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Visual Studio 2015 C++ Compiler Secretly Inserts Telemetry Code Into Binaries (infoq.com)

Reader edxwelch writes: Reddit user sammiesdog discovered recently that Visual Studio 2015 C++ compiler was inserting calls to a Microsoft telemetry function into binaries. "I compiled a simple program with only main(). When looking at the compiled binary in IDA, I see a call for telemetry_main_invoke_trigger and telemetry_main_return_trigger. I cannot find documentation for these calls, either on the web or in the options page," he wrote. Only after the discovery did Steve Carroll, the dev manager for Visual C++ admit to the "feature" and posted a workaround to remove it.A Microsoft spokesperson confirmed the existence of this behavior to InfoQ, adding that the company wil be removing it in a future preview build. For those who wish to get rid of it, the blog writes: Users who have a copy of VS2015 Update 2 and wish to turn off the telemetry functionality currently being compiled into their code should add notelemetry.obj to their linker command line.

54 of 421 comments (clear)

  1. MS Spyware by allo · · Score: 5, Insightful

    No escape.

    1. Re:MS Spyware by Assmasher · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Found in release builds.

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      Loading...
    2. Re:MS Spyware by JustBoo · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Debug performance telemetry? Yep. Clearly spyware.

      Like the other comment said, (but I can't help myself here): One does not put debug information in release builds. Period.

      I'm sorry, you are either an Uneducated Idiot or a Shill. Which is it?

      Let see another way.

      Do you think that "debug performance telemetry" should be in a mission critical embedded application build in release mode? Do you?

      I await your answer.

    3. Re:MS Spyware by bondsbw · · Score: 4, Informative

      Do you think that "debug performance telemetry" should be in a mission critical embedded application build in release mode? Do you?

      I don't believe any mission critical application (or any production application) should be built in unreleased software.

      That said, I'm pretty pissed about this, Microsoft is screwing themselves over by withholding things like this until they get found out, and by not making it a simple obvious setting that remains the way you left it. I'm ok with the idea of telemetry, but that should be my decision, not theirs. I'm not ok with how they push it on everyone. Doing this to developers is burning some of the only good bridges they have left.

      --
      All my liberal friends think I'm a conservative, all my conservative friends think I'm a liberal.
    4. Re:MS Spyware by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Microsoft Telemetry - dedicated to fast-tracking the confirmation of Richard Stallman as public visionary.

    5. Re:MS Spyware by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I'm ok with the idea of telemetry

      I would be interested in hearing your reasoning here.
      To locally measure performance of an application I get, but the "tele" part of this is something that I'm not OK with.
      What I develop and who my customers are is something I don't wish to share with Microsoft.
      I have no contract with Microsoft that says that they can't take my customers from me. They can afford developing some applications at a loss. I can't.

    6. Re:MS Spyware by sqlrob · · Score: 2

      Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 is released software.

      What's your next excuse?

    7. Re:MS Spyware by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Quote from wiki
      "Visual Studio "15" Preview 2 was released 10 May 2016."

      In other words, this isn't a final MS product. Think of it as more of a beta. Aka the other poster titling it "unreleased". He meant more than it's not a retail build. It also has telemetry. However it's still inexcusable that MS did this without notification. So MS is at fault here. And I don't believe for a minute they would have removed it before final build. See win 10.

      On the other hand, it's also a STUPID move for developers to program production applications in a preview product.
      Production meaning, you are deploying it, you are giving it to customers, you are selling it, etc.
      No one with a clue should have released any software built in this non final build version.
      Doing anything in a preview/beta product you run huge risks of a screwup biting you on the butt.
      EXACTLY LIKE THIS .

      So if anyone had used this to release production software, they would be at fault for doing it with preview/beta crap from MS.

    8. Re:MS Spyware by bondsbw · · Score: 2

      Oops, I read the article too quickly, as it also mentions VS "15":

      while this behavior does currently exist in "15", it will be removed in a future preview release.

