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China's Yearly Budget For High-Speed Rail: $100 Billion
An anonymous reader writes "For all of those wondering about China's massive high speed rail network, it costs some serious cash. Running high speed lines across the nation is expensive — to the tune of $100 billion dollars a year. This covers the cost to maintain the network, build it, and pay all of the staff. The problem is, corruption has reared its ugly head. The network itself has had its share of problems, with people dying as a result. There is also the problem that many of Chinese poor make so little money they can't afford to ride it. The sad fact is that so much money is being spent, no one can even keep count."
Yeah, because high-speed rail is only for Communists, like in California, and costs too much. That's why its bad. Keep pimpin' those Escalades, American pigs.
-- Ethanol-fueled
... how bout them chinks?
Frosty Piss Biatch!
China! High speed rail! Hurp! Derp!
Dog is my co-pilot.
Wait a second, I thought Obama was President of the US, not China!
No, you are right. China is not the president of the US... not yet, but soon!
ignintt romney lover thinks the werld was envinted in 6 days and that his unkel wuznt a chimp. hez rite, his uncle wuz pond scum
stoopid littel shit gonna get butfukked by obamas hit squod funnny shit cuz all he wants is to suk romney dick fukking iornic aint it
Where's the scandal?!
$100B divided by 2 million employees equals $50,000 per employee -- high for China, maybe, but matches the MEDIAN male income in the U.S.
Given that the $100B actually includes much more than employee salary, like, uh, the material costs of BUILDING the railroad, and trains, and stations, etc, the figure seems rather like a bargain.
"The problem is, corruption has reared its ugly head." : When does that not happen to some extent?
"The network itself has had its share of problems, with people dying as a result." : This happens everywhere.
"There is also the problem that many of Chinese poor make so little money they can't afford to ride it." : Maybe China is planning for the future, maybe?! You know, like when their middle class is comparable in size to that in other developed nations?
"The sad fact is that so much money is being spent, no one can even keep count." : Then what is the "$100 Billion" figure?! Sheesh! Make up your mind!
Wait this train won't carry a 1000 passengers it just launches a VW beetle size projectile at mach 5 into the air.
Rocket Surgeon.
That's is a huge amount of money... can't they do what they did in the West to build the railroads and just hire cheap Chinese workers? [yes, this is a tasteless joke, as circumstances back then were horrendous and many people died]
I don't know what kind of reputation "THE DIPLOMAT" has in the field of journalism, but this article is just pure crap. Despite the title, the article has almost nothing to do with high speed rail in China. Using recent problems that have come to light with the management of China's rail system, the article is actually just a mostly unflattering portrayal of the fiscal situation in China's military. A more accurate title for the article should be something like "Corruption plagues the PLA".
An excerpt for you:
This breakdown suggests that 100% of the PLA’s budget was diverted towards real requirements. But the parable of the railways strongly suggests that this cannot be right. How much of the PLA’s budget has been spent on retirement homes for generals in Florida, or funneled into private business ventures, or used to buy promotions? How much has been wasted on bogus capabilities that the military doesn’t really need, but whose purchase helped to line influential pockets? And how much has been spent on genuine capabilities, but capabilities whose price tag was hugely inflated so that highly-placed officials could skim off the surplus?
There is almost nothing of value on high speed rail that has not been already revealed from other media sources.
Stay sentient. Don't drink bad milk.
"...The problem is, corruption has reared its ugly head."
No, I'd say the problem is anyone assuming or painting a picture that a project of this magnitude did not have corruption built into it years ago before ground even broke.
Please don't make it sound like "corruption" is some new concept that was magically birthed from a $100 billion dollar program just last week that no one has ever heard of.
the material suppliers are also likely taking there cut as well.
also you need to count up keep and running costs in that 100B
That causes certain people to become obsessed with high speed rail?
In the UK the government is pushing ahead with a high speed rail link between London and Birmingham that will cost tens of billions. It won't reduce travelling time massively and no doubt will be too expensive for the average person to use regularly.
Well, obviously, the extremely poor can't afford to ride the train. American or European poor couldn't afford to ride the train either. I just got back. The cost of a ticket from Fuzhou to Xiamen (around 2 hours at about 200 km/h) was 122 RMB. That converts to just over $20 US dollars. Extremely inexpensive, in my opinion. There are many slower trains that are much cheaper. Many migrant workers travel by train to the cities, and back home during the holidays.
