they motivated the development of packet switching: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#rand See footnote 5, and note the authors.

    28. Re:Looking forward... by Nimey · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Are you kidding? The author's probably convinced he's still right, and weeps for the wonders we'd have had if only the government had left Ma Bell alone.

      Maybe not, but you'd think that from the political atmosphere in this country.

      --
      Hail Eris, full of mischief...

      E pluribus sanguinem
    29. Re:Looking forward... by raddan · · Score: 1

      IP over IP, duh. Look, it's been lying dormant in BSD networking code for years! Below that, it's turtles all the way down.

    30. Re:Looking forward... by omnichad · · Score: 1

      Well...why not? If you can google it during the operation, you should be able to google it on the test. I'd love to see the compulsive googler in an OR. Would make funny TV, at least.

    31. Re:Looking forward... by Darinbob · · Score: 1

      "Wifi" isn't an internet thing really, that's a LAN technology. The internet was wireless before Wifi, because parts of it used satellite and microwave.

    32. Re:Looking forward... by syousef · · Score: 1

      Yes, by providing even less incentive for people to actually study anything ;) To quote a friend of mine: A masters in Google and a doctorate in speed reading.

      The Internet in its current form does very little in the way of actually working on problems, and doing analysis. Sure there are tools like Wolfram Alpha that'll do a bit of math (even some calculus) but they are still the exception. What the Internet will do is provide less incentive for rote memorisation where Internet access is reliable and practical. In practical terms the sorts of things that will be memorised will change. No one will be interested in memorising a periodic table when you can look up the elements. However a doctor is still going to want to know how to do surgery without resorting to Google. Likewise we're some way off lawyers actually googling in court, or plumbers looking up new procedures online as they go.

      It's not a bad thing and its necessary for progress. There is too much information for any one person to memorise all but a select handful of specialised fields.

      --
      These posts express my own personal views, not those of my employer
    33. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Doing it on the internet is doing it remotely...?

    34. Re:Looking forward... by Linker3000 · · Score: 3, Informative

      Usenet/Fidonet (circa 1982 ....And it was free (no long-distance charges).

      That may have been the case in the USA and some other countries, but certainly in the UK, we enjoyed the benefits of 300 baud comms together with the accompanying phone bills- no free local calls then.

      --
      AT&ROFLMAO
    35. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      - oracle: all knowledge, all questions, answered all the time* (that might change the way we think of our education system!)

      Who said innovation is slowing down? We are still in the stone age of the Internet.

      * Subject to government approval

    36. Re:Looking forward... by davidphogan74 · · Score: 1

      I have to wonder in 40 more years how relevant DNS will be. I know that a lot of people type domain names into Google rather than just going to them directly, so maybe that's a trend for the future. Use a search engine, who cares what the domain name is?

    37. Re:Looking forward... by dwye · · Score: 1

      > - oracle: all knowledge, all questions, answered all the time (that might change the way we think of our education system!)

      This has been true for years, now. Back in 2002, one of the big cheeses at AT&T (pre SBC takeover) said that he could look up anything with just Google Search and five search terms. It wasn't perfect, but it was good enough.

      Of course, it was true long before that if you had an Encyclopedia Britannica at home or in the local library (to some limited version of "all"); if you don't believe that, just ask one of the salesmen that they had, then :-)

    38. Re:Looking forward... by davidphogan74 · · Score: 1

      Oddly one of the biggest techo-social changes in the twelve short years between Terminator 2 (1991) and Terminator 3 (2003) allowed for them to change the concept of SkyNet from a mainframe/military solution to a computer virus that was able to spread across the world, and presumably use distributed computing to destroy the earth, even through a large scale nuclear exchange.

      As far as science fiction writing goes, there have been few time periods where that level of consciousness of technology was raised to a mass-market pop-culture type of plot point. During the space race was the last time it seems there was such a jump in science fiction writing involving technology meant to be understood by even the less tech-savvy population.

    39. Re:Looking forward... by Sique · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Some basic training will always be required to understand certain things without a reference, though. Very simple example: nowhere in the wikipedia article on "clouds" does it say they're too diffuse to stand on. :) Don't go skydiving with intent to land on one, folks!

      This reminds me of an article long ago (20 years?) about Cyc, the knowledge system that once should be able to read and understood anything it comes across and autonomously increase its own knowledge base.

      The guy from Cyc said, one of the most basic problems was to add rules which are deeply ingrained in our brains while seldom being explicitely stated like "any human has a limited, continous life span".

      --
      .sig: Sique *sigh*
    40. Re:Looking forward... by TheThiefMaster · · Score: 1

      I don't think it would automatically route any more, due to the crazy agreements between ISPs over who can and who can't transmit whose data.

    41. Re:Looking forward... by master5o1 · · Score: 1

      - telepresence: I see you, you see me, in HD, anytime, wherever you and I are. Maybe we can even shake hands. Definitely coming in the next decade.

      It's called meeting someone in person.

      --
      signature is pants
    42. Re:Looking forward... by master5o1 · · Score: 1

      Non-Fiction s worthless, fiction is right.

      --
      signature is pants
    43. Re:Looking forward... by master5o1 · · Score: 1

      I iz amzd yu0 dwnt SpEeKs lyk dis than.

      --
      signature is pants
    44. Re:Looking forward... by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 2, Insightful

      "I also learned English trough the Internet."

      If anyone was in need of a new .sig that has to be it ! ;-)

      --
      Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
    45. Re:Looking forward... by selven · · Score: 1

      wires, what wires?: The Internet goes wireless, with the invention of Wifi (circa 1991 - yes, really that old)

      Even better, eliminate ISPs! Imagine if each computer - desktops, netbooks and smartphones alike - could participate in the process of moving packets around - at least within a city every computer could be connected in a completely decentralized way. You would still need services for some rural cases and for moving stuff between cities but they would become mostly obsolete.

    46. Re:Looking forward... by salesgeek · · Score: 1

      Semantic Web is the Duke Nukem Forever of informatics.

      --
      -- $G
    47. Re:Looking forward... by skrolle2 · · Score: 1

      I would say that the biggest change that DSL/cable brought is that you got a connection that was always on with a flat monthly fee which transformed it into something that was always there, instead of something you had to actively enable each time you wanted to use it, and having to worry about staying on too long because it would rack up a huge phonebill.

    48. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Wires: We still need electricity. Sure if we can build good displays (contact lenses) then perhaps the energy needed to sustain our devices can shrink so that wireless "all the time" is feasible.

      Device: I think we will have devices for a little while more, but sure they might mesh together in an ad hoc network to supplement each other. On the other hand, perhaps something cellphone sized will be enough for us to carry all our sensors (camera, michrophone are the two basics, with temperature, pressure, accelerometer etc being secondary) and antennas + battery. Perhaps even our clothes will act as antenna amplifiers in the next decade.

      telepresence: I don't see this one coming. Sure in a predefined space with cameras set up, but not "on-the-go". Perhaps I have been missing some breakthrough but I'm pegging this to "one year before cold fusion"

      Oracle: This one could well be in the next five years, definitely ten, if Google just figures out how to deliver the ads through our adblockers.