      I didn't realize the article also was talking about VS 2015.

      --
      All my liberal friends think I'm a conservative, all my conservative friends think I'm a liberal.
    9. Re:MS Spyware by bondsbw · · Score: 4, Informative

      You seem to have stopped before reading to the end of the sentence. I went on to say:

      but that should be my decision, not theirs.

      It's the same reason you give feedback for beta software, you want to help make the final product better. Either way, regardless of whether it's automated, it should still be your choice.

      --
      All my liberal friends think I'm a conservative, all my conservative friends think I'm a liberal.
    10. Re:MS Spyware by cfalcon · · Score: 5, Insightful

      > Debug performance telemetry? Yep. Clearly spyware.

      While Microsoft offers a profiler, this is NOT that. I'm puzzled how someone could could confuse the two. Profilers / debuggers / all manner of code analysis tools are all hooks that allow the developer (not Microsoft) to analyze how something works in development. They are usually stripped out of release builds, but, more importantly, are only ever present at the convenience of the developer.

      The mysterious telemetry calls are not even claimed by MICROSOFT to be debugging or profile hooks. "The event data can only be interpreted if a customer gives us symbol information (i.e. PDBs) so this data is only applicable to customers that are actively seeking help from us and are willing to share these PDBs as part of their investigation. ". This means that the hooks make data available to a telemetry subsystem, on production code, which Microsoft can usefully access in some fashion- while to make use of this in any way would require a developer to know about it (it is not publicized), contact the "right" part of Microsoft (which no one knows), and ask to use the data Microsoft has been collecting about their shipped code, using an undocumented system to gather unknown data.

      If this was in any way benign:
      1- It would have been documented: you'd know what it gathers
      2- Microsoft would offer this data to the developer in some fashion, including what it is
      3- It would have been opt-in: you'd have to link in the telemetry, instead of linking it OUT.
      4- It wouldn't be present in secret on ALL code Microsoft compiles. This affects run times in some fashion, even if you ignore the massively spooky privacy issues.
      5- The data wouldn't be available for Microsoft's use, but not the developer: what right do they have to gather data on your code as you build it, much less on your code as it runs for your customer?

      This whole thing gets crazier. That Microsoft is putting hooks into as much code as they can may actually be illegal, or it may be buried in some document- all I know is, this is just what has been FOUND so far. Every couple weeks, someone finds more stuff. All of it is found by acting on some highly technical layer Microsoft hasn't been able to obscure yet. How much more is there? We really have no way to know.

    11. Re:MS Spyware by pagebt · · Score: 5, Interesting

      It is documented. When this whole windows 10 is spyware thing started, I started searching. The telemetry is exactly that. how many times an application is run. For how long? did it exit clean or with errors? etc... Microsoft has been giving speeches @ Dev conferences for a while now shopping this new feature set. Not a secret. it it a service called "Application Insights" https://www.visualstudio.com/e... Nothing secret, an apparently an advertised service. Another way to make money for Microsoft, not spyware for nefarious purposes.

    12. Re:MS Spyware by Gr8Apes · · Score: 2

      Nothing MS does today is solely local. Haven't you been paying attention? Win10 is a cloud service OS, and if you think telemetry data stays local, there's some beach front property in Kansas I'd like to sell you.

      --
      The cesspool just got a check and balance.
    13. Re: MS Spyware by rochrist · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Personally, I figure you're all the same person, Coward.

    14. Re:MS Spyware by kheldan · · Score: 2

      Oh, I think there's an 'escape' available: Stop using Microsoft products entirely. Also, Microsoft needs to be brought up on charges for violating anti-hacking laws. Their compiler is, by default, inserting unwanted and malicious code into other people's code. I think that qualifies as 'hacking' under the anti-hacking laws, doesn't it? Where's the indictments against Microsoft for this and all the other malicious things they've been doing?

