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The Little Bomb-Detecting Device That Couldn't

theodp writes "Widely deployed in Iraq and promoted by military leaders, BusinessWeek reports the ADE 651 bomb-detecting device had one little problem: it wouldn't detect explosives (earlier Slashdot story). 'The ADE 651,' reports Adam Higginbotham, 'was modeled on a novelty trinket conceived decades before by a former used-car salesman from South Carolina, which was purported to detect golf balls. It wasn't even good at that.' One thing the ADE 651 did excel at, however, was making money — estimates suggest that the authorities in Baghdad bought more than 6,000 useless bomb detectors, at a cost of at least $38 million. Even though ADE 651 manufacturer James McCormick was found guilty of three counts of fraud and sentenced to 10 years in prison in May, the ADE 651 is still being used at thousands of checkpoints across Baghdad. Elsewhere, authorities have never stopped believing in the detectors. Why? According to Sandia Labs' Dale Murray, the ideomotor effect is so persuasive that for anyone who wants or needs to believe in it, even conclusive scientific evidence undermining the technology it exploits has little power."

57 of 217 comments (clear)

  1. I haven't played golf in several years by 93+Escort+Wagon · · Score: 2, Insightful

    But, back when I did, I can tell you: a functional golf ball detector would've been very handy.

    --
    #DeleteChrome
    1. Re:I haven't played golf in several years by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      But, back when I did, I can tell you: a functional golf ball detector would've been very handy.

      Real duffers come back to the clubhouse with more balls than they started with.

    2. Re:I haven't played golf in several years by 93+Escort+Wagon · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Do some of those have stripes on them?

      --
      #DeleteChrome
    3. Re:I haven't played golf in several years by rts008 · · Score: 3, Funny

      No, most of the duffers do not have stripes. ;-)

      --
      Down With Slashdot BETA!!! I've been around the corner and seen the oliphant; you can only abuse me from your perspecti
    4. Re:I haven't played golf in several years by Megane · · Score: 3, Interesting

      It would probably be simpler to put an old-school chirp transponder like on wildlife tracking collars. You could probably use inductive charging to avoid the need to open the ball. If the golf course was next to the transmitter for a radio station, you could even get away without needing a battery.

      --
      #naabhaprzrag, #sverubfr-000, #agi-fcbafberq, negvpyr[pynff*=' negvpyr-ary-'] { qvfcynl: abar !vzcbegnag; }
  2. I knew it by lesincompetent · · Score: 5, Insightful

    James randi too was amazed at how basically all dowsers keep believing they have their special powers even after they've been thoroughly debunked.

  3. but Perfect for America security theatre by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Nobody can prove your claims to the contary for the make belive threats you countered

  4. nothing new... by gandhi_2 · · Score: 5, Informative

    In Ramadi '05 we had these cool spray kits.
    It was a little plastic case with several sprays and swabs with some instructions for various kinds of explosive testing.

    One day we caught these dudes out on the desert who would dig up UXO's and sell them to local insurgents who would use them for IEDs.
    Lat Long: 33.16845,43.635263
    We had been trying to catch them for a while but they were on motorcycles... try catching a motorcycle in an up-armor hmmwv.

    When we caught them, they didn't have any explosives on them. So we though, hey... why not try out this kit?

    They tested positive for 2 kinds of explosives. So we detained them, shipped them off to the detention facility with all the appropriate paper work and evidence... as best we could since we aren't investigators by trade.

    So we are back at the OP, thinking how bad-ass we are. Then we get the idea to play with the kit some more. We tested our hands, HESCO barriers, lunch meat, hmmwv windows... everything tested positive. Guess the kits didn't really work as advertised but every unit had one.

    Of course, maybe our kit was bad. Or maybe we didn't use the kit correctly. Or there was really explosive residue on everything.

    At least the kits weren't WHY we detained them. They were going to be detained anyway. But the Military being dazzled by salesmen or shiny new stuff is nothing new.

    1. Re:nothing new... by bfandreas · · Score: 5, Insightful

      This bomb detector thing was a mixture of greed, negligence, incompetence and corruption. I can't even begin to imagine the mindset that enables somebody to make money by directly endangering lives. Every aspect of this war stinks.

