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Final Days For Australia's Analog TV

jones_supa writes "The switch to digital TV broadcasts in Australia has entered its final few days, with Sydney's analog signals being fully switched off today, 3 December. That just leaves Melbourne plus remote central and eastern Australia — and those areas will be switched over on 10 December, completing the country's transition to digital TV. The government runs an information site to assist the remaining crusty luddites with the switch-over."

116 of 192 comments (clear)

  1. If you've got good signal, digital is better, but. by sconeu · · Score: 4, Informative

    Analog degrades better if you're on the fringe.

    Digital is pretty much "all or nothing", with freezes, posterizing, etc.. if you've got a bad signal.

    If you've got a bad analog signal, you'll get snow and static, but you'll still be able to see what's happening.

    --
    General Relativity: Space-time tells matter where to go; Matter tells space-time what shape to be.
  2. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by _merlin · · Score: 1

    Well, on a good night I can tune Wollongong digital channels from Elizabeth Bay. I could never get Wollongong analog channels at all. But it's very much all-or-nothing - either I get Wollongong or I don't, never get a snowy but watchable picture. I don't actually have a digital-capable TV, only a USB tuner that I rarely use. I don't really miss TV.

  3. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by klingers48 · · Score: 2

    We can see what's happening in all its grainy, 576i goodness.

  4. Late to the game... by johnsnails · · Score: 2

    For those who don't know... digital tv is this thing that superseded analog tv too long ago to remember in your country...

    1. Re:Late to the game... by Rosco+P.+Coltrane · · Score: 1

      For those who don't know... digital tv is this thing that carries the same mindless, retarded, idiotic, uninteresting programs as analog tv, only it's digital.

      --
      "A door is what a dog is perpetually on the wrong side of" - Ogden Nash
    2. Re:Late to the game... by gmhowell · · Score: 3, Funny

      For those who don't know... digital tv is this thing that carries the same mindless, retarded, idiotic, uninteresting programs as analog tv, only it's digital.

      Like The Dukes of Hazzard?

      --
      Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. -John Lennon
    3. Re:Late to the game... by muphin · · Score: 1

      you're saying this on... slashdot...???
      i think geeks know more than the drones out there... if you are here and dont know what Digital TV is... i pitty you

      --
      It's not a typo if you understood the meaning!
    4. Re:Late to the game... by gmhowell · · Score: 1

      Shut yo' mouth. The Dukes of Hazzard was poignant social commentary on our political system, and way ahead of its time. The symbolism of Boss Hogg, in his white suit is... oh, I can't do it. I just can't do it. LOL, Daisy Duke. Fuck yeah.

      Hey, I'm all for any entertainment that showed dat ass on Catherine Bach in her prime. I just find irony in 'Roscoe P. Coltrane' complaining about banal entertainment.

      --
      Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. -John Lennon
    5. Re:Late to the game... by jareth-0205 · · Score: 1

      For those who don't know... digital tv is this thing that carries the same mindless, retarded, idiotic, uninteresting programs as analog tv, only it's digital.

      Perhaps you're watching the wrong shows...

      (or are you this guy http://www.theonion.com/articles/area-man-constantly-mentioning-he-doesnt-own-a-tel,429/ ?)

  5. I'm a crusty luddite because lower quality sucks by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I've had more signal problems with digital TV than I ever did with analog -- things like a Charter cable commercial talking about its quality when the image of the spokesman's face had been broken and reassembled more than any synthetic cubist painting, or channels simply going missing for hours (albeit I think that one's a bug in the unit decoding the signal, not something everyone would necessarily experience). I suppose one of these days I'll appreciate the wonders of this particular technological progress, but for now it just seems like being handed shit and calling it chocolate ice cream.

  6. Only been working on it for a decade years by Eskarel · · Score: 1

    Moved down in 2004 and they were talking about the imminent shut off then.

    1. Re:Only been working on it for a decade years by Kalriath · · Score: 1

      I think New Zealand mastered that first (for fellow Auckland readers, the word HOP may come to mind).

      --
      For a site about things like basic rights, Slashdot users sure do like to censor "dissent".
    2. Re:Only been working on it for a decade years by Eskarel · · Score: 1

      It's how you guys implement stuff over east. The WA equivalent of MyKi actually works.

    3. Re:Only been working on it for a decade years by AK+Marc · · Score: 1

      What, no Novopay?

    4. Re: Only been working on it for a decade years by Eskarel · · Score: 1

      4 train lines and a whole bunch of buses, plus the ferry, and a few other things all operated by different private companies, we have zones as well. Not saying it isn't simpler, but Perth did the whole thing in a year when Sydney gave up, and Victoria seems to have had a bit of a fiasco. The smartrider is one card and it just works, even handles the free transit zones in the CBD, kind of neat really. There are a few nice things about WA, even if the rest of the country forgets we exist sometimes.

    5. Re:Only been working on it for a decade years by Kalriath · · Score: 1

      Well, that was Talent2 - an Aussie company. Can we claim that?

      --
      For a site about things like basic rights, Slashdot users sure do like to censor "dissent".
    6. Re:Only been working on it for a decade years by Kalriath · · Score: 1

      I could believe that. And that's not even counting defending the lawsuit from Snapper because they didn't win the tender.

      --
      For a site about things like basic rights, Slashdot users sure do like to censor "dissent".
  7. It's about control of information by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Digital - everything has to go through their pipes.

    Analog - you can get an antenna and tune in to non-official sources.

    Don't take my word for it, come to Singapore and see if you can view Malaysian or Indonesian channels via the digital channels. (hint: you cannot).

    1. Re:It's about control of information by Pentium100 · · Score: 3, Informative

      How do they know it with digital TV?
      DVB-T - simplex transmission, just like analog.
      DVB-C - also a simplex transmission.

      They can only track you if you use IPTV or connect the box to the internet so it can phone home.

    2. Re:It's about control of information by ArbitraryName · · Score: 1

      Digital TV is broadcast over the air just like analog. If you can't get something you used to be able to, it's probably because you were receiving a weak signal. Analog will degrade gracefully but digital will just drop out.