      --
      Are YOU using the TOOL, or is the TOOL using YOU? Think about it!
    15. Re:MS Spyware by Darinbob · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Debugging my program is my job. No information needs to go to Microsoft unless I am talking to them directly and I offer to send it. Maybe they ask me to send them a core file or whatever post-mortem info I have. There is no legitimate reason for telemetry here, "telemetry" means that data is being sent to Microsoft rather than just being an event stored locally. For Microsoft to know how often my program ran and how often it crashed without my telling them, then that is indeed spyware. They're not offering to help debug everyone's code, no way do they have that amount of manpower, so this is in no way a service to help out customers.

  2. Apparently... by ChodaBoyUSA · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Microsoft has shed all pretense of shame and is adamant to infect everything with their spyware/malware behavior. This is very unfortunate. They keep removing any remaining reason to stick with Windows over OSX or Linux. Sad.

    1. Re:Apparently... by geoskd · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Or I could freely go to linux and ditch 99% of my software.

      Fortunately, that is simply not true. The vast majority of software will run under Linux in one way or another. The only major exceptions are games, and even many of those will work.

      The reality that Microsoft has been FUDing around for years is that Linux really is a viable alternative for almost every windows use case.

      Many people have a single application that will not run under windows. Something work related or a specific game. I have two such applications, and I am constantly reminding the developers of those applications that it is a race to see which happens first: they get a Linux version working or one of their competitors gets a Linux version working. I am a relatively small fry, but I am not the only one asking about it. In the mean time, I have two PCs. I have a Linux machine that does my day to day heavy lifting, and I have the windows machine that only ever turns on when I need to run one of those applications (about once or twice a month). The windows Box had automatic updates turned off and gutted the GWX, so I can never again trust it exposed to the network, which is fine because it will never again *be* exposed to the network. I added the cost of the hardware to the cost of the two software packages and that is the end of it.

      It should be noted that the free ( as in freedom ) versions of things I need run just fine on a core 2 quad with 2GB of ram, whereas the windows machine had to be an i5 or better with 4GB just to keep from pissing me off.

      Most everything from a users perspective in Ubuntu is pretty simple. Although I would call myself a power user, I rarely have to resort to that level to get things done, and even then, its mostly related to experimentation and learning. For just about everything I have tried to do, a google search for "apt-get xxx" finds exactly what I want.

      The user interface in Ubuntu is "good enough for grandma". With the advent of smartphones and tablets, and the radical differences between how windows works and tablets work, people have been primed to be able to learn some simple differences in UI pretty quickly. Almost everyone I have exposed to Ubuntu has taken to it easily enough. The one exception was completely computer illiterate before we started, and it took him a little longer than otherwise, because computers and tablets / etc... were all new to him.

      --
      I wish I had a good sig, but all the good ones are copyrighted
    2. Re:Apparently... by johnnys · · Score: 4, Interesting

      What he said.

      A few years ago, I handed a netbook to my 80-year old father-in-law. He was used to a Windows PC, but he was visiting and he wanted to check the BBC website. After about 10 minutes I asked him if he knew that it was running Linux (Xubuntu) and he was surprised, as he had no problems at all doing just what he wanted to do.

      So Linux on the desktop Just Works. It is a genuine and viable alternative to anyone who wants to use a system that isn't continually monetizing *you* as the product to everyone's benefit except you.

      --
      Sometimes the "writing on the wall" is blood spatter...
    3. Re:Apparently... by Mitreya · · Score: 2

      The vast majority of software will run under Linux in one way or another.

      Linux did not gain more ground precisely because of this. I believe the devil is in the one way or another part. You probably can get almost any software to work, but it is not a "double-click this" level of effort.

      I usually forget what software I started to install (on CentOS, typically) by the time the 5th library had to be added.

      The only major exceptions are games, and even many of those will work.

      Do you mean natively or through Wine (or such)? With all of the fun of determining the required configuration settings online?