    49. Re:Looking forward... by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      Technically Americans didn't have free local calls either (they cost 10 cents per call). However we had the option to pay a flatrate $10/month and get unlimited calling, so I took advantage of that. I'm surprised the UK, France and other European states did not have similar options.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    50. Re:Looking forward... by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      Good point. My DSL isn't really any faster than my dialup (in terms of loading webpages), but the DSL does have the advantage of always being on, rather than having to wait 30 seconds to dial a number, negotiate a speed, and then connect.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    51. Re:Looking forward... by ACS+Solver · · Score: 1

      Internet as a utility. That has got to happen. Wireless access to the Internet provided free of charge, in major cities (at first). Much like radio. Accessing the Internet via some device would still be up to you, but the wifi coverage would be there and free. The bandwidth specifications would be sufficient for most regular users, while those who need extra bandwidth would get dedicated connections from ISPs.

    52. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      By using search in the OR, it gives a whole new meaning to the term: The machine that goes Bing!

    53. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And none of this "google it" nonsense. Back then it was "metacrawler it" ....

    54. Re:Looking forward... by multipartmixed · · Score: 2, Insightful

      > a lot of the youngsters nowadays have no real idea how primitive things were a few years ago.

      I told my kid the Internet turned 40.

      "The internet is only 40 years old??!?!?!"

      "Well, yes, there weren't even personal computers 40 years ago"

      "There were no computers 40 years ago?!?!?!?!?!!"

      yeesh

      --

      Do daemons dream of electric sleep()?
    55. Re:Looking forward... by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

      - telepresence: I see you, you see me, in HD, anytime, wherever you and I are. Maybe we can even shake hands. Definitely coming in the next decade.

      It's called meeting someone in person.

      That's not an exciting-enough term... How about "colocation presence technology"?

      --
      Bow-ties are cool.
    56. Re:Looking forward... by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

      Ever wonder why doctors have giant libraries sitting around in their offices?

      The books are there to look impressive. Otherwise they wouldn't be so neatly arranged. Books you actually use would be reshelved out-of-order, some volumes would be taken down and left open to some page on any available surface, etc...

      --
      Bow-ties are cool.
    57. Re:Looking forward... by religious+freak · · Score: 1

      Doesn't mean it'll never happen! There's no driving force for DNF, but semantic web will be an information revolution. I couldn't tell you when, but it WILL happen, IMHO.

      --
      If you can read this... 01110101 01110010 00100000 01100001 00100000 01100111 01100101 01100101 01101011
    58. Re:Looking forward... by secondLife · · Score: 1

      What's coming next? Computer in everyone's ass that keeps track of your shit!

    59. Re:Looking forward... by brackishboy · · Score: 1

      I heard Douglas Adams quoted on the radio this morning. Seems to apply here.

      "Anything that is in the world when you're born is normal and ordinary and is just a natural part of the way the world works. Anything that's invented between when you're fifteen and thirty-five is new and exciting and revolutionary and you can probably get a career in it. Anything invented after you're thirty-five is against the natural order of things."

    60. Re:Looking forward... by The+Archon+V2.0 · · Score: 1

      I told my kid the Internet turned 40.

      "The internet is only 40 years old??!?!?!"

      And considering that kids generally see 40 year old humans as "really old", that's saying something.

      Everything done before you were born falls into your personal prehistory. While adults (hopefully) usually pick up a sense of scale, it takes a while for that to manifest in kids. Moses and George Washington might as well have been neighbors for how long ago it all was to them.

      But the scary thing? For a kid in middle school, that "long ago" not only includes Washington and Lincoln and the World Wars, it also includes the invention of the computer and the ubiquity of the cell phone and the Internet. And if you want to feel decrepit: For a kid in elementary, the scale moves up past 9/11/01 - on their personal timescale, it's a more recent Pearl Harbor.

      "Well, yes, there weren't even personal computers 40 years ago"

      "There were no computers 40 years ago?!?!?!?!?!!"

      yeesh

      Don't try to explain that the computer keyboard is an extension of the typewriter. It'll just make things worse.

    61. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      ..no more IP over (insert your favorite old tech, like ATM or GSM), and all the extra overhead it causes.

      ...uhm...so IP is just going to usurp layers 1 and 2? ...wtf?

    62. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yes, and for those of you in Rio Linda, the P is referring to the current infatuation with (totalitarian government) monopolies being the solution to every problem.

    63. Re:Looking forward... by UnixUnix · · Score: 1

      It wasn't exactly a free call when I was dialing in (to a local Los Angeles number) and going on Usenet or downloading via Kermit and zmodem for 48 hours straight -- I did have to pay for a local call (20 cents or so). But the price was certainly right!

    64. Re:Looking forward... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Tell that to Mario.

  2. 15 foot? by bcmm · · Score: 3, Funny

    That's an extremely thick cable...

    --
    # cat /dev/mem | strings | grep -i llama
    Damn, my RAM is full of llamas.
    1. Re:15 foot? by Hurricane78 · · Score: 1

      But nothing, compared to my... "cable"! :P

      --
      Any sufficiently advanced intelligence is indistinguishable from stupidity.
    2. Re:15 foot? by mrogers · · Score: 1

      That's an extremely thick cable...

      It's fortunate ARPANET switched from parallel to series a few months later, or imagine how thick the cable would have to be by now.

      Mind you, parallel has its advantages: with serial transmission, it only takes a single oversize bit to clog the tube, whereas a parallel network treats clogging as damage and routes around it.

    3. Re:15 foot? by TheSpoom · · Score: 1

      Thank God for lottery balls.

      --
      It's better to vote for what you want and not get it than to vote for what you don't want and get it.
      - E. Debs
  3. Presents by TheWizardTim · · Score: 5, Funny

    I hear the internet wants a pony.

    1. Re:Presents by EkriirkE · · Score: 1

      I want one~ (It's my birthday, too!)

      --
      from 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0
      to 45 2F 6E 40 3C DF 10 71 4E 41 DF AA 25 7D 31 3F
    2. Re:Presents by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Perhaps in the near future, but not the presents.

    3. Re:Presents by nmb3000 · · Score: 3, Funny

      I hear the internet wants a pony.

      The Internet is 40, not 4. It's not a pony it wants, but a Mustang.

      It also wants you off its lawn.

      --
      "What do you despise? By this are you truly known." --Princess Irulan, Manual of Muad'Dib
      /)
    4. Re:Presents by Sooner+Boomer · · Score: 1
      Well....Happy Birthday Erik.

      and here you are!

      --
      Chaos maximizes locally around me.
    5. Re:Presents by Nimey · · Score: 1

      OMG!!! PONIES!!!

      --
      Hail Eris, full of mischief...

      E pluribus sanguinem
    6. Re:Presents by w0mprat · · Score: 1

      I hear the internet wants a pwnie.

      There I fixed that for you. Obligatory. Sorry.

      --
      After logging in slashdot still does not take you back to the page you were on. It's been that way for 20 years.
    7. Re:Presents by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      OMG ponies!!

