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Study Shows Testosterone is Bad For High-Stakes Decisions

itwbennett writes "According to a study by researchers at the University of British Columbia's Sauder School of Business, young CEOs with higher levels of testosterone in their system are 'more likely to initiate, scrap or resist mergers and acquisitions' — even when it's not in their best interest. 'We find a strong association between male CEOs being young and their withdrawal rate of initiated mergers and acquisition,' says Prof. Levi, whose research relies on the established correlation between relative youth and increased levels of testosterone. 'For instance, young CEOs, who have higher levels of testosterone, tend to reject offers even when this is against their interest.'"

35 of 213 comments (clear)

  1. Testosterone? Really? by zaft · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Oh geez, this is just stupid. At least the headline is stupid. There's nothing in TFA to suggest that testosterone as such has anything to do with! It's just age and presumably experience. Geez.

    1. Re:Testosterone? Really? by vidnet · · Score: 2, Interesting

      But interestingly, testosterone seems to have the opposite effect on women.

      Women who received a placebo but believed they had received testosterone offered fair money splits only 10 percent of the time, probably because they harbored a negative stereotype of testosterone's effects. Women who were given testosterone but thought it was a placebo, on the other hand, offered fair-share splits 60 percent of the time--significantly more often than those who correctly guessed they got testosterone (30 percent) or a placebo (50 percent).

      The difference is 10%. Neither TFA or this FA mention sample size (boo!), but unless it was tragically low, this should be significant.

    2. Re:Testosterone? Really? by eluusive · · Score: 3, Insightful

      From their actual paper's conclusion section: "In this paper we examine whether testosterone, which is associated with male dominance seeking and which we have proxied by male CEO age, is associated with M&A withdrawals, the use of tender offers, and bid initiation." Fucking ridiculous, I'm surprised this paper even got published. They didn't even sample anyone's testosterone.

    3. Re:Testosterone? Really? by siriuskase · · Score: 2, Informative

      Thanks to you, I was persuaded to read the whole article. It plainly said that it relied on the inverse correlation between age and testosterone levels, then it never said anything about actual blood tests. Relied in this sense is a very strong word, it means the whole study depended on this fact. So I read the article making the mental substitution of inexperience for high testosterone and it made perfect since, Inexperienced CEO's make more mistakes. WoW! If they conducted this same experiment with female CEO's, would the younger ones make more mistakes? Would they then theorize that the young female CEO's had high testosterone? Females would have made an interesting control group. Did they even have a control group?

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  2. Easily solved by Jedi+Alec · · Score: 4, Funny

    Make castration a standard step of getting an MBA?

    One way or the other its bound to make the world a better place ;-)

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  3. Testosterone? by Ventriloquate · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Young CEOs are not in the same position as their older counterparts. Thus, the decisions they make may be based on another factor.

  4. Control for experience? by phantomcircuit · · Score: 4, Interesting

    How did they control for experience? Pump old guys full of testosterone?

    1. Re:Control for experience? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Hmm they seem to be a bit confused regarding causality here. In the interests of science, what if we try a small substitution/amendment:

      "According to a study by researchers at the University of British Columbia's Sauder School of Business, young CEOs with higher levels of PARTICIPATION IN SOCCER/MASTURBATION/INTEREST IN SPACE TRAVEL/IPOD OWNERSHIP are 'more likely to initiate, scrap or resist mergers and acquisitions' — even when it's not in their best interest. 'We find a strong association between male CEOs being young and their withdrawal rate of initiated mergers and acquisition,' says Prof. Levi, whose research relies on the established correlation between relative youth and PARTICIPATION IN SOCCER/MASTURBATION/INTEREST IN SPACE TRAVEL/IPOD OWNERSHIP. 'For instance, young CEOs, who have higher levels of PARTICIPATION IN SOCCER/MASTURBATION/INTEREST IN SPACE TRAVEL/IPOD OWNERSHIP, tend to reject offers even when this is against their interest.'"

    2. Re:Control for experience? by Pharmboy · · Score: 2, Insightful

      More importantly, it misses the point. Assuming that the symptoms are true, that older CEOs tend to make better business decisions, assigning it to lower testosterone levels is a bit absurd. Perhaps it is due to experience? Perhaps we get a little less impulsive as we age, tend to not make snap decisions, and exercise better judgement at 55 than at 25? Maybe we just see the big picture better as we age. Some call that wisdom.