    3. Re:It's about control of information by jibjibjib · · Score: 1

      I don't know what system they're using in Singapore (or whether perhaps your inability to tune particular channels is just an issue of signal strength), but digital TV in general is not some conspiracy to control information.

      Anyone with the right equipment can transmit a digital TV signal, and anyone with a TV and an antenna can receive it. Just like analog.

    4. Re:It's about control of information by gmhowell · · Score: 1

      Not only that, but with digital TV, they know what you watch and when. With analog TV, they don't. Knowning who watches what and when is a very, VERY valuable business model - just ask Google...

      Put down the crack pipe for a second and explain how 'they' can track an OTA digital signal?

      --
      Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. -John Lennon
    5. Re:It's about control of information by mjwx · · Score: 1

      Digital - everything has to go through their pipes.

      Analog - you can get an antenna and tune in to non-official sources.

      Don't take my word for it, come to Singapore and see if you can view Malaysian or Indonesian channels via the digital channels. (hint: you cannot).

      Erm, you don know that they cant actually stop an over the air signal.

      The only thing stopping you from receiving Malaysian broadcasts over the air is that your equipment cant receive it.

      Considering that if I mounted a satellite dish on my roof in Perth, Western Australia I can pick up satellite broadcasts from as far away as Italy (with a big enough dish). A pirate digital signal would still work in Singapore, as would Malaysian digital signals, you just need the right equipment to pick it up. Sorry but your conspiracy does not hold water.

      In Australia switching to digital was all about freeing up the 700 MHz spectrum for govt sale. The good side effect is that we now get more channels, but the bad part is there is also nothing to watch on these new channels.

      --
      Calling someone a "hater" only means you can not rationally rebut their argument.
    6. Re:It's about control of information by kiddygrinder · · Score: 2

      i think he's thinking of iptv

      --
      This is a joke. I am joking. Joke joke joke.
    7. Re:It's about control of information by kiddygrinder · · Score: 1

      that's not entirely true, there's a lot more fringe stuff like the multi-language channels and the NITV indigenous channel, especially on SBS and ABC. getting a 12 hr a day kids feed on ABC 2 is pretty useful, and a couple of 24 hr news channels that actually seem OK would probably be a boon if i bothered watching that stuff. not saying it's really increased my viewing time but it does actually make tv more useful.

      --
      This is a joke. I am joking. Joke joke joke.
    8. Re:It's about control of information by MildlyTangy · · Score: 1

      Not only that, but with digital TV, they know what you watch and when. With analog TV, they don't. Knowning who watches what and when is a very, VERY valuable business model - just ask Google...

      Utter BS. You have absolutely no clue what you are talking about.

      Analog, or digital, its still a radio signal, the only difference between the two systems is the modulation and encoding.

      It is *not* a two way radio link.

    9. Re:It's about control of information by upside · · Score: 1

      They know, if "they" are LG and your TV is connected to the Internet.

      http://www.tomsguide.com/us/lg-smarttv-snooping-update,news-17902.html

      --
      I'm sorry if I haven't offended anyone
    10. Re:It's about control of information by isorox · · Score: 1

      Not only that, but with digital TV, they know what you watch and when. With analog TV, they don't. Knowning who watches what and when is a very, VERY valuable business model - just ask Google...

      Erm, they don't know who's watching digital TV either. Unless you buy a receiver that phones home, which would be dumb. DVB-T is as open a standard as PAL, you can generate a valid signal from your video card.

      http://bellard.org/dvbt/

    11. Re:It's about control of information by Smask · · Score: 1

      And if the Malaysians decide to go with different codecs/subtitle coding, you might need to buy a Malaysian set top box in order to watch Malaysian TV. DVB-T in the Scandinavian countries differs from DVB-T in the UK, mostly in subtitle/EPG streams.

  8. Re:What? by _merlin · · Score: 1

    The important cities got a bit longer ;) Possibly to allow time to replace common antenna distribution systems in apartment and office buildings with more digital-friendly kit.

  9. A little tear to my eye by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    even though I haven't lived in Australia since I was a kid, nor do i watch TV at all, it made me a little sad to see:

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q_S0Fk3dyM

    I especially like how they played the 'go to bed kids' b&w clip and then the simulated 'switching off the CRT' images. Can't imagine how many grannies in sydney are bashing their TV trying to figure out what made it switch off.

    1. Re:A little tear to my eye by jones_supa · · Score: 1

      Mod parent up. That video shows the "goodbye clip" they played and how the transmitter is chucked off.

  10. Who still watches TV? by mtthwbrnd · · Score: 1

    Everything is on the internet without adverts.

    1. Re:Who still watches TV? by thatkid_2002 · · Score: 1

      I agree... However the old farts don't.

    2. Re:Who still watches TV? by c0lo · · Score: 1

      I agree... However the old farts don't.

      Incorrect!!! Even the old farts are without ads on the internet!
      (if your favorite fart isn't yet on... say... TPB, just be patient: is only a matter of time someone will upload a torrent or magnet to an ad-free fart)

      (grin)

      --
      Questions raise, answers kill. Raise questions to stay alive.
    3. Re:Who still watches TV? by thatkid_2002 · · Score: 1

      Incorrect!!! Even the old farts are without ads on the internet!

      Gonna have to disagree there. Ever done browser toolbar archaeology?

      FTFY.

    4. Re:Who still watches TV? by mtthwbrnd · · Score: 1

      But you can get the Adblock extension for your browser. It blocks all of the ads from youtube.

  11. Still got problems by dwywit · · Score: 1

    Especially the Sunshine Coast Region, where I live. The cheapskates put in Single Frequency Networks and some channels just aren't working. There's other problems, too. Even people with a clear line-of-sight to the tower need masthead amplifiers. At least I can get the ABC and SBS channels, but I mostly watch streaming stuff from ABC's iview and SBS OnDemad, anyway.