      --
      20 minutes into the future
    2. Re:nothing new... by Obfuscant · · Score: 2

      We tested our hands, HESCO barriers, lunch meat, hmmwv windows... everything tested positive.

      Hmm, everything you mentioned but one is something is in a combat environment where roadside explosives are not uncommon, and where weapons are fired on a regular basis. Sounds like detecting explosives on such items would be normal.

      But lunch meat? Well, once you remember that many explosives are nitro-compounds (nitrate, etc.) and lunch meat contains nitrates as preservatives ... and that the CIA is putting nitrates in your koolaid to keep your, shall we say, libidos, from running amok...

    3. Re:nothing new... by gandhi_2 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Ahh. the salt peter myth.

      No, I "broke one off" there many a time my friend.

      The kits tested for nitrate-based and some others I don't remember. Octyl-based? Wished I still had the little hand-out.

      We had a VBIED there later on. So I can see residue then. But not before. We DID fire our weapons all the time, but not over the lunch meat! There are nitrates in lunch meats, but if lunch meat causes a false-positive then your kit isn't really worth much.

    4. Re:nothing new... by mooingyak · · Score: 5, Funny

      It serves the same purpose as telling your sleepless and scared toddler that their blanket is actually an anti-monster device. So that they'll shut up and go to bed.

      I told my daughter that the monsters had nibbled on her while she was sleeping and reported to me that she didn't taste good. It worked about as well as you might imagine.

      --
      William of Ockham had no beard. The most likely explanation is that it was chewed off by squirrels every morning.
    5. Re:nothing new... by able1234au · · Score: 2

      Two old WWII Vets are talking... One says, "You know that Salt-Petre they put in our food to stop us thinking about sex? i think it is starting to work".

  5. Thank you... by fahrbot-bot · · Score: 2

    According to Sandia Labs' Dale Murray, the ideomotor effect is so persuasive that for anyone who wants or needs to believe in it, even conclusive scientific evidence undermining the technology it exploits has little power."

    That explains a LOT about how the US Congress thinks/works.

    --
    It must have been something you assimilated. . . .
    1. Re:Thank you... by jd2112 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      According to Sandia Labs' Dale Murray, the ideomotor effect is so persuasive that for anyone who wants or needs to believe in it, even conclusive scientific evidence undermining the technology it exploits has little power."

      That explains a LOT about how the US Congress thinks/works.

      ...And those who elect them.

      --
      Any insufficiently advanced magic is indistinguishable from technology.
  6. I wish by Going_Digital · · Score: 3, Insightful

    If only people would believe the evidence then we wouldn't be lumbered with all the paranormal and supernatural ideas so widespread in our society today. There are clearly enough stupid people around though to make these cons pay.

    1. Re:I wish by wisnoskij · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I don't know what you are talking about. There is loads of scientific evidence on the oil reserves in Iraq.

      --
      Troll is not a replacement for I disagree.
  7. wtf by Flozzin · · Score: 4, Informative

    Why do we get this story about once every 3 months? This has been shoved into the ground. Let's finally bury it for god's sake.

    --
    "Cowardice in a race, as in an individual, is the unpardonable sin." --Teddy Roosevelt
    1. Re:wtf by Tom · · Score: 2

      This one actually had an informative bit in it. I didn't know the guy responsible is in jail. I'm very happy that he is.

      --
      Assorted stuff I do sometimes: Lemuria.org
  8. Re:But remember kids by rikkards · · Score: 2

    You forgot Cancer Screening saves lives.

  9. Re:but Perfect for America security theatre by Fuzzums · · Score: 2

    Shoot first, drone first, water board first and THEN ask questions.
    Who needs theatre?

    --
    Privacy is terrorism.
  10. Elephants by edxwelch · · Score: 2

    It says in the article the device can detect bombs,guns, ammunition, drugs and elephants.
    My question is: Why are Iraqis trying to smuggle elephants through checkpoints?

    1. Re:Elephants by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      It says in the article the device can detect bombs,guns, ammunition, drugs and elephants. My question is: Why are Iraqis trying to smuggle elephants through checkpoints?

      They were trying to cross the Alps, but got a little lost on the way.

      My question is: How do you "smuggle" an elephants?