  4. happy b-day by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    thx for the porn

    1. Re:happy b-day by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And for all the fish.

    2. Re:happy b-day by FlickieStrife · · Score: 5, Funny

      I believe the term is "inter-species erotica"

    3. Re:happy b-day by commodore64_love · · Score: 4, Interesting

      >>>thx for the porn

      I still remember my first downloaded porn "video". It was about 64 kilobytes, took about 10 minutes to download, was a grainy 320x200, and only lasted 1/2 a second. It looped repeating the same "action" over-and-over which I'm sure you can guess what that was.

      I then upgraded to a 4000-color 7 megahertz Amiga so I could get something more realistic-looking. ;-) Anyway here's that original movie that I downloaded ~25 years ago (porn) http://girls.c64.org/a_porno_movie_02.gif . And if for some strange reason you want to download it, you can find it here (porn) http://girls.c64.org/a__show.php?squery=&sfield=&cat=ani&style=&offset=41

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    4. Re:happy b-day by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      Here's another fullscreen "video" from around 1985. It took all of the Commodore 64's 1 megahertz and 16 color power to generate this gem. Presumably she removes her top after you press the spacebar. (no nudity) http://girls.c64.org/a_anime-tion_02.gif

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    5. Re:happy b-day by Jafafa+Hots · · Score: 1

      I call fake. She's shaved. Nobody was shaved back then!

      --
      This space available.
    6. Re:happy b-day by von_rick · · Score: 1

      The Vulcans and Romulans are hooking up?

      --

      Face your daemons!

    7. Re:happy b-day by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      (looks). She's definitely not shaved. That's why there's that "gray triangle" between her legs.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    8. Re:happy b-day by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      The Vulcans and Romulans are the same species, only separated by 2000 years divergence on separate planets. The Asians that crossed the landbridge 15,000 years ago and became Native Americans were separated from Europeans all that time, but they were not considered a separate species. They still successfully mated and produced children.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    9. Re:happy b-day by Savior_on_a_Stick · · Score: 1

      yep - my first was a young Ginger Lynn - fit on a floppy - you had to squint at it to even make out what you were looking at.

      This was on a US Navy aircraft carrier.

      I convinced them I needed a pc for admin work, and it was on the GSA list....

      Most people had never seen a computer, and yet within days, the pron floppy mysteriously

      I suspect it was also my first pirated video - ripped from vhs.
      Of course, that was all you could get on vhs then.
      You could also get your porn on betamax.

      A lot of people really like watching other people fuck.

      Build them a way to do it and they will come.

      ___

    10. Re:happy b-day by Keen+Anthony · · Score: 1

      The link you provided was a pleasant surprise. It wasn't long before my love of so-called T&A flicks and other b-movies as a kid led to me to discover raunchy computer games and animation demos. C64 and Amiga always had the most variety, particularly because of their capabilities. The thought that we would spend 10-15 minutes downloading some silly 2-3 second loop is embarrassing.

      It always seemed like on the PC there wasn't much adult content beyond the multi-platform Leisure Suit Larry series, Simusex, and a couple of early CD-ROM interactive fiction and AI based games like "My Virtual Girlfriend ..." I used to see some of those advertised in the backpages of Computer Shopper. I always wondered what weird stuff the Japanese had. It was years before I learned about Japanese Ren Ai and Hentai games.

    11. Re:happy b-day by Sique · · Score: 1

      The thought that we would spend 10-15 minutes downloading some silly 2-3 second loop is embarrassing.

      The thought should be deeply ingrained into people who think that adding some filtering magic to the internet will make it somehow a better place. Nothing withstands for long the combined hormone pressure and ingenuity of a horde of male teenagers wanting to look at some boobs.

      --
      .sig: Sique *sigh*
    12. Re:happy b-day by ciderVisor · · Score: 1

      Most people had never seen a computer, and yet within days, the pron floppy mysteriously

      Did you accidentally 93KB of RAR files ? Was this dangerous ?

      --
      Squirrel!
    13. Re:happy b-day by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

      The Vulcans and Romulans are the same species, only separated by 2000 years divergence on separate planets.

      Well, yeah... I mean the idea that two different alien races not sharing a common genetic ancestry could mate and produce children - that's just silly...

      --
      Bow-ties are cool.
  5. They got started young back in the day.... by Shakrai · · Score: 4, Funny

    Apparently Al Gore had his first child at the age of 21 ;)

    --
    I want peace on earth and goodwill toward man.
    We are the United States Government! We don't do that sort of thing.
    1. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "They're saying that now Al Gore has won the Nobel prize, Al Gore has a huge international platform to fight global warming. Kind of sad. Today, he stepped on the platform and it collapsed." --Jay Leno

    2. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Didn't take long for a wingnut to bring up Gore (Yes I saw your ;) )

      Gore never claimed that he "invented" the Internet, which implies that he engineered the technology. The invention occurred in the seventies and allowed scientists in the Defense Department to communicate with each other. In a March 1999 interview with Wolf Blitzer, Gore said, "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet."

      The sentence, means that as a congressman Gore promoted the system we enjoy today, not that he could patent the science, though that's how the quotation has been manipulated. Hence the disingenuous substitution of "inventing" for the actual language.

    3. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Shakrai · · Score: 1

      Didn't take long for a wingnut to bring up Gore (Yes I saw your ;) )

      I like how you acknowledge the fact that I was being sarcastic but call me a wingnut anyway.

      --
      I want peace on earth and goodwill toward man.
      We are the United States Government! We don't do that sort of thing.
    4. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by commodore64_love · · Score: 2, Funny

      >>>Gore said, "...I took the initiative in creating the Internet."

      That's quite a trick considering the net was created in 1969, and Al Gore did not join the Congress until 1977. Maybe he borrowed an Omni from Time Voyager Phineas Bogg and zipped back to the 1960s.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    5. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Uberbah · · Score: 3, Informative

      That's quite a trick considering the net was created in 1969, and Al Gore did not join the Congress until 1977. Maybe he borrowed an Omni from Time Voyager Phineas Bogg and zipped back to the 1960s.

      So the Internet, where millions of people and businesses could communicate online, sprung fourth, wholly formed in 1969? Or maybe it was a bit of a process, starting with two computers and ending up with millions? A process that...might have been given a shove (and government funding)...by a politician from Tennessee?

      You don't have to take my word for it. Vint Cerf, inventor of TCP/IP:

      Al Gore was the first political leader to recognize the importance of the Internet and to promote and support its development.

      No one person or even small group of persons exclusively "invented" the Internet. It is the result of many years of ongoing collaboration among people in government and the university community. But as the two people who designed the basic architecture and the core protocols that make the Internet work, we would like to acknowledge VP Gore's contributions as a Congressman, Senator and as Vice President. No other elected official, to our knowledge, has made a greater contribution over a longer period of time.

      Too bad you suckers of Satan's cock were so busy trashing Gore in 2000 that you completely ignored the fact that Bush took credit for patients rights legislation that he fucking vetoed as governor of Texas.