    --
    They sentenced me to twenty years of boredom
  12. Re:New Zealand's Analog TV by gmhowell · · Score: 3, Funny

    New Zealand's Analog TV has just been turned off

    Guess the sheep are pulling overtime now.

    --
    Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. -John Lennon
  13. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by mjwx · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Analog degrades better if you're on the fringe.

    Digital is pretty much "all or nothing", with freezes, posterizing, etc.. if you've got a bad signal.

    If you've got a bad analog signal, you'll get snow and static, but you'll still be able to see what's happening.

    But digital goes further, so if you're on the fringe of an analogue signal, you'll get a decent digital signal (well, as long as they're being transmitted from the same approximate location).

    --
    Calling someone a "hater" only means you can not rationally rebut their argument.
  14. Analog TV sendoff. Channel 7 does it in style. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2

    This is interesting to watch for anyone like me who doesn't have a TV, and therefore, didn't catch the end.
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJaft0a5VXc

  15. They turned off OTA TV? by NotQuiteReal · · Score: 1

    I didn't/wouldn't notice.

    --
    This issue is a bit more complicated than you think.
    1. Re:They turned off OTA TV? by imroy · · Score: 1

      This is still OTA, just digital.

  16. Now if only they used the digital stream... by GumphMaster · · Score: 1

    Now if only the broadcasters would use the HD stream to carry HD content we might have some net gain out of the process. The little 1080i material is generally upscaled SD and/or crippled by a low bit rate to accommodate yet another SD TV shopping/trash TV stream. ABC News 24 is 720p, SBS HD is upscaled SD simulcast, Gem is upscaled reruns and shopping, 7Mate is trash TV for "blokes", One HD is M*A*S*H and Get Smart reruns in glorious 1080i

    --
    Patent litigation: A doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction... in which everyone seems willing to push the button
    1. Re:Now if only they used the digital stream... by imroy · · Score: 1

      I saw an amazing example of how the stations screw up their use of HD just a few months ago. Channel Ten was showing a live F1 race on One in SD, while their HD channel was showing Fast Foward (or Full Frontal?) from the 90's upscaled to 1080p. Wow.

    2. Re:Now if only they used the digital stream... by Megane · · Score: 1

      Give it a few years. It's been four years since the analog cut-off in the US, and almost everything is in HD now, though it was about half way already at the cut-off. Even the low-power television station from the local university went full HD last year. Really, my main peeve is the secondary channels. I don't mind them being low-def, but they're always set to 4:3, so wide-screen stuff ends up double-letterboxed. If there is an official "480p wide" mode in ATSC (that doesn't require manually setting the aspect ratio), I've never seen a station use it.

      --
      #naabhaprzrag, #sverubfr-000, #agi-fcbafberq, negvpyr[pynff*=' negvpyr-ary-'] { qvfcynl: abar !vzcbegnag; }
    3. Re:Now if only they used the digital stream... by GumphMaster · · Score: 1

      I wish I held your optimism. The area I live in has had digital TV broadcasts since before 2004, with the analogue signal being discontinued entirely in May 2013. Since 2004 the three commercial stations (in particular) have stopped sourcing the little 1080i material they broadcast in the early days, cannibalised the bit rate for the HD stream they are obliged to transmit, and opened low bit rate SD streams for tv shopping (e.g. 4Me, Extra, Extra 2 (timeshifted Extra), 7 Two, 2 x TV Shopping Network, Spree TV). Gem, a notionally HD stream, is also about 50% TV shopping and all upscaled.

      Would not be so bad if the streams were H.264 encoded rather than MPEG: bits would not be so tight. At least our SD streams are anamorphic 16:9, pillarboxed for 4:3 material.

      --
      Patent litigation: A doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction... in which everyone seems willing to push the button
  17. Re:I'm a crusty luddite because lower quality suck by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Get a better amplified antenna and aim it correctly. Putting it in the window will help.

  18. Analog vs. Digital by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    But digital goes further, so if you're on the fringe of an analogue signal, you'll get a decent digital signal (well, as long as they're being transmitted from the same approximate location).

    Indeed. I don't know what they'll be using in Australia, but here in the US, 8-vsb transmits 1 error correction bit for every 2 data bits. I live in a small town in a valley that's 30 miles from the nearest television transmitter. Previously we had television signals so weak you couldn't stand to watch them for more than 15 minutes before the static drove you insane. Now that we've gone digital, the channels are crystal clear.

    It is annoying when MythTV records a show on one of the weaker channels at a bad time of day and so the signal drops out constantly making it unwatchable, but if we were still on analog, it would have surely been so full of static that I'd be straining to try to follow what was going on. Still, I understand how some people might look at that and think that digital sucks just because they don't understand how the signal can alternate between crystal clear and unwatchable every minute.

    You just have to remind them that it isn't that the digital encoding is unable to tolerate a poor signal, but that the digital encoding makes a poor signal as usable as a good signal, and so when channel cuts out its because your signal has become worse than poor.

    1. Re:Analog vs. Digital by Static · · Score: 3, Informative

      Indeed. I don't know what they'll be using in Australia, but here in the US, 8-vsb transmits 1 error correction bit for every 2 data bits. I live in a small town in a valley that's 30 miles from the nearest television transmitter.

      Australia uses DVB-T which has different propagation characteristics than 8VSB. DVB-T makes it easier to do SFN (single frequency network) because it resists multi-path interference (ghosting in the analogue world) better whilst 8VSB has a better power dispersal profile, which means larger coverage areas from one antenna.

  19. iLuddite by braden87 · · Score: 1

    "information site to assist the remaining crusty luddites with the switch-over" Yeah, lots of luddites on the internet.

  20. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by imidan · · Score: 1

    I live in a small town in the western US. I used to get four channels over the air on a good day with analog. Now, I get one. Not saying you're wrong, but I think people in more rural areas suffer more when the analog signal is cut.

  21. Re:Slashdot is now a forum for Aussie community ne by Kalriath · · Score: 1

    How come New Zealand's analogue switch off didn't make news? Boo!