      Oh, no, sir, that's not an elephant. It's just a big dog. Let me show you...
      Roll over, Fido! Good dog... Play dead!... Fetch!...
      See? Just a big dog... Can I go now?

    2. Re:Elephants by Quasimodem · · Score: 3, Funny

      They hide guns and ammunition in their trunks.

  11. It wasn't a bomb detection device by jonfr · · Score: 3, Informative

    This was not a bomb detection device, this was just a scam and nothing else. But corruption does not care about such facts and never is going to.

  12. Is this the real reason? by Seumas · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The real reason they continue to use these isn't because they somehow have convinced themselves that it works. It's probably not even directly a scam insofar as they're shoving money to some business cohort through the military industrial complex. I would suspect that what this is really about is that it's far cheaper to stick a device in a young man's hand and convince him that it's there to protect him, so that he'll actually continue to actively do his job, and have him wind up being blown up -- than it is to spend money on any sort of real device. The man is disposable. The worthless device is the placebo to motivate him to feel safe in doing his job. And when he dies, it was a far cheaper investment than the amount that any sort of real device would cost to produce, purchase, train on, and deploy.

    1. Re:Is this the real reason? by GenieGenieGenie · · Score: 2

      This, right here. The motivation behind every malfunctioning piece of carp employed by the armies of all creed and color, including the various "SOPs" and similar procedure nonsense that thought-challenged jarheads think might save them from investing the activity of a few neurons and yet still keep them alive. I remember once my unit entertained a bunch of US marines for a joint drill. We made them a little IED scenario with a bunch of charges and mines and stuff (all rigged with pops, no real boom-boom). They tripped every single wire and trodded on all the mines too, but they were really happy to have followed proper procedure.

  13. magical thinking by Tom · · Score: 2

    Read "The Golden Bough" and you'll find why this works. It's the same reason magic and religion used to be big things (and guarantee their providers a work-free life):

    In a situation where forces you can't control determine your survival, you will grasp at any straw that gives you the illusion of control. It's a normal human reaction. It works even if you know about it. You want to believe, at least unconsciously.

    It's probably the oldest scam in the history of mankind.

    --
    Assorted stuff I do sometimes: Lemuria.org
    1. Re:magical thinking by PPH · · Score: 2

      ... religion used to be big things (and guarantee their providers a work-free life)

      What do you mean "used to"?

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
  14. Re:but Perfect for America security theatre by amiga3D · · Score: 4, Funny

    I like to yell "halt" before I shoot. It's easier if they aren't moving.

  15. Re:But remember kids by __aaltlg1547 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    All those FDA approved food additives are are fine.

    The scanners the TSA uses are safe and effective.

    Putting millions on subsidized healthcare and ensuring even more of the incidental costs are hidden from consumers will reduce healthcare spending.

    There was no coup in Egypt ...

    One of those, the third one specifically, stands out as not fitting the theme.

    You do realise it's the *same government* that has given us the TSA, the FDA, and the many other ruinous mistakes in every area it's involved in that you expect is magically going to take charge of health care and make us all better?

    Surely you jest.

    This is also the same government that put a lander on Mars with a sky crane and created the internet. And how come the FDA doesn't get credit for making food and drugs in the USA among the safest in the world?

  16. Re:But remember kids by Arker · · Score: 2

    Actually on re-reading I believe I misunderstood the OP and responded erroneously to it.

    You then misunderstood us both. Ah well. One of the few times I wish slashdot had a delete button. Hopefully the whole thread will be modded down now.

    --
    =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
    Friends don't let friends enable ecmascript.
  17. Re:But remember kids by jythie · · Score: 4, Informative

    Selection bais. If people do not like something, the failures define the thing. If they like something, the success define it. Many people like reality to match books and movies and such, nice and simple with clear right and wrong, works and doesn't work.

  18. It has a deep tradition it seems by Sycraft-fu · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Some people don't even think it is special powers, just a thing you do. My grandpa did the dowsing thing to decide where to put the various wells on his property. Not because he thought he had special powers, it was just how he'd learned you select your well spot. Anyone could do it. He figured it worked since every time he'd drill that spot, and before long have a functional well.