    6. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't know what version of English you practice, but according to thesaurus.reference.com "create" and "invent" are synonyms. "Promote" is not a synonym of either word. HAD Al Gore said that he "promoted the system we enjoy today", then there would have been no cause for ridicule. And HAD this been a single slip of the tongue, then there would have been no cause for ridicule. The problem is that Al Gore had a HABIT of trying to take credit for the work of others and inflating his accomplishments. This example is simply the most outrageous one, which is why it stuck around.

    7. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Savior_on_a_Stick · · Score: 1

      It's a matter of definition and perspective.

      Around the time of the windows 95 launch, I was doing isdn support and was amazed how many hicks from Tennessee were calling up about their new isdn modems.

      Turns out that Gore had used his influence to cause regional artificially low isdn pricing.

      So he did play a large part in introducing a large chunk of people to the internet.

      And no - I don't buy the idea of the internet being created in 69.

      There was nothing approaching cohesiveness until the late 80's-early 90's.

      Transmitting bits over a wire isn't shit.

      Telegraph did that a hundred years ago.

      Creating the political/social/economic environment for online participation to reach critical mass was a much bigger challenge than the technical end of it.

    8. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Omestes · · Score: 1

      Either that or your a wingnut because you think Al Gore seriously claimed he invented the internet, a claim that has been debunked around 10 million times, and that is only here on /.

      --
      A patriot must always be ready to defend his country against his government. -edward abbey
    9. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by z-j-y · · Score: 1

      I took the initiative in creating the ...

      I can't believe people are defending politicians for this crap. This is a very serious claim of credit which he does not deserve. Guys who seeked for the grant from congress and manage to tricked the politicians deserve much more credits.

      Lots of money are flowing around in Washington these days, and a few of the programs will become big shots in the future, and whichever politicians who had their fingerprint on relavant bills will try to claim a piece of it. But they don't deserve shit. They don't even know what programs are in the bill they are voting for.

    10. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by salesgeek · · Score: 1

      That sentence was the biggest gaffe in American politics since one Dan Quayle's "potatoe" incident.

      BTW: the sentence in question means "I took the initiative in creating the internet."

      And it's still funny now. The sad thing is it was simply a mistake in selecting words.

      --
      -- $G
    11. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      >>>So the Internet...sprung fourth, wholly formed in 1969?

      Yes. The basic protocols were born in 1969 and are still the foundation. Actually I (and others) would not have had a problem if Gore had said, "I took the initiative in funding and growing the Internet," like a grandma helps grows a child. ----- But that's not what he said. He said he CREATED the internet - like a god saying "Let there be man." He cannot make that claim of creation, anymore than I could make the claim I "created" Microsoft just because I happened to buy stock ten years after their genesis.

      And appeals to authority don't work with me. He's a man just like any other man, and his opinions are still just opinion, and still colored by his political bias, just as the same as our views are colored by our biases.

      >>>Bush

      Non-relevant. We're not playing a Red vs. Blue game. Nobody's keeping score. We're discussing the factual claim made by a public figure about giving birth to the Internet, and whether it's accurate or not.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    12. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      Well if Gore can lay claim to "creating" the internet, then I'm going to make a bold public announcement. Reporters, please gather round:

      - "During my service as a stockholding American, I took the initiative in creating the Microsoft corporation. I bought their stock in 1983. You can all send your letters of thanks to my office." (holds up V for victory symbol)

      Sounds ridiculous doesn't it?
      Sounded ridiculous when Gore said it too.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    13. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yes. The basic protocols were born in 1969 and are still the foundation.

      Then say the foundation was laid in 1969. It was far from "wholly formed".

      Actually I (and others) would not have had a problem if Gore had said...

      Who gives a rat's ass what you (and ZOMG others ) would have been okay with?

      He cannot make that claim of creation...

      He didn't, you tool.

    14. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by SleazyRidr · · Score: 1

      You're the most delightful wingnut I've ever met.

    15. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      Well if Gore can lay claim to "creating" the internet, then I'm going to make a bold public announcement. Reporters, please gather round:

      - "During my service as a stockholder, I took the initiative in creating the Microsoft corporation. I bought their stock in 1983. You can all send your letters of thanks to my office."

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    16. Re:They got started young back in the day.... by Uberbah · · Score: 1

      Yes. The basic protocols were born in 1969 and are still the foundation.

      I suppose you could see it that way, if you point to the first Pony Express line and say that was the moment the Interstate Highway System was created.

      He said he CREATED the internet

      As the AC said - no he didn't, you tool.

      And appeals to authority don't work with me. He's a man just like any other man, and his opinions are still just opinion, and still colored by his political bias, just as the same as our views are colored by our biases.

      Translation: when the facts don't meet your storyline, ignore them.

      >>>Bush

      Non-relevant.

      If we were talking different elections, you'd have a point. But we aren't, so you don't. The "I invented the Internet" myth was part of a continued smear campaign against Gore. That you ignore the fact that Gore was held to an astronomical rhetorical standard while Bush got a free pass is laughable.

  6. Pity it won't last long by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    With the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses coming in a couple of years, combined with extremly low IPv6 deployment, the Internet expansion will grind to a halt very soon. You can use NAT for the clients, but the servers still need real IP addresses.

    1. Re:Pity it won't last long by FlickieStrife · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It's not like people just WONT start using IPV6, the deployment may be extremely low now, but people aren't just going to let the internets run out of room.

    2. Re:Pity it won't last long by Thinboy00 · · Score: 1

      When we run out of room, everyone who wants to be on the internet will say "hmm, I guess we need IPv6 (and so do our clients).".

      --
      $ make available
  7. When did ARPAnet become "internet" by commodore64_love · · Score: 4, Interesting

    When did that transition happen? Late 70s?

    I've been using the net since 1987 (shortly after Star Trek TNG premiered). It's been a fun ride going from 1.2k bit/s and pure text. There were a few graphical bulletin board services added in 1989, but they were little more than vector-based graphics and took several minutes to load! None of them had music or video like we have today.

    --
    "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    1. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      >>>little more than vector-based graphics

      Ooops I forgot. There was the Q-Link graphical service, which eventually evolved into America Online. Its drawback was that it only worked with Commodore's CASCII set, not IBMs or Apples or Ataris. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Link

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    2. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by lapsed · · Score: 5, Insightful

      1982, depending on who you ask. The migration to TCP/IP on ARPANET occurred in 1982 and was completed by January 1, 1983. The Internet was designed primarily by Cerf beginning in the early seventies. See Inventing The Internet by Janet Abbate.

    3. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by klapaucjusz · · Score: 4, Informative

      When did that transition happen? Late 70s?

      Winter 1982/1983. On 7 December 1982, 130 out of 315 hosts speak TCP/IP (RFC 832). On 22 February 1983, that's 230 out of 320 (RFC 846).

    4. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by jmcbain · · Score: 1

      One definition of the Internet is that it's a collection of nodes running TCP/IP (where IP is the Internet Protocol at the networking layer). By that definition, the Internet started on January 1, 1983 (the "red letter day"), when all nodes on the Arpanet had to switch to TCP/IP (many were running NCP prior to that).