      Saying that testosterone is the root cause of bad CEO decisions is like the FSM comparison of the correlation between global warming and the number of pirates in the world. It might be an entertaining read, but it isn't science.

      --
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  5. RTFA. SRSLY. by Moraelin · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Actually, no, if you actually RTFA (I know, I know, it's Slashdot), you'll find out that no, it's also based on a study where they actually asked people to play a sort of game, and they actually measured testosterone levels. Those who had more testosterone, tended to be more competitive even when it resulted in losing the game.

    In fact those with high testosterone levels ended up doing things as irrational in any imaginable circumstance as to basically reject an offer of free money, just because they perceived it as being too low. You don't want someone like that making economic decisions.

    Just age and experience had nothing to do with it. Those test subjects who were just as young but more deficient in the testosterone department tended to take more rational decisions.

    Basically, thinking with your dick is bad. The stereotype of the Real Man with real balls may have been a plus when it came to making him do dumb stuff like going to get stabbed at for his king, but it turns out to be a liability when the job requires more thinking with the head upstairs than with the one below the belt. You want someone taking economic decisions because they make logical and mathematical sense, not because it's his kind of measuring dick size against the partners.

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    1. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by Jedi+Alec · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The stereotype of the Real Man with real balls may have been a plus when it came to making him do dumb stuff like going to get stabbed at for his king, but it turns out to be a liability when the job requires more thinking with the head upstairs than with the one below the belt. You want someone taking economic decisions because they make logical and mathematical sense, not because it's his kind of measuring dick size against the partners.

      Yet these same aggressive young men are the ones that start new businesses, thinking they've got what it takes to make it big, even though realistically the odds are against them. These same young men manage to convince investors and shareholders that they have got what it takes.

      From an intellectual point of view I fully agree with you, but in the real world decisions are often made based on emotions, not facts. Just look around a big corporation who the guys are that rise to the top. Is it the quiet intellectuals that think with their heads or the sales guys that play people's emotions like a well tuned piano?

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    2. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by Moraelin · · Score: 2, Funny

      There's a name for people who play people's emotions like a piano. It's not "young and brave". It's "sociopath" :p

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    3. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by Moraelin · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Well, as a general criterion, I would agree with you, but here we're talking a simple game with clear rules. The offer to get free money was clearly just an offer to get free money. The one offering it didn't get to write some "I own your kids now" clause in the fine print or anything.

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    4. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by chichilalescu · · Score: 2, Funny

      no, no, NO! it's not politically correct to call politicians that.

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    5. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by chichilalescu · · Score: 2, Interesting

      suppose someone understands people's emotions and can use them to their advantage. that doesn't mean they are controlled by their emotions... on the contrary.
      and another thing: the best leaders are those that have good advisors, and listen to those advisors. high levels of testosterone will probably lead you to do things your own way, to prove yourself. from an evolutionary perspective, this makes sense: the hormone is there to push everyone to do their own thing, so females can pick the winners.
      hopefully, human society has evolved beyond the point where we need the other guys to fail so that we can succeed.

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      new sig
    6. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by 10101001+10101001 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      In fact those with high testosterone levels ended up doing things as irrational in any imaginable circumstance as to basically reject an offer of free money, just because they perceived it as being too low. You don't want someone like that making economic decisions.

      Just a small point, but the "ultimatum game" has been conducted many times and the consistent issue it raises is that people often reject low offers, even though as you note it's to reject free money. The new study in part gives one possible explanation for why young men might reject free money in the "ultimatum game", but it doesn't explain everyone else's reasons nor is there any evidence that it's the young males who were the group that most often rejected in previous "ultimatum game" studies. Btw, the Nash equilibrium, optimal solution for splitting $100 would be to offer $0.01 and keep $99.99. Would you accept that?

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    7. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by martin-boundary · · Score: 3, Informative

      Btw, the Nash equilibrium, optimal solution for splitting $100 would be to offer $0.01 and keep $99.99. Would you accept that?

      How is this a Nash equilibrium?