    --
    For a site about things like basic rights, Slashdot users sure do like to censor "dissent".
  22. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by mjwx · · Score: 1

    I live in a small town in the western US. I used to get four channels over the air on a good day with analog. Now, I get one. Not saying you're wrong, but I think people in more rural areas suffer more when the analog signal is cut.

    Referring to Australia only. The digital signal has a greater range than the older analogue signals (different frequencies and signal strengths). This may be different in your neck of the woods, as they may use worse frequencies (or probably in your case, change the transmission sites completely).

    --
    Calling someone a "hater" only means you can not rationally rebut their argument.
  23. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by evilviper · · Score: 1

    No, no, no, no!
    As someone perpetually out in the fringes, allow me to correct this misconception once again...

    Before the analog went away, nobody around here used an antenna. I bought my Winegard 8800 and Antennacraft Y10-7-13 antennas during the long transition. Of course I checked out the analog stations while I was at it... They were horrendous. Sure, you could tell that there was a signal there, but it was only barely perceptible that there were sharp edges and lines burried somewhere in the static if you focused hard enough. I TRIED watching news on the strongest of those awful analog stations, but after fives minutes I had a headache from the loud static over the audio and very quickly gave up straining to try and see anything. It was an immensely miserable experience.

    After the transition to ATSC, most digital stations in the market come in strong and clear most of the time, with minimal breakups. While those are annoying, it's an occasional annoyance intertwined with PERFECT picture and sound, rather than a constant annoyance that nobody in their right mind would tolerate.

    I have some criticisms of the current situation... A couple major broadcasters have cut down their signal power in the process, and the FCC stupidly allows another broadcaster on the came channel from almost the same direction (from here). Those two major channels missing might be a deal-breaker for some who would like to be rid of the crazy cable/satellite TV bills. However, it's infinitely more practical to use an antenna than it was with analog, and the proliferation ofnetworks on sub-channels has greatly increased selection.

    Most people's complaints stem from the switch of some stations from VHF to UHF spectrum, which only propagates 2/3rds as far, and requires a different antenna than the old stations. My big complaint is that, if HALF the VHF spectrum was going to be abandoned, the FCC should have forced the rest to jump to UHF, too, so consumer antenna systems could be half as expensive, eliminating the need for VHF-hi antennas entirely (outside of Alaska). That might have gotten more people putting up antennas, and more incentive for stations to continue broadcasting at full power levels. Instead,the FCC is planning to turn the UHF band into swiss cheese, selling off bits to telcos for cellular services, forcing some back onto VHF-low where modern VHF antennas don't even work, and leaving some on UHF, again necessitating expensive antenna systems.

    Problems with the transition to digital broadcasts are self-made, and makes me think we should have skipped it and dropped broadcast TV entirely. Either let it improve and succeed, or kill it entirely...

    --
    Slashdot gets worse every day... Pipedot: News for nerds, without the corporate slant
  24. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by thegarbz · · Score: 1

    Problems with the transition to digital broadcasts are self-made, and makes me think we should have skipped it and dropped broadcast TV entirely. Either let it improve and succeed, or kill it entirely...

    The problems aren't self made, they disappear when they are self solved. The GP is right, but yet so are you. In many implementations digital does have better coverage than analogue but that has far more to do with technology enhancements, changes in transmission power, and changes in spectrum than anything else. An analogue signal is intelligible for a longer distance than a digital one with all other elements staying the same and cause less interference to neighbouring bands too.

    Places which like for like replaced their gear get screwed, places where the transition is managed and the limitations are worked around (like in Australia) is where the real successes come.

  25. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by natd · · Score: 1

    You mean "imagine Teletext".

    --
    Only big ligs use sigs.
  26. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by NVW55V · · Score: 3, Informative

    Get or build a better antenna. And put it up higher, and point it in the right direction. Use a signal amplifier. These things work.

  27. Re:Why should I care? by gmhowell · · Score: 1

    They're semi-politely called abos, but for maximum affront the term boongs is preferred.

    Just because I learn something new every day doesn't mean I learn anything of value.

    --
    Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. -John Lennon
  28. Re: Slashdot is now a forum for Aussie community n by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    It's about a technology switch-over. Slashdot isn't a USA exclusive site.

  29. Cable can be analog or digital by billstewart · · Score: 1

    Broadcast TV went to digital a few years ago in the US, but for cable TV it's on a system-by-system basis. My town's Comcast cable went digital a year or so ago; it gave them room to squeeze more channels onto the cable than analog. I didn't have a digital-capable TV at the time, so for me the difference was that I now had to make room for a cable box, which fed analog to my TiVo, and program the TiVo to talk to that cable box. More recently I got an HDTV, so until I do something about the cable box, I've got a choice between getting all the channels on non-HD through the TiVo, or getting a subset of the channels directly from the cable into the TV (but not all of them, and the TV guide information knows about the regular channel numbers, not the digital ones.

    --

    Bill Stewart
    New Fast-Compression-only CPR http://preview.tinyurl.com/dy575ks
    1. Re:Cable can be analog or digital by drinkypoo · · Score: 1

      Analog cable is going away too, surely but slowly. It takes more bandwidth to send it, and cable modems want the same bandwidth that the channels do. You can cram a whole lot of CM subscribers into a single analog channel.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
    2. Re:Cable can be analog or digital by Megane · · Score: 1

      Mostly they have to wait out all the people with analog-only TV sets. I've heard that some cable systems plan to use ATSC on 2-13 so that people with regular (digital) TV sets can get basic cable. It's half the bandwidth, but TV sets are not required to have a QAM decoder. (even though both are decoded by current tuner chipsets)

      --
      #naabhaprzrag, #sverubfr-000, #agi-fcbafberq, negvpyr[pynff*=' negvpyr-ary-'] { qvfcynl: abar !vzcbegnag; }
    3. Re:Cable can be analog or digital by drinkypoo · · Score: 1

      They only have to wait out enough of them that they can successfully force boxes on the rest, or just drop them as customers. That day is coming rapidly.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
  30. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Mashiki · · Score: 1

    But digital goes further, so if you're on the fringe of an analogue signal, you'll get a decent digital signal (well, as long as they're being transmitted from the same approximate location).