    For him it wasn't magical or special powers, it was just the standard process. Get Y shaped stick, walk around, it signals where the well goes, put it there.

    1. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by PPH · · Score: 4, Insightful

      That's the ideomotor effect. You know, possibly subconsciously, where the water is likely to be (read Blink! by Malcolm Gladwell) based on experience. So when you walk to that spot, the stick points down.

      I've had well drillers dowse for wells before. I didn't give them any crap for their show. Because they had a track record for finding water. Why? Probably 30 or 40 years drilling wells. But even if they think its the stick, that's fine with me. Same as with the baseball players with the lucky socks.

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
    2. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by master_kaos · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I was a skeptic to, but my grandfather was one (they called it water witching around here). There were a few locally, but my grandfather was the most known and best, everyone within a half hour radius would call my grandfather when they needed a well dug out (and this was 30+ years ago). He would use any standard stick that was laying around. He never charged the people money (people were a lot more neighborly back then instead of just looking out for themselves), so wasn't like he was out scamming them, very religious so not a liar.

      Not once did he screw it up, he hit water every time. I was a skeptic to before I seen it, and it didn't seem like it would work for just anyone. I tried it along with a lot of my relatives, and it wouldn't do a thing, my one uncle it did it a bit.

      It was funny one time this guy tried digging a well on his property twice kept getting dry, my grandfather went out and did the dowsing told him here this is where you got to dig(they guy didn't like my grandfather for some reason, and was a major skeptic), the guy ignored my grandfathers advice, dug up 3 more spots in the following 2 years, kept hitting dry again. Finally fed up he called my grandfather back to confirm the location, grandfather goes back, exact same spot detects water, guy digs there and sure enough hits water.

    3. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by black3d · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Right, which is the exact ideometer effect that's being discussed here. There are other (subconcious) cues at work which lead him to believe where the water will be - or just pure coincidence. Aside from the obvious fact there's no actual mechanism at work, it can be easily disproven. Take a dowser out until they find a spot "with water", then blindfold them and drive them around to re-test various random spots including this one. The vast majority of the time, they'll get it wrong - suddenly not able to detect water at the spot they previously said it was at, or detect water in places they previously said it wasn't. Also fun is taking them to an area known to be entirely over a natural aquifier and watch them wander around until they "find" water in some exclusive spot.
       
      Map-based dowsing is even easier to disprove - again, aside from the obvious lack of any mechanism (ie, it doesn't really need proof, but just to satisfy the idiots out there we have to go through it). Give a map-dowser a map without orientation or contour lines and suddenly their "abilities" go away. Give them a fully-detailed map but blind-fold them, and similarly, they're no longer able to "detect" where the water is.
       
      In all cases, it's either fraudulent, subconcious, or simply luck. Likewise, stories about "other people" are steeped in grandeur. A guy who gets it right "a couple of times" is suddenly a legendary dowser, and every re-telling by both others and himself get better and better each time.

      --
      "The true measure of a person is how they act when they know they won't get caught." - DSRilk
    4. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by dcollins · · Score: 4, Insightful

      "... very religious so not a liar."

      Yeah, because that obviates any concern that someone might be self-deluded into believing in magical things.

      (Btw, I also have relatives said to be wonderful dowsers... and I don't believe it a bit from them either.)

      --
      We know where leadership by an anti-intellectual "strongman" who scapegoats minorities and likes boisterous rallies goes
    5. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by Sycraft-fu · · Score: 3, Interesting

      In plenty of places, you can put a well wherever you like and it'll work. I'm quite sure that's the case on my grandfather's property. There's a lot of homes there with their own wells, there's presumably a big aquifer or the like underneath (I've never bothered to check to see what). So the reason dowsing worked was that any spot was fine.

      He did it just because he believed it was how it was done. Of course each time it 'worked' and as such he kept doing it.

      What I found interesting about the thing was that it was a 'common man' kind of thing for him and others. He wasn't a huckster that went around dowsing for people, he did it himself, for his wells, and just using whatever Y shaped stick he'd come across. To him, it wasn't mystical, it was just a process one did like so much else in farming and ranching and it was something anyone could, and would, do.

      I think that might have something to do with why dowsers keep believing in it. There seems to be a real strong cultural thing that dowsing just works, and so they believe that must be the case.