I don't know what kind of reputation "THE DIPLOMAT" has in the field of journalism, but this article is just pure crap. Despite the title, the article has almost nothing to do with high speed rail in China.
Yes, it's a very weird and completely pointless article. It really does start off talking about high speed rail, but then inexplicably jumps to corruption in the PLA (People's Liberation Army) and then proceeds to jump back and forth between the two topics for no apparent reason, making absolutely no worthwhile comments about either.
Why thats nothing! We pissed away tons more money on some useless ceo's!
GO USA! WE'RE #1
What is it with Americans' hatred of passenger rail? It works, it's safe, cost-effective, and requires less government subsidy than highways or airport travel. It's also a hell of a lot more pleasant than flying.
"The sad fact is that so much money is being spent, no one can even keep count." Except in the US, guys like this are sending millions in Medicare money to Cuba to give Castro's economy a much-needed boost: http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2012/10/18/2734149/laundering-ring-moved-medicare.html
1 - i don't know where that shift button is when the capital form of myself is needed.
// I had to add a third thought...
2 - 100 million is nothing compared to what that amount was worth 10 years ago
3 - we have sent china a lot of our manufacturing machinery - are we really surprised?
thanks for sharing
Central Planning does NOT work.
The key to progress in society with as little strife as possible is evolution, not revolution.
As with every other system of complexity, society can most effectively evolve (that is, adapt to the needs at hand) when there are robust processes of variation and selection (what some call the "Free Market"), which implies the localization and decentralization of the power structure; centralized power—by its very nature—inhibits the process of evolution by quashing variation and stifling selective forces. There is no such thing as an Intelligent Designer; it is foolish to put your faith in a "noble" bureaucrat, who gazes into his crystal ball and then—at everyone else's expense—pushes and pulls naive levers and buttons based on what he thinks he sees.
Isn't that about what we pay to China every year just to cover the interest on the money our country has borrowed from them? At least all that interest money is being put to good use.
For every post, there is an equal and opposite re-post.
"One hundred... BILLION... dollars." Well, now we know what Dr. Evil is doing in his retirement. He's building a high speed rail network in China, with frickin laser beams attached.
Command economies result is massive misallocations of capital compared to market economies, and this is also true of China. The "Ghost Cities" are the biggest manifestation of economic distortion, but hardly the only one.
On the plus side, communist China is only killing thousands of its own people every year, a vast improvement on the millions (or tens of millions) killed in the past. Progress!
Lawrence Person (lawrencepersonh@gmailh.com (remove all "h"s to mail)
http://www.lawrenceperson.com/
Were you paid to post this? I know the right-wing assault on medicare is underway, but get a grip. You're going to need medicare someday, unless you really want to try to get private insurance at age 65 with the usual random assortment of age-related medical issues.
See, who says the US isn't investing in high speed rail! Whose $100B do you think that is?
Don't be a d-bag. In 2011, a high speed train flew off the tracks. Almost everyone was killed, and those that survived were silenced. It's buried there to this day along with incriminating evidence of negligence and you can go dig it up if you feel like it.
They link to the New Yorker's article: http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/22/121022fa_fact_osnos?currentPage=all Corruption is continuing in China, but it will take a major reform/progressive movement to stop it all. The New Yorker is mainly on the railroad budget and you will have to go elsewhere to find dirt on the PLA's progress/threat.
The total capacity of riders is increasing at a slower rate than their population so technically the "amount" of available high speed rail is going down, lol.
Sorry, dude.
I've worked in the health care field and Medicare and Medicaid are literally a license to print money. These systems are horrifically expensive and do not provide the kind of medical treatment you would want for your parents or grand-parents. We need something, but the existing system is making someone very rich and the elderly and poor are not getting the care they need.
The horrifically expensive part is the American approach to provisioning health care. It costs a third more per capita than other first-world countries and provides worse outcomes. But that does not mean the solution is to dismantle the only single-payer system in the US and replace it with vouchers, making the elderly go to insurance providers that would prefer to place them on an ice floe.
Medicare may suck but it is better than anything else the US is doing in health care.
Remain calm! All is well!