    Might hold true in some places where either if you're on a hill, or it's very flat. In say most of Southern Ontario outside of a major city like London, K/W, or Toronto most people lost 1/3 to 1/2 of the US stations they used to have and picked up some they never had before. I know a few people who are able to get 40 channels in digitial in Toronto, my friends down in Brownsville/Verschoyle Woodstock/Ingersoll/Beachville used to get 15 US, they get 3 US now.

    --
    Om, nomnomnom...
  31. Bad Digital vs. Bad Analog by billstewart · · Score: 1

    How much range you get depends on how much power the broadcaster is using. Maybe it's that way for you in Australia, but not generally in the US. My mom had a weak analog signal for the channels she cared most about (US public broadcasting), but the sound was ok and if the pictures were fuzzy, most of the programs were just talking heads anyway. When they switched to digital, they were probably putting out less power, but the important problem was that the audio would cut in and out; the pictures were also blocky, but the parts that didn't change actually looked better some times.

    --

    Bill Stewart
    New Fast-Compression-only CPR http://preview.tinyurl.com/dy575ks
  32. Sing it! by Tablizer · · Score: 2

    "Digital killed the analog star..."

  33. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Freshly+Exhumed · · Score: 1

    It is all about the payload of that signal. The big Australian media companies are deliberately making sure that the programming they show OTA (Over The Air) in DVB-T digital quality is actually inferior to the quality of the same programming shown over paid-for (satellite, cable) feeds. Typically the subtitles and surround sound are stripped from the OTA signal, and there are claims that downconverting is taking place as well.

    --
    I deny that I have not avoided attaining the opposite of that which I do not want.
  34. In Austrailia south of the equator by Tablizer · · Score: 1

    ...the 1's and 0's are reversed. Digital TV watchers think Obama is white and Bush is black.

  35. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by niftymitch · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I live in a small town in the western US. I used to get four channels over the air on a good day with analog. Now, I get one. Not saying you're wrong, but I think people in more rural areas suffer more when the analog signal is cut.

    Tell us more about your antenna.

    I wonder if your "old" antenna is tuned for channel bands that are
    not the bands used for digital.

    There are some darn fine antenna designs on the internet
    that can be made with Cu wire and a tape measure. The
    first step is knowing the frequency bands you wish to watch.

    A well tuned antenna is the first band pass filter to select the
    signal for the receiver to dig data from.

    --
    Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because Fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn't. Mark Twain.
  36. OTA via Satellite in Australia by enter+to+exit · · Score: 4, Interesting

    In Australia we have an government initiative called VAST (Viewer Access Satellite Television). Essentially, If you live in a rural area and have trouble getting OTA signals, they'll subsidize the cost of a satellite dish+decoder.

    All the OTA channels are put up on the Optus C1 satellite and depending on your location they'll unlock the channels you're meant to get in your area.

    I see no reason why this can't be extended to non-rural areas on a house-by-house basis.

    1. Re:OTA via Satellite in Australia by Phreakiture · · Score: 1

      That doesn't surprise me.

      Australia is a fairly big country with large expanses of nothing where free-to-air satellite makes perfect sense. On the other hand, here in the US . . . oh, wait . . .

      --
      www.wavefront-av.com
  37. Re:December 3rd? by 91degrees · · Score: 1

    yeah, fuck you political-correct-hollydays-morons

    Nobody cares if you call it Christmas. People who say "Happy Holidays" just feel it's extra nice to include other people. Nobody is forcing you to. So relax! Christmas is a time of happiness and joy.

    And digital STBs are very cheap and will make a fine Christmas present.

  38. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Chrisq · · Score: 2

    Here in Athens Greece we are in a transitional stage where most of the city have only digital but for some few places the analog signal still exists; few day ago i was watching a football game (the real one, where they play with the ball mostly with the... foot!) in a friend's house located in a neighborhood with both signals available where my friend's tv was tuned in digital and a neighbor watching the same game was tuned in analog - we kept hearing that neighbor cheer or boo almost a minute before we could see in our tv the reason, totaly destroying our experience (by the way, we soon understood that he was supporting the opposite team - they lost, we won!).

    Its even worse than that. If you have two digital TVs of different brands there is a slight difference in the time taken to decode. So if you have a TV in the kitchen with the same program as you are watching in the lounge you get an annoying "echo" effect

  39. DRM by fa2k · · Score: 1

    In Norway they used the digital switchover as a chance to turn all (3 or 4ish) channels but the state broadcaster into payed channels, and they added a lot of new channels. They turned a somewhat credible free TV system with no setup cost into something useless. Now, either you like TV and have to pay, or most others don't really care and won't even bother to set up the free channel.

    Digital is probably good overall, if it can free up some spectrum, but new technology certainly exposes how people can be greedy assholes. At least DVB-T can still be received with a passive receiver, which helps with privacy and stability

  40. Re:Slashdot is now a forum for Aussie community ne by jones_supa · · Score: 2

    Did you submit it?

  41. Re: If you've got good signal, digital is better, by countach · · Score: 1

    Come to that, since they're building an nbn with high capacity land based connectivity, all broadcast is unnecessary.

  42. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Culture20 · · Score: 1

    The worst is when you almost lose signal for a fraction of a second. No pixelation, just a slight screen freeze, but now the video and audio are desynced by that fraction until you reboot your television.

  43. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by giorgist · · Score: 1

    Yea but you can get many more digital signals with the energy of a single analogue signal. Which means with the energy of a degraded analogue signal you can still get a perfect digital signal. In the reverse case, by the time the digital signal is failing, had you had an analogue signal there you would be getting absolutely nothing.

  44. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by RabidReindeer · · Score: 1

    Analog degrades better if you're on the fringe.

    Digital is pretty much "all or nothing", with freezes, posterizing, etc.. if you've got a bad signal.