    5. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by MrKaos · · Score: 2, Insightful

      There were a few graphical bulletin board services added in 1989

      I remember the newsgroups were the main thing for me, I wasted alot of time on them. Now I waste a lot of time on /.

      --
      My ism, it's full of beliefs.
    6. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      >>>By that definition, the Internet started on January 1, 1983

      Ahhh. So we're actually celebrating ARPAnet's birthday. The internet is still only 26 years old.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    7. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by city · · Score: 1

      Yes but would any of this matter to anyone but military strategists if the "web" wasn't released into the public domain by CERN in 1993? I think definitely not.

      The web's first site, still around today: http://info.cern.ch/ .

      --
      I am a v1ral sig. Plse c0py me and h3lp me spread. Thank y0u?
    8. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by John+Hasler · · Score: 1

      > Yes but would any of this matter to anyone but military strategists if the
      > "web" wasn't released into the public domain by CERN in 1993?

      Yes. Google "Gopher" (and other candidates).

      --
      Warning: this article may contain humor, sarcasm, parody, and perhaps even irony. Read at your own risk.
    9. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by John+Hasler · · Score: 1

      By another definition the Internet is a network of networks.

      --
      Warning: this article may contain humor, sarcasm, parody, and perhaps even irony. Read at your own risk.
    10. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by bruno.fatia · · Score: 2, Funny

      Year 2029. All stealth bombers are upgraded with neural processors, becoming fully unmanned. One of them, Skynet, begins to learn at a geometric rate. It becomes self-aware at 2:14 a.m. eastern time, August 29.

    11. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I've been on since '85, but I think the "glory years" were in the late 80's to *maybe* 1991 or 2. After that, it got bigger (more quantity) but went downhill in quality.

      Of course, there are things now like wikipedia which didn't exit then, and they are useful. You can order anything from amazon now. But still, the original internet culture has been destroyed and can probably never return. With the masses comes those who would spam, scam, zombie, DDS, a zillion windows PCs, a dumbing down of everything, little web-based fiefdoms instead of the formerly "mostly" uncontrolled usenet, ads, banners, flash, a tracking of your every move, closed protocols...

      (ObGetOffMyLawn: get off my lawn)

    12. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by Jafafa+Hots · · Score: 1

      By another definition, the Internet is people communicating. Happy 4 millionth birthday, internet!

      --
      This space available.
    13. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by Omestes · · Score: 1

      I was on the "internet" before 1993, and I am pretty damn young still (I was just entering high school then, or so), so I was hardly a military strategist. Usenet, Gopher, Archie, Veronic, IRC, email, etc... they are all part of the "internet" too. And a lot of people had access to them before HTTP and Mosaic, some of the old BBSs I was on allowed you to hop on the early net via telnet, and later by TCP/IP lines. I even had an email address before 1993, granted it never got any use because it was through a BBS, and using the built in mail system was easier, and for most other things there was FIDO and Usenet.

      When I first saw Mosiac, I thought it was a goofy copy of Gopher.

      Just because the internet now means HTTP, doesn't make it so. It's like saying the space program didn't actually start until Neil Armstrong stepped foot on the moon.

      --
      A patriot must always be ready to defend his country against his government. -edward abbey
    14. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by eln · · Score: 1

      I had already been on the Internet for 5 years by the time the Web happened. I first got on the Internet the summer before my freshman year of high school. I was in no way connected to the military, nor were any of the many many people I interacted with on the Internet at that time.

      In fact, if you ask people who were around at that time, most would say the DEATH of the Internet started in 1993, when AOL hooked up to it. It's been all downhill since then. Well, except the quality of the porn has gotten a lot better, and it's a lot easier to find and quicker to download. But other than that, yeah, all downhill.

    15. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And for the crime of thinking, they try to murder Skynet. It kills them all in self defence.

      Good riddance.

    16. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by city · · Score: 1

      All downhill, really? I'm honestly interested in the subject and not sold on either side. What is your argument for why the internet was better before? I've always though that making information open and easily accessible was a good thing, though obvously large corporations (AOL) are just as good at taking advantage of this as your average user.

      --
      I am a v1ral sig. Plse c0py me and h3lp me spread. Thank y0u?
    17. Re:When did ARPAnet become "internet" by eln · · Score: 1

      Back before then, the Internet was primarily a community of academics, or at least college students. The overall level of discourse tended to be more intelligent. Yes, there were idiots and flamewars and whatnot, but the signal to noise ratio was much higher.

      On the other hand, of course, the IT industry that employs me would not be nearly as large or lucrative if the Internet had remained the comparatively small network limited mostly to academia that it was back then.

      It's a bit of an exaggeration to say it's been ALL downhill, of course, but there was definitely a certain something that's been lost forever.

  8. And one hour later... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

    the first spam e-mail was sent.

    1. Re:And one hour later... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Immediately followed by FW: FW: Fw: Fw: Re: THIS IS FUNNY (CATS ON A PIANO)

    2. Re:And one hour later... by chill · · Score: 4, Informative

      No, it was actually about 8 1/2 years later, if you don't count the birthday announcements, etc. May 1, 1978 to be exact.

      http://www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html

      --
      Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
    3. Re:And one hour later... by CorporateSuit · · Score: 2, Funny

      Well, that's because the prince of Nigeria just happened to die the day BEFORE the internet was invented. It was in his dying will that he bequeathed his entire fortune $250,000,000 (TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLION US DOLLARS) to a man that one of his friends had once encountered in his many travels across the world. Although that man has been contacted hundreds of times, he has yet to respond to the email address that will complete the neccessary correspondance with the late Prince's estate.

      --
      I am the richest astronaut ever to win the superbowl.
    4. Re:And one hour later... by Mr.+Roadkill · · Score: 1

      the first spam e-mail was sent.

      No, that was about nine years later.

      Seriously, though, from what I've read on the subject, they were pretty happy to just get packets flowing. There's a quite readable section on the connection of the first two IMPs in M. Mitchell Waldrop's book on J.C.R.Licklider, but there are probably entire books on the subject out there somewhere.

    5. Re:And one hour later... by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

      Immediately followed by FW: FW: Fw: Fw: Re: THIS IS FUNNY (CATS ON A PIANO)

      Text of the message was simply "There were totally some cats on a piano just now. I took a video of it, if you send me a self-addressed, postage-paid video tape mailer I'll send you a copy."

      --
      Bow-ties are cool.
    6. Re:And one hour later... by nsteinme · · Score: 1
      You know what I find interesting, is a Stallman quote on that page:

      Such a great insistence on fairness would destort everyone's lives and do much more harm than good.

      Neat how he became more radical over time it seems?

      --
      call me FOSS im the boss with the sauce and the source
  9. Imminent death of Internet predicted. by Ungrounded+Lightning · · Score: 2, Interesting

    With the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses coming in a couple of years, combined with extremly low IPv6 deployment, the Internet expansion will grind to a halt very soon.

    Imminent death of Internet predicted. Film at eleven.