      The user interface in Ubuntu is "good enough for grandma".

      It is really time for someone to do a proper study because I have difficulties believing that statement -- but that's all too anecdotal.

    4. Re:Apparently... by jacekm · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Right. AutoCAD, Photoshop, Microsoft Office just to name a few do not run on Linux. Those are key programs for many professionals.

    5. Re:Apparently... by Aighearach · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I've been saying for awhile, post-anti-trust MS has finally realized that they can't leverage a monopoly and so don't gain from having lots of users/followers/fans who won't subscribe. They're in an intensive process right now to drive away the people who don't want to be part of their subscription-based future. Those people are just a dead weight to them, an expense, a liability. They're not the only option, they can't leverage being the default, and there is not significant financial value in being the default anymore. They can't use it to coerce additional payments or higher rates from wholesalers, so there isn't value in it.

      This is probably intentionally designed to drive away people who like to use their compiler, but consider subscription-style information flows to microsoft to be "spyware." Those people will never ever pay for the type of services that MS is building their future around. They are just past lovers who are guaranteed to become disgruntled and angry at some point, because MS has grown in a different direction than them, chosen a new and different lifestyle. It is time for these people to move on, find a new compiler, find a new OS, etc.

  3. Next time it will be hidden better by flyingfsck · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I suppose MS will learn from this and hide it better in the future.

    --
    Excuse me, but please get off my Pennisetum Clandestinum, eh!
    1. Re:Next time it will be hidden better by null+etc. · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I suppose MS will learn from this and hide it better in the future.

      Or, they'll just update their operating system to dynamically inject telemetry into every executable that runs.

      Ooops, I hope I didn't just give Microsoft a new idea. Wait, they're probably already thought of it, and more.

  4. Re:FUD - no, TREASON by scsirob · · Score: 5, Insightful

    "It is just a way...." Really? REALLY??!? What the h*ll is Microsoft thinking.

    Their compiler should do one thing and one thing only. Take the source and translate its instructions into machine code, so the computer performs the instructions as described in the source.. Nothing less. Nothing more. They have NO excuse whatsoever to include extra stuff to their benefit. Just that fact that you defend this behaviour is scary.

    --
    To Terminate, or not to Terminate, that's the question - SCSIROB
  5. HOLY FREAKIN' FRIP-FROP! by Thud457 · · Score: 2, Funny

    Ken Thompson must be spinning in his grave!

    1984 wasn't intended as an instruction manual.

    --

    the preceding comment is my own and in no way reflects the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

    1. Re:HOLY FREAKIN' FRIP-FROP! by vadim_t · · Score: 5, Funny

      He's not dead yet.

    2. Re:HOLY FREAKIN' FRIP-FROP! by geoskd · · Score: 5, Funny

      He's not dead yet.

      True, but if this doesn't give him a massive stroke, I don't know what will.

      --
      I wish I had a good sig, but all the good ones are copyrighted
  6. Re:FUD by MightyMartian · · Score: 5, Insightful

    If it's telemetry it's bad. Period.

    Imagine writing highly secure software only to find out the fucking compiler is placing a telemetry backend into the binary. Regardless of the purpose or intent out destination, it's bad.

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
  7. MS still the shitheel of the tech world by bazmail · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Embedding malware via their compiler? Wow a new low

    No matter how Nadella tries to spin things and give them a new image, MS still sucks worse than ever.

    1. Re:MS still the shitheel of the tech world by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      Embedding malware via their compiler? Wow a new low

      No matter how Nadella tries to spin things and give them a new image, MS still sucks worse than ever.

      The moment I'll believe that Microsoft has created a product that doesn't suck is when they start selling vacuum cleaners.