    If you've got a bad analog signal, you'll get snow and static, but you'll still be able to see what's happening.

    But digital goes further, so if you're on the fringe of an analogue signal, you'll get a decent digital signal (well, as long as they're being transmitted from the same approximate location).

    In theory. I live probably less than 10 miles from a major transmitter farm, but since it went digital, I have to be a lot more careful about fiddling with the antenna or the whole thing blues out, audio and all. And hi-fi audio is usually the last thing to go.

    Sadly, shortly before the digital switch I'd discovered an interesting analog channel from a distant metro area. It was just at that point where you could get a snowy-but-watchable image. All gone now.

  45. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

    Seems improbable. Digital TV channels are multiplexed together, so one frequency carries multiple channels. If you can receive one okay then you should be able to get all the others on the same multiplex okay as well, since they are just different chunks of data in the same stream.

    What is your explanation for this?

    --
    const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
    SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
  46. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by quetwo · · Score: 1

    A lot of that has to do with the channels being moved around more than digital vs. analog. During the move the FCC sold off a large portion of the VHF spectrum to the cellular companies. This moved a lot of the high-propagation stations to UHF with much smaller viewing areas. At the same time, the FCC sold off the higher end of the UHF spectrum which moved all the channels that had sketchy portions of the frequency down, causing their areas in some cases to double. In our area (Lansing, MI), we lost all of our VHF except one -- the rest moved to UHF (meaning I now have a hard time getting them when I live downtown due to the shadowing effect). I ended up having to put three antennas on my house, isolated from certain directions to avoid the multipath.

  47. Re: If you've got good signal, digital is better, by dbIII · · Score: 1

    The NBN is finished. They've got Ziggy lined up with the axe and he's started chopping just like when he was brought in to hack up Telstra. The objective now is to make it fail and pin the blame on the previous government.

  48. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Politburo · · Score: 1

    I have two TVs of the same brand and they still aren't exact. It's close enough that it's more of a reverb than an echo, though.

  49. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Politburo · · Score: 1

    "We should have kept just one analog channel for a local news station to broadcast on"

    My guess is that there are many such channels available in your area. You may know them by the names FM and AM.

  50. Re:Yet another slashdot article on tv by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    You know what's really funny? That you posted that without actually looking for posts about not owning a TV. There's one asking "who still watches TV?" and one that casually mentions not watching TV, that were posted before your comment. That's the closest you get. If you'd at least written "half the comments will be" you'd have gotten away with making a bad prediction. But you didn't. Instead, you admitted that you didn't look at the comments and just sarcastically posted a link to a 13 year old Onion article that everyone has already read, and added insults aimed at some theoretical people.

    Number of Internets won by you: 0 (zero)

  51. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Politburo · · Score: 1

    That sounds like a problem with your receiver. Back when I was using the free boxes, that would happen sometimes, but it was cleared up by changing the channel.

  52. Please keep opinions out of the summary, Thank you by IwantToKeepAnon · · Score: 1

    Because someone has an analog tv that is "good enough" doesn't make them a "crusty luddites" (holy crap ... really?). How many times does /. bemoan upgrading or changing just "because", and now someone who has analog is slandered? Besides that, luddite was someone who feared change and/or technology; so please use a different crusty insult. Thank you, come again.

    --
    "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." -- Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy
  53. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    In the US, the digital switch-over was poorly handled on the FCC's part, which resulted in your inability to get the same signals you got before.

    Stations are issued a license specifying their transmitter power limit, and that power is based on the amount of area they cover. During the switch-over, a station with, say, a 100kW license was required to 1) still cover their assigned area with the analog signal, 2) run a digital signal in parallel to the analog one, and 3) not exceed their transmission power limit.

    Since the digital signal is much more fault-tolerant than the analog ones were, most stations did a 90/10 split of their power limit, with 90% going to the analog signal and only 10% going to the digital one. They didn't lose much coverage on the fringe of their area, and the majority of their area (50-60%) got a spotty digital signal as well.

    Fast forward a couple of years, and analog is EOL'ed. Now, the other 90% is free for the digital transmission, right? WRONG. If 10% is good enough to cover 60% of the area, then 30% should be more than enough, right? Well, no. Not that either. But 40% seems to be good enough. Except on the fringe, where static is replaced by an undecipherable digital stream. But it meets the FCC's coverage requirements, which are poorly enforced anyway.

    The FCC should have issued parallel transmitter licenses for full power digital transmission, then revoked the analog license at the end of the switch-over. They didn't. But to fix the current mess that we have, they need to tell the license-holders to "use it (to its full power) or lose it". But they won't. They're mostly-incompetent government bureaucrats. They don't have to care.

  54. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by gravis777 · · Score: 1

    With these channels moving around, it is also feasable that the broadcasting power is not as high, to keep from bleeding over onto channels aired from other areas. This was especially true before the transition, when you had both analogue and digital channels. After the switch over, only a couple of channels do I get stronger signals on - some are still giving me less than 60% of the signal (although most are now at 98% or better). What is sad is I live less than 15 miles from "broadcast hill" with a clear line-of-sight. I can see the antennas from my balcony. You would think that all I would have to do is point my antenna at the towers and I would have perfect signal.

    Before the transition, a lot of my local stations were actually broadcasting the digital signal from their backup transmitters at the station, not from the transmitter on "broadcast hill". I know this because I called up the engineers of a couple of stations as I was having issues receiving their signal. So, they were broadcasting from a different location, at a lower power, on a different frequency, with a smaller tower, plus, before the transition, they might take the signal down completely for a while to do maintanance.

    An example of channels moving is shown at this chart:
    http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=print_market&mktid=5

    Before, DFW had 6 channels in the VHF range, now there are only 2 (BTW, I have no clue what that KSFW is, I don't get it, I have one channel "2.1" and it is Daystar).

    What was worse is, after the transition, a couple of channels moved again to their new broadcast home, meaning that you had to rescan.

    So you really cannot say that digital transmisison is worse than analogue, because there are many other variables that are in place.