"The network itself has had its share of problems, with people dying as a result." : This happens everywhere.
At least here in France, rail accidents are extremely rare events. A quick search at wikipedia suggests that this is no exception
Better a rail where you can't keep track of how much was spent then a war.
The US was spending twice that a month in Iraq.
You are asking if I was paid to post this? No, but I, like thousands of other fraud examiners, am paid to track down fraud in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. It is an enormous problem - very real. I don't have a right-wing or a left-wing agenda at all - politicians from both sides of the aisle are fully engaged in helping fight Medicare fraud - this is a completely non-partisan issue. The link I copied is to a news story from two days ago involving a real case from Miami - where a fraudster is accused in criminal court of funneling millions in Medicare funds to banks in Cuba. Maybe YOU want to play politics with this issue, but I don't know any serious folks who look at this as a political football at all.
And have some change left over !! And the chinese can also flood the ranks with "interns" and cut that cost waaaaay doooooown !! Or let their citizens have more than one child, so long as those after #1 are given to the military !! Win-Win-Win !! Or okay keep your stinkin rail to North Haverbrook, Northweststadt, Rome, Rimini, and Naples and see where that'll get you !!
Let me break it to you gently: there is fraud in almost every government program. There is even more fraud in the private sector. Suddenly focusing on medicare fraud (instead of defense fraud, banking fraud, construction fraud, etc. etc.) suggests you have an agenda.
Since you're interested in medicaire fraud, would you like to look at health insurance administrative expenses being repackaged as medical costs so they can get around the 85% of premiums limit and get back to the important business of executive bonuses?
Railroad development in the 19th century USA was a cesspool of explicit and implicit corruption. It also created vital infrastructure.
The crash in China reads at first glance like any other Horrible Example from systems safety engineering: lack of redundancy and communication, and poorly interacting emergency procedures.
It is really sad to see the government spend $100bil on making themselves rich, while the poor have to suffer with toxic brown water and no social services. The people of China need to rise up and kick out those self-serving jerks.
yet another article to jump on the china bashing band wagon.
1. I don't have an agenda. Healthcare fraud examination is my job - I don't know about "almost every government program". 2. I was referring to a specific, timely news article about a Miami criminal case involving Medicare funds leaving the US and showing up in Cuban banks 3. What you are saying regarding private insurance admin expenses is very interesting. Do you have some special insight into the problem? I'm like Ross Perot - I'm all ears. Contacting me is simple - my name + gmail.
$100 billion a year? The article's title appears misleading. Likely a lot of that money goes into the infrastructure and materials. And a small percentage goes to bribes and corruption.
Some estimates in 2011 put the entire cost of their High Speed Rail expansion at $400 billion.
The New Yorker's article was a pretty scathing and detailed story about China's development of their High Speed Rail program. They had ambitious goals of crisscrossing their nation with high speed rail to move people around quickly and efficiently.
They also had corrupt people that got rich along the way. Perhaps the cost of corruption must be factored into getting things done; but they must ultimately get their corruption problems under control.
For all the quantity of people that they shuffle around the country, 40 people were killed as a result of a lightning strike on their signal-controlling computer box. An unfortunate reality, but it's the price of progress.
However, to put other things in perspective.
[1] The United States' Space Shuttle program costed $192 billion, in 2010 dollars, over the life of the program, from 1972 to 2011, or 39 years of technology. It costed a staggering $1.5 billion per launch of each shuttle. At this cost, it would have been cheaper to just stick with the proven Saturn V rockets, and just kept building them. The cost of launching a Saturn V was $1.17 billion (in 2012 dollars).
And the Space Shuttled killed 14 highly-trained Astronauts (meaning 14 very expensive individuals). But, that's a small price to pay for progress. And plus, you get all the fringe benefits that comes with being the high-tech leader.
No one at NASA would have though an O-ring would have doomed the Shuttle on a cold day; nor did anyone think foam would puncture a hole in Columbia's carbon fibre-reinforced carbon wing; even though it struck at 500+ mph. Again, that's just the price of progress. You have to take risks, in order to get ahead. You fall, you pick yourself up, and try again.
[2] With the lifting capabilities of the Saturn V, we could have lifted up an International Space Station in a handful of launches; as opposed to the 40+ flights that the Space Shuttle took to assemble it. NASA budgeted $72.4 billion in 2010 dollars for the ISS.