    6. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      I don't need to use dowsing for anything here. Sycraft-fu is master_kaos. You should really use two different browsers to keep your names straight.

    7. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by symbolset · · Score: 2

      There is something to this. If you have an approved mechanism for intuitively detecting bombs they you have probable cause to terminate a prospective bomber, and if your intuition is right more than half the time on average, you're a hero. Since some few are more accurate with intuition and some less, and the metrics are classified, you are free to open fire indiscriminately anywhere anywhen.

      Um, no. That is not how we win the hearts and minds of the people. Since the goal isn't to develop a subject colony but to let the people develop their own governance and withdraw, it would be better if we were more moderate with our weapons so that the locals might be our friends after.

      --
      Help stamp out iliturcy.
    8. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by GrahamCox · · Score: 4, Funny

      very religious so not a liar

      Can you explain the logic of this part of your statement? I can't discern any.

    9. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by thenextstevejobs · · Score: 2
      --
      Long live the BSD license
    10. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by CowTipperGore · · Score: 2

      The guy who installed my septic system used to help his father-in-law drill water wells. A guy wanted a well and fancied himself a water witcher. He told them where to drill. When the first hole came up dry he claimed they drilled off of his mark. When the second hole came up dry he said they were drilling slightly crooked. When the third hole came up dry the driller made the guy an offer - let him pick his own spot to drill the next hole: if it comes up dry too the guy doesn't owe him a dime but if he hits water he has pay for all four holes. They agreed and the well driller hit water on his first try.

      Experience > magic sticks

    11. Re:It has a deep tradition it seems by TheCarp · · Score: 4, Interesting

      > There is something to this. If you have an approved mechanism for intuitively detecting bombs they
      > you have probable cause to terminate a prospective bomber, and if your intuition is right more than
      > half the time on average, you're a hero. Since some few are more accurate with intuition and some
      > less, and the metrics are classified, you are free to open fire indiscriminately anywhere anywhen.

      Half the time? Nah, I think you are overestimating how accurate you need to be, because, even if you find nothing, you can, like the scammer of these did, claim that it hit on some residue and you just got them at the wrong time.

      In fact, this is very much the way drug dogs are used. Dogs, it turns out, have great snouts and can detect all manner of things, and do great in really blind trials. However, they are even better at playing "Clever Hans" ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clever_Hans ), that is, if the handler is given any clues as to where their might be hits, the animals false positive rate goes through the roof...in exactly the places where the handler expects to find something.

      So.... dogs are great at finding bombs or drugs in random packages... but in one of their most common use cases, sniffing a suspects car, they are just about guaranteed a hit, because their handler is expecting one. A hit, that can be explained away and dismissed when nothing is found, so their real hit rate can be far lower than chance without bringing them into question.

      One study used no drugs or explosives at all, but flagged several points with information for the handler indicating the type of hit expected to set his expectations. If the dogs were 100% effective, there would have been not a single hit amongst any of the trials...the results?

      from http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/02/animal_behaviour

      The findings, which Dr Lit reports in Animal Cognition, reveal that of 144 searches, only 21 were clean (no alerts). All the others raised one alert or more. In total, the teams raised 225 alerts, all of them false. While the sheer number of false alerts struck Dr Lit as fascinating, it was where they took place that was of greatest interest.

      --
      "I opened my eyes, and everything went dark again"
  19. Just as effective as fake surveillance cameras. by vovick · · Score: 2

    There may be valid reasons the Iraqi forces are using these fake detectors. If the look of these devices makes some clueless criminals afraid of smuggling explosives, they are serving their purpose in preventing crime.

  20. Effectiveness of fake bomb detectors by Firethorn · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Now, while they're technologically incapable of their purpose, I wonder if they might actually be somewhat effective in real life? IE a different type of placebo?

    It says that they're being used at a number of checkpoints. Now, one of the things I know about is that the insurgents/terrorists tend to observe such places before they target them. Often at some distance, but eh.

    The ones doing the observing are often no more educated than those working the checkpoint, often less. So they see the operators using their 'bomb detector' in all seriousness. They think 'crap! They'd find our bomb, time to figure out a different plan!' and either delay or go elsewhere. So the end result is that they still have fewer attacks against that checkpoint.