    I will say, however, that if you are living in the US and haven't rescanned in a couple of years, try that, and see if it helps. But as the parent said, you may have to end up putting up multiple antennas and repositioning them. It is not because digital doesn't go as far, it is because different frequencies and broadcast powers are being used now. About the only thing you can really do is to call up the station engineer at the station and ask if they have plans to increase their broadcast power.

  55. Re:Analog is long gone in Poland by Baldorcete · · Score: 1

    Everytime I hear Wagner I feel like invading Poland.

  56. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Pope · · Score: 1

    I use the exact same 'rabbit-ears' for digital that I used for analog, the frequency range in US & Canada is identical. What's mainly happened is the need for a more directional antenna to pick up the US stations, for where I am anyway.

    --
    It doesn't mean much now, it's built for the future.
  57. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Pope · · Score: 1

    They just need a directional antenna. I have line of sight to the CN Tower, so the Canadian channels come in fine. Buffalo's at least 90 degrees out from there where I am. Use the mapping tool on http://www.tvfool.com/ to see what you need.

    --
    It doesn't mean much now, it's built for the future.
  58. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by operagost · · Score: 1

    Maybe there is something about the Australian digital standard which makes this true. But in the US, it simply is not. Right now, there are thousands of low-income working people in the NY metropolitan area who cannot watch TV. The WTC hosted antennas for the major networks. After 9/11, these networks had to go to inferior backups, making thousands either lose signal or have a marginal signal. The digital transition exacerbated this, such that those fringe people who were happy to have something snowy to watch now got nothing. So if you don't have cable (or Vudu) in NYC or northern NJ, you don't watch TV. Ironically, most of the people who have enough to afford cable in these areas STILL aren't seeing any of the digital benefits, because cable companies charge extra for the privilege of viewing shows that are supposed to be broadcast for free in HD.

    --

    Gamingmuseum.com: Give your 3D accelerator a rest.
  59. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by WillAdams · · Score: 1

    If I had mod points, you'd have one.

    Our local PBS affiliate (the only channel I watch) switched early and broadcast at full power initially --- I was able to get the signal in my basement w/ rabbit ears --- until the other stations switched over and they also reduced power --- can't pick up the signal in my basement so had to run a line up to the living room and build a digital TV antenna:

    http://www.current.org/wp-content/themes/current/archive-site/ptv/ptv0821make.pdf

    When the weather is bad I have to pick it up from behind the couch and place it in the window.

    If you're in Australia, beat the rush and grab any parts you need before the rush (or go into business making and selling them).

    --
    Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow.
  60. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by antdude · · Score: 1

    Also, audio works too if it is bad.

    --
    Ant(Dude) @ Quality Foraged Links (AQFL.net) & The Ant Farm (antfarm.ma.cx / antfarm.home.dhs.org).
  61. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by ArbitraryName · · Score: 1

    We should have kept just one analog channel for a local news station to broadcast on, amping it up in emergencies, for when there are storms and the like.

    Why would you keep the entire analog infrastructure in place for one channel "for emergencies"? We have an existing medium just for that purpose. It's called radio. Emergency radios are cheap, long lasting and can sit passively and unobtrusively until needed.

  62. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Megane · · Score: 1

    And put it up higher, and point it in the right direction.
    and point it in the right direction
    in the right direction

    ATSC can be very directional. I have to go up on my roof and adjust my antenna every few months after wind blows it off angle. Although now that it's been up there over 10 years, corrosion may be causing some problems.

    You can even use a piece of scrap wire as an antenna if you point it in the right direction. I know because I did it over Thanksgiving. New TV in a room that hadn't had TV for a while, two cable outlets in the room, neither of which had a signal, but a nice fat roll of speaker wire that I stuffed into the end of a gender changer. After a few seconds holding it at arms length and rotating myself, I quickly found the direction. Then I hid it under the rug. And I said let there be football*, and there was football.

    *handegg actually, but no matter how it's played, everyone still wants to watch it

    --
    #naabhaprzrag, #sverubfr-000, #agi-fcbafberq, negvpyr[pynff*=' negvpyr-ary-'] { qvfcynl: abar !vzcbegnag; }
  63. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Hamsterdan · · Score: 1

    This, and UHF is less forgiving of obstacles. UHF is pretty much LOS. When NBC and CBS moved from VHF(RF3 and RF5) to UHF, I lost them because I've got buildings between the antenna and Mt. Mansfield.

    The only advantage is the antenna is *way* smaller than the old fishbone monsters.

    --
    I've got better things to do tonight than die.
  64. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Hamsterdan · · Score: 1

    A good preamp with a low noise floor will help (something in the 3dB or lower range), just make sure it doesn't have too much gain and includes an FM trap if they are some near stations.

    SN/R is more important than signal strength with digital OTA (at least with 8VSB)

    --
    I've got better things to do tonight than die.
  65. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Hamsterdan · · Score: 1

    analog channels were mostly on VHF (better propagation around obstacles). Digital is mostly on UHF where it's pretty much line-of-sight

    --
    I've got better things to do tonight than die.
  66. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Obfuscant · · Score: 1

    Get or build a better antenna. And put it up higher, and point it in the right direction.

    I think you're missing the point. I live in a small city halfway between the two major markets. With a small whip inside antenna I used to get all the networks. Today, I get two channels of OPB (PBS). That's only because there is an OPB station on top of the hill just north of my house.

    Having to put up a high, directional antenna instead of using a simple piece of wire inside is pretty good proof that the digital signals don't go as far or cover as well as the old analog ones.

    I could actually live with a bit of snow on the signal. There wasn't that much that needs crystal clarity of 1080p HD. And since the solution to the "little bit of snow" is now "nothing at all", I think "little bit of snow" was better.

  67. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by ncc74656 · · Score: 1

    analog channels were mostly on VHF (better propagation around obstacles). Digital is mostly on UHF where it's pretty much line-of-sight

    There's still lots of digital TV on VHF. In Las Vegas, for instance, five of the local broadcasters are on VHF. One of them (KSNV) is even on low-band VHF.