[3] The California high speed rail was estimated at $10 billion when California voters voted for it in 2008. That seemed a reasonable amount for high speed rail in California. Then it blew up to $68 billion in 2012. This would have failed the vote if we were told it would cost so much. Now, who knows when it will ever be completed. Perhaps in 2028! That's over 16 years from now!
[4] Not to mention, the wasteful wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Wars that Bush 2 put on the country's high-interest credit card.
$468 billion for Afghanistan.
$845 billion for Iraq.
So, with the cost of other things in perspective - China spending $400 billion on their High Speed Rail system, and dealing with corruption along the way, and the tragic deaths of 40 people as the result of a lightning strike, then the price of their progress and development does appear justified.
However, now that I know of the inner details, I'm not so sure I would want to ride on their high speed rails anymore. But I'll probably just take the risk one day, and ride it, hoping that disaster doesn't strike. =)
Where's the outrage?
You chose to bring up medicare in a discussion of the chinese way of constructing a rail network.
It's the other way around you have all china's money and you spend it on killing terrorists.
"There is also the problem that many of Chinese poor make so little money they can't afford to ride it. The sad fact is that so much money is being spent, no one can even keep count."
Shouldn't that read:
The sad fact is many of the Chinese are too poor and make so little money they can't afford to ride it. The problem is that so much money is being spent no one can even keep count.
I love the high speed rail in Germany and use it almost every day. However, every HSR system will have accidents. It's the cost of doing business when you're propelling people at 200mph for hundreds of kms or more at a time. It's almost impossible to police the entire system.
Link to German accident where 101 people died.
Don't get me wrong, I hate the Chinese government's response. And I hate the fact that when you watch the videos of the train cars being buried without investigation that you can see bodies falling out. I also hate the fact that they cancelled the S&R operation and a few people disobeyed and found a living baby. But, stating that deaths due to HSR only happen in China is quite naïve.
And, FWIW, the US doesn't have HSR, so you can't compare rail accidents between China/Germany and the US. The Acela Express is a huge POS (not ever really HSR), and it seems to be getting worse every time I use it :(
1. From the article description: "The sad fact is that so much money is being spent, no one can even keep count".
2. From an NPR report dated October 11, 2007: "There's a nationwide crime epidemic going on that rakes in $35 billion or more each year. Exactly how much is being stolen is impossible to say, because the federal government doesn't try to measure it. It's Medicare fraud." http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15178883
3. See the similarity? I do.
4. From the Miami Herald newspaper two days ago: "An offshore remittance company called Caribbean Transfers financed a complex money-laundering ring that moved more than $30 million in stolen Medicare money from South Florida into Cuba’s banking system, federal authorities said Thursday." Read more here: http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/10/18/3056554/feds-remittance-firm-at-center.html#storylink=cpy
5. Is this so hard to see the relationship? Do you see that I'm not politicking?
You must be fun at the watercooler with your facts and logic and reasonable thinking.
Anyway, the Brits cut costs on their rail network and it resulted in lots of people dying when infrastructure collapsed and years of totally disrupted service around the country. And the US rail system is a joke with also many many deaths thanks to lousy infrastructure.
Corruption is indeed a problem in China but at least they are dealing with it, and not with leisure resort prisons but with death penalties. It ain't perfect but the west is hardly any better. It is one of the reasons health care is such a problem in the west, turns out that the more money you put in, the less the nurses get and the more managers you get with paychecks totally unrelated to the worth of their work. But hey, it ain't in brown envelopes, so everything is alright or so says the party of managers (Tories, VVD, Republicans) and they are trustworthy surely.
Oh wait, no, VVD Senator turns out to be corrupt was in the news yesterday, what a suprise. And this week, top managers of health care insurers in Holland make salaries closing in on the half a million euro's, far more then was agreed upon, not that the right wing government did anything to check of course. Nope it is a total surprise to them...
MMO Quests are like orgasms:
You may solo them, I prefer them in a group.
China may not be the president of the US, but the Prime minister of Canada is currently setting up special trade deals with China, so that Chineese corporations will have more legal clout in Canada than our provinces and municipalities. If they say our eco-friendly, decomcratically chosen laws are harming their revenues and profits, they can sue us, and at that is is not even public. The new laws state that it has to be kept from the people.