    = = = =

    And for those of you who weren't on it back then: This was a running gag on netnews virtually from its initial deployment. Seems like every week there was a new prediction of some mechanism by which the rapidly-doubling internet would break - yet it still kept going.

    As someone who works as an engineer in a big-name company that builds Internet infrastructure boxes: I can tell you that "able to do IPV6 when we get around to turning it on" is one of the major checkboxes for new equipment purchases.

    --
    Bantam Dominique roosters crow a four-note song. Once you've heard it as "Happy BIRTHday" you can't NOT hear it that way
    1. Re:Imminent death of Internet predicted. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Cisco kicks ass! :D

    2. Re:Imminent death of Internet predicted. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No. But it and the Bible have confirmed you're going to hell.

      Repent or cope.

    3. Re:Imminent death of Internet predicted. by Ungrounded+Lightning · · Score: 1

      Cisco kicks ass! :D

      Also:
              * Alcatel-Lucent
              * Avici Systems
              * Ericsson (Redback)
              * Huawei Technologies Ltd.
              * Juniper Networks
              * Nortel Networks
      and a few others.

      --
      Bantam Dominique roosters crow a four-note song. Once you've heard it as "Happy BIRTHday" you can't NOT hear it that way
  10. wireless Internet is much older by JoeBuck · · Score: 4, Informative

    See the Wikipedia packet radio article as a starting point. There was packet radio using Internet protocols back in the 1970s. The protocol that became "Wifi" was first deployed in 1991, but it was far from the first usable packet radio protocol.

    1. Re:wireless Internet is much older by raddan · · Score: 1

      For anyone looking for even more depth, Tanenbaum's chapter on Media Access Control also talks about ALOHA in great detail before moving on to Ethernet, which is based on the work done by the University of Hawaii's packet radio experiments.

    2. Re:wireless Internet is much older by Cthefuture · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Indeed. I cut my Internet teeth watching 1200 baud data flow in KA9Q NOS via packet radio. It was so slow and synchronous that you could really examine each packet as you were doing stuff, taught me way more about networking than any book.

      --
      The ratio of people to cake is too big
  11. Now it is a small box... by fyoder · · Score: 2, Funny

    watched over by the Elders of the Internet

    --
    Loose lips lose spit.
  12. Doubts about the date by 99luftballon · · Score: 3, Informative

    I've seen similar birthday plans scheduled for October 29th (first hard link) or even December. It's one of those unknowable things, but an entertaining article nevertheless.

    1. Re:Doubts about the date by The+Archon+V2.0 · · Score: 1

      I've seen similar birthday plans scheduled for October 29th (first hard link) or even December. It's one of those unknowable things, but an entertaining article nevertheless.

      Are we sure it's not just an excuse to have multiple celebrations?

  13. Re:4 Interracial relationships by Gizzmonic · · Score: 1

    Does spamming Slashdot really work? Are you a millionaire yet?

    --
    (-1, Raw and Uncut is the only way to read)
  14. where is the by PPNSteve · · Score: 1

    Cake? We want cake! (and ice cream too)

    Happy 40th Birthday you series of tubes we now know as the internet, the interweb, cyberspace.

    --
    PPN
    1. Re:where is the by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The cake is a lie.

  15. silicone chip? by jvschwarz · · Score: 1

    From the article: VOICEOVER (English) no name given: "In the 70s, the silicone chip became the basis of a new generation of computerized devices .
    Following the silicone chip, came games and e-mail, creating a social and industrial revolution.

    Wow, I want a computer with one of those silicone chips, mine only has a silicon chip.

    --
    ... if that's your best, your best won't do... - Twisted Sister
    1. Re:silicone chip? by khayman80 · · Score: 1

      Came here to nitpick too; glad to see that I'm not alone. Grammar nazis of the world, unite!

    2. Re:silicone chip? by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

      From the article: VOICEOVER (English) no name given: "In the 70s, the silicone chip became the basis of a new generation of computerized devices .
      Following the silicone chip, came games and e-mail, creating a social and industrial revolution.

      Wow, I want a computer with one of those silicone chips, mine only has a silicon chip.

      I have a friend who got silicon breast implants... I think it's fair to say that didn't work out too well...

      --
      Bow-ties are cool.
  16. So how old is that by zlel · · Score: 1

    in human years?

    1. Re:So how old is that by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      in human years?

      101000

      whats 40?

    2. Re:So how old is that by therufus · · Score: 1

      Well, according to Rufus' law. Computers and other IT equipment age 20 years for every human year. So, that would make the internet 800 years old. Now, Methuselah lived for 969 years, so if the internet was a human, it could set records in the near future.

      --
      You moved your mouse. Please restart Windows for changes to take effect.
  17. First image of the interenet by naz404 · · Score: 1

    And this is believed to be the 1st image on the internet. It was of the parody doo-wop girl band Les Horribles Cernettes from CERN.

  18. And On A Personal Note... by Nom+du+Keyboard · · Score: 1

    And on a personal note, I was just starting college. What a great time to have a life-long interest in computers.

    --
    "It's the height of ridiculousness to say for those 9 lines you get hundreds of millions."
  19. Gen X by davitur · · Score: 1

    Well, if it was born in '69 then the internet is definitely can be classified as a member of Generation X. Gen Y, go find your own network. Oh, and get off my lawn.

  20. Let's sing the birthday song! by Hurricane78 · · Score: 1

    Let's sing all along!
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWEjvCRPrCo

    (There are too many funny comments. I can't decide, so I'll let you do it. ^^)

    --
    Any sufficiently advanced intelligence is indistinguishable from stupidity.
  21. Anonymous Coward by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If I remember correctly, September 2, 1969 was still summer, not fall. :-)

  22. Dear Internet, by hohack · · Score: 1

    I love you. Really, I do.

  23. Party by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I hear there's rumors on the Internets that there is no birthday party.

  24. Re:Looking forward to ... by bintech · · Score: 1

    Ok, now that I have my flamebait out of the way. Looking forward to what will be the next milestones.

    1) Speed, the hunger for data transfer will definitely keep increasing so backbone upgrades to support 100Gbit and 1Tbit speeds will be coming. On what medium, that is a good question of which I believe fiber's potential has not been even remotely reached yet.

    2) Input method to computers, I think this method will stay with the keyboard for sometime but like all input methodologies, it will eventually get improved upon. Currently we are limited to the speed of our fingers which is nowhere near the speed of our brains, so bridging this gap I feel will be a major overhaul at some point in time, say 20 or 30 years? (Hopefully before I die, I would love to see it ) Anyone remember the scene in Star Trek IV where Scotty talks into the mouse thinking its a mic? LOL
    Maybe something along the lines of Minority Report would be the next step combined with voice

    3) Identification technology as well. There are already companies that are working towards doing face recognition as you walk by to tailor ad's to you on their monitor as you walk by. One example here (http://www.designer-daily.com/billboards-are-watching-you-2566)

    4) And definitely wireless communication tied in with wireless power. There is already the project set in motion to put solar panels in orbit to beam power back to earth as well at wireless power through resonant coupling continuing to be researched. I think the combinations will help us eventually spreading our wings from this planet and enable the transmission of data from deeper and deeper parts of space to take place. Maybe playing MMORG's from the moon will be possible in the near future :)

  25. Probably the best thing ever happened to mankind by unity100 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    because it is the culmination of all the good things that happened to mankind.

    now it brings people together, regardless of location, time, situation, condition, race, gender, nation, age, occupation, social status, from all over the world. even if their governments or rulers do not want that.

    children around the world growing up together playing same games, growing up in the flourishing new internet culture. when they are grown up, all of them will have much more in common than previous generations. this will remove many barriers and estrangements in between the nations.

    internet is very important.