    --
    20 January 2017: the End of an Error.
  68. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Obfuscant · · Score: 1

    Seems improbable. Digital TV channels are multiplexed together, so one frequency carries multiple channels.

    CAN carry multiple channels. Doesn't mean they have to or that they always do.

    If you can receive one okay then you should be able to get all the others on the same multiplex okay as well, since they are just different chunks of data in the same stream. What is your explanation for this?

    Perhaps the simplest explanation really is the simplest explanation: four different analog channels migrated to four different digital channels, not four data streams on the same channel.

    Out here in the wild west, most of the big network stations were too enamored of all the digital real estate they were being given by the FCC to ever let anyone else play in their sandbox. It was only the wanna-bees like CW and FOX that combined channels in one transmitter. Yeah, wouldn't it be a great system if every transmitter was required to carry data streams for all the analog channels that used to be covering an area? That way four transmitters could be spread out to cover a large area and nobody lost anything, instead of four transmitters carrying one channel each that can't be received by everyone.

  69. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by khellendros1984 · · Score: 1

    I know that I have some channels with 10 subchannels, and some channels with just 1. Maybe the frequency they're receiving is one of the ones that doesn't have multiple signals multiplexed into it?

    --
    It is pitch black. You are likely to be eaten by a grue.
  70. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Darinbob · · Score: 1

    Yes, that was the problem with my mother's TV in the US. She could get several channels wtih analog, and most of them had a bit of snow but still very watchable. Switch to digital broadcast and suddenly she was only picking up a couple in English. The surprise is that some channels that previously had come in well were not coming in at all in digital. I think some broadcasters just weren't bothering to optimize their coverage. So she went with satellite TV just to watch "local" shows.

  71. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Darinbob · · Score: 1

    I'm suspicious of broadcasters though. They may not be converting all their transmitters in order to save costs, or not optimizing coverage areas, especially with declining ad revenue from more remote areas because so many former viewers have switched to cable/satellite. You see this with mobile phone service and internet too, the "last mile" is often ignored.

  72. Build a GPLv3 Gray Hoverman TV Antenna by Freshly+Exhumed · · Score: 1

    You can build the best TV antenna on the planet because it is free and free:

    http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/08/03/14/2021223/hobbyists-create-gpled-diy-super-tv-antenna

    Several variants have been developed that suit specific needs, such as UHF-only, UHF with VHF, and a variety of other local and International requirements.

    --
    I deny that I have not avoided attaining the opposite of that which I do not want.
  73. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Darinbob · · Score: 1

    Plus putting up better antennas is a non-starter for many people who rely on broadcast, poorer people who can't afford it, renters, or the elderly who can't go up on the roofs.

  74. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Smask · · Score: 1

    Sounds like 16:9 plus the same signal letterboxed into 4:3, which your box/TV convert into 16:9 by padding the image with vertical bars.

    Those guys who owns that channel are complete morons because if the watcher has a box converting digital to analog signal, he already have function in the box to output the image in letterboxed 4:3

  75. Re: If you've got good signal, digital is better, by lazybeam · · Score: 1

    In Australia the move to digital has meant they could consolidate channel frequencies. Previously we had channels 2, 7, 9, 10, 28 and 31. Now all broadcast happens in the frequencies of channels 6-12. I'm in Brisbane which has been digital only for a while. This means one can get a smaller antenna with better gain as it only listens on a narrower range.

    My parents used to receive one station on channel 0 and the rest in UHF. Digital has moved all stations to the same 6 channel UHF block, so they can now take down the old VHF antenna completely.

    --
    --
    no sig for you. come back one year.
  76. Re:New Zealand's Analog TV by JamieIanMacgregor · · Score: 1

    Yeah, 1'st December up north here, big whoop, does anyone give a crap? is it special when Australia does something the rest of the world has nearly completed?

  77. Re:What? by novakreo · · Score: 1
    --
    O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!
  78. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Shirley+Marquez · · Score: 1

    A major change when the US made its digital transition is that many stations moved to UHF. Stations operating on UHF are allowed to use more power and the UHF signals have better penetration of buildings and suffer less interference from household devices, so urban reception is generally superior, but reception at the edges of the station's fringe area may suffer.

    Most high VHF (channels 7 through 13) were allowed to return to their VHF frequencies after the full digital transition but some chose not to, and some stations were allowed to relocate to high VHF frequencies. Low VHF stations (channels 2 through 6) in major markets were required to move to other frequencies; a few smaller markets still have stations on those channels.

    Channel 7 here in Boston is an example of a high VHF station that moved to UHF. They briefly returned to their original channel but found that reception was problematic. This was in part because they were the only Boston station to return to VHF (Boston had also had stations on low VHF channels 2, 4, and 5, all of which were required to relocate to UHF) so most viewers had installed UHF-only DTV antennas. As a result, channel 7 got permission to go back to the UHF channel that they used during the digital transition (while analog and digital broadcasts were being done simultaneously) and shut down VHF operation.

  79. Re:If you've got good signal, digital is better, b by Shirley+Marquez · · Score: 1

    Two stations that moved TO the VHF band are WNAC-TV in Providence (actual locaiton Rehoboth MA, formerly channel 64, now broadcasts on channel 12) and WWLP-TV in Springfield MA (actual location Chicopee, formerly channel 22, now broadcasts on channel 11).

  80. Re:New Zealand's Analog TV by gmhowell · · Score: 1

    How Australians behave whenever New Zealand is mentioned:
    1900: stupid sheep jokes
    1910: stupid sheep jokes
    1920: stupid sheep jokes
    1930: stupid sheep jokes
    1940: stupid sheep jokes
    1950: stupid sheep jokes
    1960: stupid sheep jokes
    1970: stupid sheep jokes
    1980: stupid sheep jokes
    1990: stupid sheep jokes
    2000: stupid sheep jokes
    2010: stupid sheep jokes
    2020: Australians realise they have far more sheep than New Zealand

    You seem upset. Sheep got a headache?

    --
    Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. -John Lennon