Rail can only take you to fixed destinations. It cannot match the convenience of cars for short-distance travel (including moving stuff and shopping), especially with the upcoming advent of safer-at-faster-speeds self-driving cars. Rail also cannot match the long-distance advantages of helicopter and airplane flight (especially if government security theater, regulations, and other barriers against new technologies are lifted). But rail does have one advantage: it can be a stop-gap solution for countries where too many people are too poor to afford cars or flights.
USA has abandoned trains a long time ago. It should be looking toward the future, not the past. Socialist planners would love rail for all the new powers it gives them over people's lives, coordinating them around centralized points, but that is not in anyone else's interest. We need private investment in new technologies that set people free to go where they want: cheap energy and flight.
--libman
The issue for China is there isn't enough high quality fly ash around to make the cement needed to build its railway network in a sustainable manner. Without the proper ash, rail tracks have a lifespan of a dozen years vs the usual century, and thus need to be constantly maintained and rebuilt. The whole adventure reeks of money wastage...
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/01/is-china-overreaching-on-high-speed-rail/69490/
The issue is the "distrust" of government. Rather than government death panels, we have private death panels who are (sometimes literally) paid to deny treatment, when the government ones don't have a vested interest in your death.
But for some reason, the private ones are fine and the government ones are evil.
Learn to love Alaska
Yeah, and I had an FBI friend that was paid to track down FEMA fraud. There's millions of that as well. You would be the worst person to ask about medicare fraud. It's like asking prison guards about crime statistics. Everyone they see all day long is a criminal, that's what they do. It's also why they'll have no grasp on crime in general. You can't see the forest when you are inside a tree.
Learn to love Alaska
This should be stomped on. It's a shill response from the cretins doing this criminal activity. They should be executed as so many are considering the moral turpitude of Chinese culture.
I'd go on a Vegan diet but the delivery time from Vega is too long. --brownkitty
I don't see the relationship. You live medicare fraud, so you see it relevant to everything. Nobody else does. Sorry.
Learn to love Alaska
China has $3.2 Trillion of foreign reserves.
US foreign reserves are a piddly $150 Billion.
Most of China's reserves are in the form of dollar-denominated bonds, so really - who is lending money to who?
You don't understand what T-Bucket is saying. He's saying that when a Chinese worker assembles a phone for $17/day, in a shift of 14-16 hours, living in a dorm with 15 beds in a 12x12 box, and then that phone is sold for $400 in America, netting China $8 of that $400... that that $8 is stolen from the US. That, really, that $8 belongs to America... and it was produced by overcharging Americans for Chinese goods.
China then takes those unjustly earned funds, and loans them back to America.
T-Bucket would never personally work for $1/hr, nor would he consider that a fair wage for his work. But when someone in China works for $1, that is $1 stolen from America.
In other words, T-Bucket is a fucking moron.
seriously, isn't it way better to have the money run into infrastructure projects instead of bullcrap like an army nobody needs to fight wars nobody wants?
I live 10 minutes from work, 5 minutes from my wife's school, 3 minutes from my son's school, 2 minutes from the grocery store and 5 minutes from church. I live 20 minutes from a major airport and 25 from another one. I am positive that you have heard of the city I live in. This year I ate grapes from my own grape vines, peaches from my own peach trees, asian pears from my own trees, and citrus from my own tree and a vegetable garden. It isn't huge, but I can see the sky above my head.
My wife is from Europe, and I have lived in two European capital cities for a year and half, and pretty much lived a month in New York City. Living in a shoe box surrounded by other shoe boxes is hell. I don't know what is going to happen 10-15 years from now, let alone 100, but what you describe sounds awful, like one of the worst types of dystopia. The funny thing is that the first thing most Europeans do when they get here is buy the biggest Buick or Mercury Grand Marquis they can find.
The New Yorker is a magazine. That's the date of release of the issue the article will be appearing in.
Please help metamoderate.
"For all of those wondering about America's massive interstate highway network, it costs some serious cash. Running roads across the nation is expensive - to the tune of $50 billion dollars a year. This covers the cost to maintain the network, build it, and pay all of the staff. The problem is, corruption has reared its ugly head. The network itself has had its share of problems, with people dying as a result. There is also the problem that many of America's poor make so little money they can't afford to ride it. The sad fact is that so much money is being spent, no one can even keep count."