  8. g++ adds same feature! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    Little known fact: g++ has had the same ability to insert spyware for a long time. It's described about line 39885 of the manpage. All you have to do is invoke is via:

    g++ --mrelocate --use-upper-reg-halfs --insert-telemetry-libs --mnetwork-lib --include-nsa-stubs --include-fbi-stubs --omit-eff-stubs --no-powerpc --no-fpu --disable-optimization --use-network-capture-prologs --fuck-snowden --section215-includes --fort-meade-includes --fiveeyes-libs --use-eschelon-libs --omit-greenwald-reporting --prism --enable-gchq-sharing myfile.cpp -o myfile

    That does the same thing as Visual Studio. Easy peasy. Dunno why Microsoft always acts like they invented everything.

    1. Re:g++ adds same feature! by flyingfsck · · Score: 2

      You forgot the Amazon and Google modules. Linux always makes everything so complicated.

      --
      Excuse me, but please get off my Pennisetum Clandestinum, eh!
  9. Bingo by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

    A Microsoft spokesperson confirmed the existence of this behavior to InfoQ, adding that the company wil bel removing it in a future preview build

    ...because it was finally discovered. If it hadn't been discovered, does anyone honestly think they would be removing it? Of course not.

  10. Re:FUD by Khyber · · Score: 2

    "It's for catching application crashes."

    And if an application crashes - that's what DRWATSON is fucking for. NOT telemetry code insertion.

    --
    Still waiting on Serviscope_minor to wake up to fucking reality and realize that Jessica Price isn't going to fuck him.
  11. Re:Sneaky Devils by vtcodger · · Score: 2

    What is this obsession with spying on users? Seems to me that the potential benefits to MS, Google, et. al. are pretty limited and the risks of eventually getting hit with one or more serious class action suit(s) are substantial -- especially when (not if, when) their data bases are breached and vast amounts of personal information on users are exposed to the world. Am I missing something, or are the folks guiding these companies steering them toward potential big trouble?

    --
    You can't see ANYTHING from a car, You've got to get out of the goddamned contraption and walk...Edward Abbey
  12. Re:FUD - no, TREASON by Viol8 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Debugging symbols and hooks should be an OPT IN you idiot. Even if they're harmless they slow down the program and make the binary larger.

  13. Hello, world! by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 2

    You would think that the IDE would be smart enough not to insert extraneous calls for trivial programs.

  14. Now we know by Alumoi · · Score: 5, Funny

    What compiler MS used for Windows 10.
    'We did not add any telemetry in Windows 10. It was the compiler, I tell you.'

  15. Ken Thompson Attack by goombah99 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Boy this is at the scale of the Ken Thompson attack. Compilers that insert backdoors

    http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TheKenT...

    --
    Some drink at the fountain of knowledge. Others just gargle.
    1. Re:Ken Thompson Attack by Geoffrey.landis · · Score: 4, Informative

      Reading through the long Reddit thread, it looks as if the "telemetry" call saves the telemetry data locally; it does not seem to export it. So it's hard to call it "inserting backdoors".
      From https://www.reddit.com/r/cpp/c...

      [–]flashmozzg 68 points 1 month ago
      Apparently it's only VS15 feature. It logs at least when your app is executed. You can access logs via logman and tracerpt. Some investigation was done here recently: (lang: Russian) https://habrahabr.ru/post/2813...

      [–]sammiesdog[S] 30 points 1 month ago
      Are the logs a local feature (i.e. stays on the user's computer)?
      And can it be disabled?

      [–]flashmozzg 29 points 1 month ago
      Seems to be that way. At least right now they only keep main invoked/returned, exit/abort called and such. Nothing serious.
      The suggested way to disable it is adding this to your project:

      extern "C"
      {
              void _cdecl __vcrt_initialize_telemetry_provider() {}
              void _cdecl __telemetry_main_invoke_trigger() {}
              void _cdecl __telemetry_main_return_trigger() {}
              void _cdecl __vcrt_uninitialize_telemetry_provider() {}
      };

      --
      http://www.geoffreylandis.com
    2. Re:Ken Thompson Attack by ljw1004 · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Boy this is at the scale of the Ken Thompson attack. Compilers that insert backdoors

      http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TheKenT...