      BTW, it's quite rational to reject $0.01 when the other player receives $99.99, since after the game the richer player has more options available to spend money than the poorer player. If the two players have zero dollars in their pockets to begin with, then any outcome away from 50/50 leads to relative inequality after the game. If the first player offers more than 50 to the other, then he knows that the second player will accept, leading to inequatiy and an incentive to reduce the amount back to 50. But if he offers less than 50 to the other player, then there will be inequality unless the second player rejects. So it's irrational to offer less than 50, and Nash is at 50/50.

    8. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by TheRaven64 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Otherwise, economically speaking, they're being irrational.

      And humans would never do that!

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    9. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by martin-boundary · · Score: 2, Insightful

      By refusing an offer of $20 because the other guy will get $80, you're assuring that you'll stay exactly where you were to begin with, whereas you could have come out ahead $20.

      That's wrong though. By accepting the $20, you make yourself poorer than the other guy, which is why it's irrational to accept that offer (obviously some people aren't always rational...).

      Money doesn't have absolute value, only relative value. In a market economy, the guy with $80 can always outbid the guy with $20 on everything. That means if you deliberately place yourself in a position to be outbid, then you are coming out behind. Since you can fix that by not accepting, that strategy (of accepting the $20) can't belong to a Nash equilibrium.

    10. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by L4t3r4lu5 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Which is why you don't play the Ultimatum Game against each other. You are competing against yourself in your current situation. If you take the $20, you become $20 richer. If you don't take the $20, you are no richer.

      Your "Give me more than you" ultimatum results in a persistent loss for both, which is undesirable. Relatively you are no worse or better off. Realistically you are poorer.

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    11. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by PIBM · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Beside, the participants of the game were NOT CEOs, so it has no meaning whatsoever. It's not because you are taking cranky boosted adolescent to play a game that you can compare to CEOs taking important decisions. The first thing is that it was all a game..

    12. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by CraftyJack · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Btw, the Nash equilibrium, optimal solution for splitting $100 would be to offer $0.01 and keep $99.99. Would you accept that?

      Of course not. The offer would offend my sense of 'fairness'. That's not limited to humans, either. I recall a study in which capuchin monkeys rejected rewards that weren't 'good enough'. It's not the ultimatum game, but it does tap into our sense of fairness.

      Abstract here, pdf here

    13. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by denobug · · Score: 2, Insightful

      In a discrete, one-time logic, yes, you are correct. You would be $20 ahead of where you were by taking the money than having the "give me more than you" approach.

      However, Business is a continuous, statistically driven environment. That means for an organization to move forward the majority of the decision would be logically based, but at some point of time, a business have to take chances. In this example, if you were able to successfully bid out to receive at least $60 (not necessarily getting the $80 the other person would have received), you just even out the three $20 offers you refuse. That is quite an incentive to take a chance on something.

      Of course, gamblers usually don't last too long. But for some major decision with potentially high payout, sometime a risk is worth taken. You would have to mitigate the risk and the liability of the "wrong" decision, or be able to swallow the loss as a result of that (e.g. people still getting paid, company not losing a big chunck of operating cash reserve, etc.).

    14. Re:RTFA. SRSLY. by joss · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The 'rejection of free money' is from a test where A is given $100 and has to offer a proportion to B. If B rejects, neither A nor B get anything. The ultimatum game.

      The test is supposed to measure irrationality. Since the game is only played once, economists say whatever the offer made by A, if it is more than zero, then B should accept. According to their limited reasoning powers, A should offer B $1 and B should accept. In real life, A typically offers much more than that, and B typically rejects an offers of less than around 40%.

      Far from demonstrating the irrationality of the participants the test nicely demonstrates two forms of stupidity particuarly prevelant in economists.

      The first form of stupidity is thinking that if something is impossible to measure in monetary terms, then it has no value. They think that by rejecting the offer B gets nothing. Actually, B gets the satisfaction of punishing someone for being stingy. Suppose we were playing with $100 and A offered me $1. I would certainly reject the offer as the satisfaction of seeing A get nothing for being a dick would be worth more than $1.