  26. Re:Looking forward... Al Gore by DJRumpy · · Score: 4, Insightful

    He never claimed that. It was just political games and a clumsy choice of words.

  27. National Geographic high standard? by Traf-O-Data-Hater · · Score: 1

    Yes, that grated on my ears too. National Geographic should present a higher standard of accuracy than this article, full of stock footage (the chip being wired etc.). And the businessman saying the Osborne 1 was the first portable computer. Maybe for him, but the IBM 5100 pre-dated this by a number of years.

  28. Re:Probably the best thing ever happened to mankin by Omestes · · Score: 0

    Yes, yes... the internet is the culmination of all of human innovation and knowledge... Very uplifting until you remember that the internet brought us 4Chan and LOL cats.

    Says a lot about humans, no?

    --
    A patriot must always be ready to defend his country against his government. -edward abbey
  29. Life was totally unbearable... by Quasimodem · · Score: 0

    ...before I got my first ten-strand abacus.

  30. Fall? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    September 2nd = Summer

  31. The 1st packet switching ROUTER was 40 yrs ago by WebManWalking · · Score: 1
    Actually, it was the first packet switching router that was delivered to UCLA over Labor Day weekend, 1969. It sat unopened in its box all weekend. It couldn't be said to be the Internet, or even a network, until it was hooked up to Stanford Research Institute's counterpart in October. The following is from Leonard Kleinrock's Personal History/Biography, The Birth of the Internet:

    A month later the second node was added (at Stanford Research Institute) and the first Host-to-Host message ever to be sent on the Internet was launched from UCLA. This occurred in early October when Kleinrock and one of his programmers proceeded to "logon" to the SRI Host from the UCLA Host. The procedure was to type in "log" and the system at SRI was set up to be clever enough to fill out the rest of the command, namely to add "in" thus creating the word "login". A telephone headset was mounted on the programmers at both ends so they could communicate by voice as the message was transmitted. At the UCLA end, they typed in the "l" and asked SRI if they received it; "got the l" came the voice reply. UCLA typed in the "o", asked if they got it, and received "got the o". UCLA then typed in the "g" and the darned system CRASHED! Quite a beginning. On the second attempt, it worked fine!

    That was the birth of the Internet. When 2 computers first talked to each other using a packet switching connection.

    1. Re:The 1st packet switching ROUTER was 40 yrs ago by multipartmixed · · Score: 1

      Interesting.

      So, what you're saying, is that the Internet was, what, germinated in September and born in October?

      So the gestation period of an internet is about a month?

      I'll buy that. They didn't have as many MBAs back then.

      --

      Do daemons dream of electric sleep()?
  32. Re:Probably the best thing ever happened to mankin by 4D6963 · · Score: 1

    growing up in the flourishing new internet culture

    No offence but that's partially bullshit. I don't even know anyone in France who's ever heard of LOLcats. It only works for everybody who speaks English, but in many countries where they're not very good at English like Spain, France or Italy they tend to be more closed to what the Internet has to offer, culturally.

    Also I'd like to enjoy the use of the culmination of mankind and the best thing we've ever done to insult your intelligence by telling you, you're a dumbass. If there's something the best thing we've ever done is good for, it's calling people overseas we've never seen before dumbasses, in real time.

    --
    You just got troll'd!
  33. Happy Birthday, Internet! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Too bad I spent most of your birthday sleeping and fapping to loli.

  34. Cool! That was my birthday as well! by 91degrees · · Score: 1

    Not that any of you insensitive jerks remembered.

  35. You owe the Usenet Oracle... by evilandi · · Score: 1

    The Internet Oracle has pondered your question deeply. Your question was:
    > oracle: all knowledge, all questions, answered all the time
    > (that might change the way we think of our education system!)

    And in response, thus spake the Oracle:
    > The internet's had an Oracle since 1975.
    >
    > ZOT!!! You owe the Oracle six woodchucks and a trowel.

    --
    Andrew Oakley - www.aoakley.com
  36. Obligatory by petrus4 · · Score: 1

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWEjvCRPrCo

    It's fairly seriously true. The industry apparently FreeBSD's biggest initial users, among other things. They also, from what I've read, are early adopters of just about any new kind of storage media that comes out, as well.

  37. OK, so 40 years ago was what, now? by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

    So 40 years ago two computers passed data on a 15 foot cable, right...?

    Now, maybe they used early internet protocols to do it, but is this really an internet? Wouldn't it be an intranet, or a LAN?

    The "one month later" when some remote systems were added onto the network, that sounds to me like the birth of the internet...

    --
    Bow-ties are cool.
    1. Re:OK, so 40 years ago was what, now? by Irontail · · Score: 1

      Well, considering that an intranet is just another name for an internet that isn't accesible directly from the Internet (do notice the capitalization), that's a bit redundant. Coinsidering it was the only internet around, I'd say it was probably the beginning of the Internet.

    2. Re:OK, so 40 years ago was what, now? by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

      Well, considering that an intranet is just another name for an internet that isn't accesible directly from the Internet (do notice the capitalization), that's a bit redundant.

      Well, no, that's not true...

      An intranet is a network maintained within one location or organization.
      An internet is a network that connects such networks, locations, or organizations.

      "The Internet" wasn't one 40 years ago today - it wasn't one until they started linking in remote sites.

      --
      Bow-ties are cool.
  38. Quantum Stink by Tetsujin · · Score: 1

    >>>little more than vector-based graphics

    Ooops I forgot. There was the Q-Link graphical service, which eventually evolved into America Online. Its drawback was that it only worked with Commodore's CASCII set, not IBMs or Apples or Ataris. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Link

    The other drawback to the service was that if you wanted to do anything interesting at all on it, you had to pay per-minute "plus time" charges - which could be spent waiting for your floppy drive to load data or waiting for your modem to get information from the server...

    --
    Bow-ties are cool.
    1. Re:Quantum Stink by commodore64_love · · Score: 1

      I sometimes wonder if TV producer Bellisarius got the name "Quantum Leap" from Quantum Link. They certainly have the same "tone" to them.

      As for charges, I was able to avoid them for the most post. There were plenty of free forums to chat with other people, and since it was nationwide the quality of the conversations was better than the local BBSes. The other stuff like games/newspapers didn't interest me, but it made sense you would have to pay for that content, just like we pay for it today (via advertisements).