So that's about 15% of the US MIC pork budget. Which country gets the better return?
The funniest thing about the OP is the whining about corruption. I guess the US has all the prior art on that.
> "The problem is, corruption has reared its ugly head."
Reared? Corruption is why these projects are being done to begin with. Go read the sordid details of the Three Gorges Dam. "Useful Idiots" trumpeted it as a model of a government project while decrying its environmental impact. Meanwhile the officials pocketed billions, which was the acual point of the project all along.
(-1: Post disagrees with my already-settled worldview) is not a valid mod option.
So, China is investing $100 billion/year into a program that will boost their economy by employing 2 million people and building major infrastructure that will give them a huge boost for the next several decades.
Meanwhile, the US is spending how much each year boosting their economy with games like bond bailouts, cutting checks to tax payers, etc. Not to mention money blown on security theater, propping up the **AA groups? There may be corruption in China's rail system, but does anyone believe there's no corruption with the US lobbying system, the senators/congressmen, the HSA, and the **AA?
I know the US school system is pathetic garbage, but does anyone know enough US history to know what the railbuilding days were like in the US? And how much the railraods did in terms of making the US a superpower?
Basically this article makes me think I need to go out and learn Mandarin if I want to have any sort of future.
Slashdot is rapidly becoming the eternal September of "Dog Bites Man". Read any story submission. Does it continue to explain how emotional outrage of the moment is any different today than yesterday?
Why yes, it does, and it's a catastrophe: there hasn't been 600 slashdot comments extactly the same as last week's posted since midnight.
Fact 1: China has a *lot* of money, especially the US dollar.
Fact 2: United States is diluting the US dollar.
If you are in this situation, what would you do?
So China need to spend them. Let's see where can they spend such massive amount of money:
1. Military. Obviously the amount they can spend depends on whether they want their "defense" budget to actually go toward defending the country, which is cheaper, or toward invading other country, which is much more expensive.
2. Infrastructure.
I see a clear winner here.
$100 billion/year is a STEAL compared to what the US spends on travel. Consider our highway system, which already costs billions a year, and then EVERYONE needs a car for it, and all the GAS for those cars (which alone probably costs more than that whole high-speed rail system), and most people will be using a GPS so they don't get lost. And then for those people who don't want to sit in a car and stare at the road for 5-10 hours or more, just consider the upkeep costs on our air travel and airports. $100 billion is nothing compared to all that.
There's also the little fact that high-speed rail is by far the safest form of travel available. Accidents almost never happen, it's actually faster than air travel up until the 4-hour mark, AND most trains have wifi service (at least in the EU).
Thanks! Now, THAT article is worth reading.
Stay sentient. Don't drink bad milk.
Let's see, $100 billion divided by 1.4 billion people. Hmm, how much did you pay for gas last year? Pizza? Cosmetics? Text messaging? Season tickets? Advertising? Superbowl advertising?
The mind conceives, the body achieves, the spirit manifests.
I think traveling by flight is better/safer than traveling by high-speed trains
Casteism
the citizens defence force makes you impenetrable from the start and they seem to have it
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJlPr2KHSFo
Free speech was meant to be free for all... how can anyone grow up in a nanny state ?
Southwest Airlines lobbying efforts succeed in continuously preventing any high speed rail to connect Austin, Houston and Dallas so that by the time middle class Chinese can afford to use their high speed rail, we Americans will be having to squander time and money to get from city to city.
When the politicians gave us a referendum on California's high speed rail, it was for a $10B bond issue, which was going to cover about 1/3 of the $30B cost, and the rest was going to be paid for by train tickets and Magic Money Falling Out Of The Sky. Then after the bond issue passed, they noticed it was really $40B, because they'd forgotten that they'd have to pay interest on the money. Now it's up to about $80-100B, depending on who's giving the speech. Also, the voter guide statements with the original bond issue said that train tickets from SF to LA would cost about $55, which is a bit cheaper than buying Southwest Airlines tickets in advance on a good sale; when they re-evaluated the costs, they started saying $110.
Bill Stewart
New Fast-Compression-only CPR http://preview.tinyurl.com/dy575ks