      The second form of stupidity here is the belief that if something cannot be modelled, then its not real. This situation has elements of paradox which makes it hard to model. If we ignore the fact that non-monetary things can have value, there's still something interesting going on here. The fact the B might behave 'irrationally' by rejecting A's offer means that in practise, B ends up making more money than he otherwise would. A knows that B will reject an offer he deams too low, and so A offers much more than he would if he knew that B would take anything he offered. If we stick strictly to money, after the offer has been made B should always take it.. its supposedly 'irrational' not to. However, without the fear of irrationality A would always take $99 and B would get $1. Actually B typically gets much more than that so the 'irrational' behaviour is actually smarter.

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  6. re: Not in their best interests by mysidia · · Score: 5, Insightful

    are 'more likely to initiate, scrap or resist mergers and acquisitions' — even when it's not in their best interest. '

    'For instance, young CEOs, who have higher levels of testosterone, tend to reject offers even when this is against their interest.'

    First of all it says "even when it's not in their best interest". This is a strange claim. CEOs are not supposed to make decisions that are in their best interest anyways, they are specifically supposed to make decisions that are in their company's best interest, and in particular, that best serve the shareholders of their company. To intentionally do otherwise would be reckless, not what they agree to do by becoming CEO, and could get them sued, nonetheless.

    Second of all what is in a person (or company's) best interest is subjective. To claim they are acting against their interest, you are applying prescriptive measures --- that they in your opinion should do certain things. For example "facebook should have agreed to merge with twitter". That is your opinion, which might or might not bear out.

    To cast a point of view about whether it was in their best interests or not is "in retrospect". In retrospect it is always easy to say someone should or should not have done that, knowing the outcome. Not knowing the outcome, it is not so clear, and they are CEO there, not you, which is presumably out of some merit.

    “We find a strong association between male CEOs being young and their withdrawal rate of initiated mergers and acquisition,” says Prof. Levi, whose research relies on the established correlation between relative youth and increased levels of testosterone.

    I sense a case of post-hoc ergo propter hoc here.

    Perhaps a better explanation would be, they are young, so they are as individuals less experienced, less wise, their age could have something to do with it.

    Also, the fact that they're male doesn't mean testosterone -- if a different pattern was observed in females, there would be other differences besides testosterone difference.

    You can't have an anecdotal study and have it be a legitimate study. You can't rely on knowing the fact that males of that age tend to have higher levels of testosterone and assume these groups of CEOs have higher levels of testosterone because they fall into that age category.

    If you drew blood, you might find a totally different correlation between these CEOs and low levels of testosterone. Without even sampling the variable you are trying to make claims about, this is not an experiment, and not science.

  7. Beware!: Infinite Loop Ahead! *head a splodes*.... by rts008 · · Score: 3, Funny

    ...not politically correct to call politicians...

    I see what you did there...sneaky...

    You tried to inject one of the biggest, baddest, most highly concentrated Oxymorons known to mankind('politically correct') into a funny jab at politicians!

    You tricky devil. ;-)

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  8. In that case, the solution's simple by petes_PoV · · Score: 2, Funny
    "You want to be CEO? Certainly, just put your balls in this guillotine ....."

    Apart from producing a more successful brand (geld?) of CEO, it will also test just how badly they really want the job. Of course the test can only be carried out once - unless you relieve them of a single testicle first, to see how they get on, with the option of taking the remaining one if they do dumb things. ..... That, itself might be all the motivation they need.

    A handy side-effect would be a reduction in the number of sexual harassment suits against top executives.

    --
    politicians are like babies' nappies: they should both be changed regularly and for the same reasons
  9. Leading, no doubt, to the adage... by hyades1 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    ..."Age and treachery beat youth and enthusiasm every time."

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  10. Gynocentric crappola by Sqreater · · Score: 3, Interesting

    More anti-male blindness, demonizing, and beyond-the-pale gynocentrism. It doesn't seem to matter that everything we have as far as science, industry, technology, and government comes from male agressive creativity -- testosterone mediated inventive behaviors. The passive "doership" of the estrogenoni seems to be the only good and useful thing in our politically correct society. I guess James Watt, Maudsley, Edison, Ford, Einstein, Jobs, Gates.....were all making bad testosterone-filled mistakes. Far from mistakes, they made good, aggressive, risk-taking decisions driven by testosterone. It is more likely that the half of the human population that does not do these things is poisoned by its estrogen into being passive to the point of making NO decisions than possibly wrong aggressively creative decisions. Researchers, stop the constant male bashing.