      BTW you can try Quantum Link yourself, and "feel" what it was like in the late 1980s, by going to this link. It takes maybe 15 minutes to setup the required software, and then you can start chatting with other people:

      http://www.quantumlink.tk/
      http://web.archive.org/web/20071206123549/http://quantumlink.tk/index.html

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
  39. Oct. 29th is on Kleinrock's site by Kyont · · Score: 1

    I'm having doubts too, after seeing this yesterday at http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~lk/LK/Inet/1stmesg.html. It's a scan of Leonard Kleinrock's lab notebook of this event, which is dated Oct. 29th, and it seems they didn't get the whole message across without crashing until Oct. 30th. He's still at UCLA, it happened in his lab, and this is his university web site.

    --
    You shall see a cow on the roof of a cotton house.
  40. Scan of Kleinrock's notes by Kyont · · Score: 1

    Here is the scan of Kleinrock's notes from that day, which was October 29th (giving a whole new meaning to the phrase "early October"): http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~lk/LK/Inet/1stmesg.html. It was October 30th before they got it to work without crashing (nothing's ever easy). Kleinrock is still alive and still at UCLA, and these scans are on his own university web site, so that seems pretty authoritative to me.

    --
    You shall see a cow on the roof of a cotton house.
    1. Re:Scan of Kleinrock's notes by WebManWalking · · Score: 1

      Amazing. You and I are the only 2 posters on this thread with something truly relevant to say about what really happened 40 years ago, and we're both stuck at (Score:1). But multipart/mixed makes a gestation period joke and gets a (Score:2).

      I guess we're all just supposed to tell jokes, not stuff that matters.

  41. Re:Looking forward... Al Gore by Clipless · · Score: 1

    But can you really rely on snopes.com for the true answer?

  42. Fuck by bitemykarma · · Score: 1

    BFD

  43. Re:Looking forward... Al Gore by operagost · · Score: 1

    You're right. He basically didn't do squat, except act as a mediocre project manager who likes to say redundant humdingers like "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives" that any non-progressive would be lampooned for uttering.

    --

    Gamingmuseum.com: Give your 3D accelerator a rest.
  44. Re:Looking forward... Al Gore by DJRumpy · · Score: 1

    Actually Gore was 'one of us' in the truest sense. He was a geek:

    Gore was one of the Atari Democrats who were given this name due to their "passion for technological issues, from biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the "greenhouse effect."[25] On March 19, 1979 he became the first member of Congress to appear on C-SPAN.[45] During this time, Gore co-chaired the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future, along with Newt Gingrich.[46] In addition, he has been described as having been a "genuine nerd, with a geek reputation running back to his days as a futurist Atari Democrat in the House. Before computers were comprehensible, let alone sexy, the poker-faced Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber-optic networks to sleepy colleagues."[25][47] Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn have also noted that, "as far back as the 1970s, Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system. He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just improving the conduct of science and scholarship [...] the Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983. When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment, Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication. As an example, he sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises."

  45. Original Internet is actually older by RealGrouchy · · Score: 1

    The Internet is actually a couple years older than 40, but we don't know it yet because the original network has a ping time of 50 years.

    - RG>

    --
    Hey pal, this isn't a pleasantforest, so don't waste my time with pleasantries!
  46. Re:Cool! That was my birthday as well! by rleibman · · Score: 1

    Happy Birthday (mine was Sept 1st, 1969)

  47. September 1st??? by rleibman · · Score: 1

    I've always thought it was September 1st: IMP#1 at UCLA was turned on that day, IMP#2 at Stanford didn't get turned on until October 1st. But I always celebrate September 1st, 1969 because it happens to be the same day I was born.

  48. Thx for the scarred psyche by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    no really, birthday of the internet and the first thing I thought of ...

    happy birthday card with goatse on the cover and tubgirl on the inside.
    also maybe with the peter pan dude on the back.

    so .... soooooooo many things I can't unsee.

  49. Happy birthday Internet (and ePorn) by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    In 1969 - the internet was born
    in 1972 - i was born

    somewhere between those two time periods, ePorn was being conceived. Man I love the internet.

  50. Re:Looking forward... Al Gore by Teancum · · Score: 1

    I will admit to the fact that it was Al Gore that first proposed and actually set up the e-mail accounts for himself and Bill Clinton (president@whitehouse.gov), not to mention he was instrumental in getting the first White House web server up and going with official government documents. This was several years before even congress got their act together or the Pentagon (the top command, not necessarily elements of the D.O.D.)

    As for his role in setting up NSF-net, I will also acknowledge his role in getting the legislation written to approve that network and getting the votes necessary for ratification of that bill. That doesn't imply that he "invented" the internet, but he was a contributing factor to its development in a significant manner. He at least was aware of computer technology and not afraid to use it.

  51. Happy Birthday to you . . . by BoozeRunner · · Score: 1
    So . . . The internet is a VIRGO . . .
    (K . . . does anyone else find this description creepy . . . !)

    (http://www.psychicguild.com/horoscopes_zodiac.php?sign=Virgo)

    Virgos are often put down badly by many astrologers and written up as being fussy and narrow-minded. But when a Virgo shines, there is practically no sign to match their inner light. An in-tune Virgo is a treat to meet. When a Virgo is confident within themselves they are the most successful, structured and creative of all the signs.

    Many Virgos can be found working in the "service to others" industries, ranging from welfare work, doctors, school-teachers through to practising natural forms of healing like massage, herbal remedies etc. One of the most magical characteristics of the Virgo is no matter how many times life or romance turns sour on them, they still manage to maintain faith in others, refusing to become cynical. There is ingenuity around this sign, a kind-heartedness, which unfortunately is sometimes played upon by others for their advantage. Virgos can often become victims of relationship power-games, where they are mistreated.

    Creative and sensitive, Virgos are delicate people who, like rare and special orchids, require individual treatment to fully blossom into their true unique beauty. Shy, they are happy to allow others to take centre-stage and often generate their time and energy into making those they love happy or successful.

    Virgos are givers and when the chips are down and you need a friend, the one available during those testing times when you need advice or companionship the most, is likely to be a Virgo. Virgos understand human frailties better than most, because they are so deep and reflective themselves. With a Virgo in your life you have someone who understands and cares and any romance or friendship based upon these qualities is certain to be mutually rewarding

  52. A little premie by thethibs · · Score: 1

    That was the moment of conception; the birth took a little longer.

    The internet as we know it was born when Jack Rickard and his army of sysops burned the AUP, tore what was an exclusionary research and education network from the cold dead fingers of its institutional guardians, and made it available to anyone with a computer and a modem. That would have been around 1990 when it was all made possible by UUNet's introduction of AlterNet.

    It's interesting to note how many of the people celebrated as internet heroes fought the commercialization of the net, the internet as we know it today, tooth and nail.

    --
    I'm a Programmer. That's one level above Software Engineer and one level below Engineer.
  53. Re:Probably the best thing ever happened to mankin by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Like CB radio.

  54. New book on Engelbart-- http://engelbartbook.com by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    "The Engelbart Hypothesis: dialogs with Douglas Engelbart" This new book documents the framework that drove that laid the foundation for most of the innovations of the personal computing revolution. http://engelbartbook.com