    --
    I don't read AC A human right
    1. Re:Effectiveness of fake bomb detectors by gl4ss · · Score: 2

      if the attack is against that checkpoint it doesn't matter if they run a bomb detector..

      --
      world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
  21. And in other news... by sirwired · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Shocker: In the face of conclusive evidence understandable to anybody with an IQ higher than a kumquat, people still believe in:

    Ponzi schemes
    Homeopathy
    Dowsing
    Young-earth creationism
    Psychics

    Never underestimate the stubbornness of otherwise-rational people.

  22. Authority Testing by karit · · Score: 2

    So did the authorities actually test them?

    They have sample explosives for bomb dogs to find surely they could test the detectors in the same way. Its not an expensive test process.

    --
    http://blog.karit.geek.nz/
  23. Missing the point by runeghost · · Score: 2

    The point of this device, just like drug sniffing dogs, is not its ability to actually detect what it's supposed to be looking for. Its purpose to give the police, military, or other arm of the state a plausible excuse to detain and/or search anyone they want.

  24. I asked my Dad what's that lure supposed to catch? by karlandtanya · · Score: 2

    as I was a 9-year old kid going through his tackle box before our fishing trip.
    His answer "Fishermen".

    --
    "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go away." - Philip K. Dick
  25. B6 by gd2shoe · · Score: 2

    And how come the FDA doesn't get credit for making food and drugs in the USA among the safest in the world?

    How about because they pulled a natural form of vitamin B6 from the shelves so a private company could investigate selling it as a prescription to diabetics with B6 deficiency complications?

    The idea behind the FDA is good. The FDA in practice is just another regulator in bed with the private institutions it's been charged with regulating. It's the same fundamental problem that brought us the Deepwater Horizon catastrophe.

    --
    I won't join Slashcott. OTOH, If Beta goes live, I just won't be back until it's fixed. Sorry Dice.
  26. Re:But remember kids by gd2shoe · · Score: 2

    There are people on the right that are that idiotic. There are also people on the left that claim that government can do wrong, and how dare you look for waste, fraud, kick-backs, and other abuse.

    Both sides are wrong, crazy, and stupid. And the left can quote bad science just as much as the right, they're just not called on it as often.

    --
    I won't join Slashcott. OTOH, If Beta goes live, I just won't be back until it's fixed. Sorry Dice.
  27. Re:But remember kids by __aaltlg1547 · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Yes. My point is, if you cherry pick mistakes, every organization will look incompetent. Name one big organization that hasn't made big, costly mistakes. Is Microsoft run by fools who know nothing about software or business because Windows 8 sucks? Does Ford know nothing about cars because they gave us the Pinto?

  28. Re:But remember kids by NicBenjamin · · Score: 2

    All those FDA approved food additives are are fine.

    This one is probably technically untrue, because "all" is a lot. The FDA is pretty good, but they're not perfect.

    The scanners the TSA uses are safe and effective.

    Probably half-true. TSA is not gonna open itself up to major legal liability by using scanners that hurt scannees.

    "Effective," is a whole 'nother ball of wax.

    Putting millions on subsidized healthcare and ensuring even more of the incidental costs are hidden from consumers will reduce healthcare spending.

    Intuitively this makes no sense, but we do have several hundred examples of health systems to compare ourselves to, i9ncluding several dozen high-income countries with economies similar to our own, and what's really fucking weird is that the more hidden costs are the lower they are.

    The UK and Canada, for example, never charges anyone for anything. The Brits spend very little on health care per person. The Canadians spend more, but are still like 50% cheaper then we are, and their costs would have to be higher then typical because Canadian Doctors could easily move to Florida and get paid American salaries.

    Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland spend between us and the Brits; but they also actually charge people co-pays and insist everyone have a private insurance policy.

    There was no coup in Egypt ...

    This one is BS, but it's politically important BS because if there was a coup in Egypt then we have to stop paying the Egyptians to be nice to the Israelis, which would mean they'd technically go to a state of war with Israel (the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt is part of a three-way deal with us), poor Bibi Netanyahu would not be able to cut his conventional army to pay for social services, etc.