    --
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    1. Re:Gynocentric crappola by eluusive · · Score: 4, Interesting

      It's funny, because if you go find their actual paper, they didn't measure testosterone at all. "In this paper we examine whether testosterone, which is associated with male dominance seeking and which we have proxied by male CEO age, is associated with M&A withdrawals, the use of tender offers, and bid initiation." Fucking ridiculous, I'm surprised this paper even got published.

    2. Re:Gynocentric crappola by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      And they are misrepresenting the ultimatum game as well:

      " The ultimatum game is a game often played in economic experiments in which two players interact to decide how to divide a sum of money that is given to them. The first player proposes how to divide the sum between the two players, and the second player can either accept or reject this proposal. If the second player rejects, neither player receives anything. If the second player accepts, the money is split according to the proposal. "

      In my university we played this game on "conflict resolution" course. Women got significiantly less money at the end.

    3. Re:Gynocentric crappola by hedwards · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Yeah, worse than that is that they haven't exactly dealt with the other causes of somebody being CEO. Such as having shady morals and a willingness to cheat lie and steal to get there. That is hardly a male only trait, and definitely not strictly tied to testosterone. If it were you wouldn't see that kind of behavior in older people.

    4. Re:Gynocentric crappola by mcgrew · · Score: 2, Interesting

      More anti-male blindness, demonizing, and beyond-the-pale gynocentrism.

      And a bit mysandrist to boot. If there had been a "study" measuring the effects of female hormones one women executives (especially with PMS, menopause, and all the other problems some women suffer) it would have been demonized as Misogynistic.

  11. Big can of Worms by BlueParrot · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Sex hormones can affect you a lot, at least some people. I used to be among those who insisted psychological differences between men and women were cultural, or due to upbringing and whatnot, then eventually I came to the point where I could no longer go on suppressing my feelings, and I called up a gender identity clinic, explained I felt fairly certain I'm transsexual, that I had tried my very best just living as a man , accepting it and that I just couldn't do it anymore. At the time I think I had pretty much ceased to eat out of depression.

    Since then I've had most of my testosterone replaced with estrogen, and aside from very rapidly ( within weeks ) making me feel better than I even thought was possible, it has also caused a lot of other changes. Some of which are quite common among people in my situation, others are more individual. It's hard to determine which changes are due to the hormones and which are merely due to feeling more comfortable with my body, but some are so common and well documented that psychiatrists and endocrinologists more or less assume them to be hormonal. There's always exceptions, and the effects are variable and individual, but the following is frequently described:

    Reduced sex drive
    Increased appetite
    A change in orgasmic pattern, moving it closer to that described by women
    Increased skin sensitivity.

    The last bit is actually likely due to the skin going thinner and hence a physical rather than psychological change. Bruises also stay visible longer, acne tends to improve, and many have trouble with dry skin. For me the last bit was so bad I developed severe rashes and had to go on a course of cortisone treatment. Nowadays I can keep it in control with normal skin lotion however.

    Now I don't mean with this that all stereotypes you hear about men and women are true, or that this particular study is even worth the paper it is written on. After all I'm arguably quiet different from most people ( or otherwise I would never had to do this ), and hence my experiences or those of people similar to me can't really be extrapolated to the rest of the population.

    However I can tell you one thing for sure. Hormones can do a lot of things to a person. Some people want to insist I'm just imagining it or that it may be a placebo effect or similar. It's a real pity the physical effects ( like breast development ) are partially irreversible, because otherwise I could just tell those people to go try for themselves. It really does affect you quite a bit.

  12. Underwear. Not Testosterone by bratwiz · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I think its all about the underwear.

    Women tend to wear silky, smooth underwear, or maybe nylon with some lace.

    Whereas men tend to wear itchy, scratchy old boxer shorts or briefs, which would naturally make anybody cranky and hard to get along with.

    So its no wonder that the young males were predisposed to making different decisions.

    Did any of the researchers factor out the difference in the underwear ???

    I think not.

    Clearly the research and all of its outcomes is totally biased, and the real answer is 'It depends.'