      No it's not. Ken Thompson's work was beautiful and subtle - a compiler disguised all evidence of its backdoor even when you write code to search for these backdoors or when you compile the compiler itself.

      If Ken Thompson had gone on stage to say "hay guys I made a compiler which inserts a call at the entrypoint of your program" -- well, that's trivial.

    3. Re:Ken Thompson Attack by Insanity+Defense · · Score: 3, Interesting

      So what happens to it then? Does a Windows component detect it and send it on?

    4. Re:Ken Thompson Attack by AntronArgaiv · · Score: 4, Informative

      Boy this is at the scale of the Ken Thompson attack. Compilers that insert backdoors

      http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TheKenT...

      No, I think that requires one more level of indirection -- reinserting the backdoor in the compiler when it is recompiled without the backdoor.

  16. So far so bad by Impy+the+Impiuos+Imp · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I see a call for telemetry_main_invoke_trigger and telemetry_main_return_trigger

    Did he ever find out what feed_all_keystrokes_and_web_sites_to_nsa does?

    There is no return version of this, because history shows a nation never returns from it.

    --
    (-1: Post disagrees with my already-settled worldview) is not a valid mod option.
  17. Re:Where's the outrage over Firefox's telemetry? by LichtSpektren · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Because you can turn it off easily and clearly. It's not stealthily inserted into binaries you compiled.

  18. Re:Where's the outrage over Firefox's telemetry? by Aruta · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Difference, and it's a whopping one, is that the Firefox telemetry is fully documented on, shock-horror, the mozila site. You get it clear and simple, and if you don't like it, you don't use it.

    The MS stuff was undocumented, and now they are making up BS excuses as to how it's for the developer's benefit.

    --
    This universe shipped by weight, not by volume. Some expansion of the contents may have occurred during shipment.
  19. Classified or secure operations invalidated by goombah99 · · Score: 5, Interesting

    So one can imagine a case where a program crashes and sends telemetry to microsoft from inside a secure computing enviornment or otherwise exports secret bussiness data. This could invalidate MS from all government computing.

    --
    Some drink at the fountain of knowledge. Others just gargle.
  20. Re:What about Rust? Is it any better? by Killall+-9+Bash · · Score: 2

    If you're gonna same the same shit again and again day after day, can you at least make it funny? Luddite programmers use C++, while enlightened programmers know that only rust apps app appy apps....?

    --
    "Prediction: within 10 years, Windows will be a Linux distribution." Me, 7-6-2016
  21. Telemetry! by MrVictor · · Score: 2

    "Telemetry! Telemetry! Telemetry!" seems to have been the decree screamed from the ivory tower of MS leadership to the devs crafting Win10.

    Seems like desperate flailing to maximize profits from the terminally declining Windows hegemony.

  22. Is this in Microsoft's shipping products? by DoofusOfDeath · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I assume that Microsoft compiles its shipping products with some form of Visual C++.

    Does anyone know if these telemetry calls are made inside those products? For example, inside Microsoft's shipped versions of SQL Server?

    And if so, does this mean using those products for handling HIPPA or PCI workloads is illegal?

  23. Re: What about Rust? Is it any better? by Aighearach · · Score: 3, Insightful

    No, you're just lying about what the FOSS position ever was.

    Nobody ever said, "having a lot of users means their eyeballs are looking for unknown bugs."

    The position was always that when you have a known bug, more eyeballs makes the bug shallower. It is easier to solve known problems when the information is available, and lots of people (who are presumably affected by the problem) can look at it. Some of them will have more insight into the causes than others, because of different backgrounds and use cases.

    When you have to lie about what people say just to argue against it, that pretty much refutes not just your claims, but your claim to have even considered the issue. I reject that your analysis was even well-considered. You are just trolling, in addition to be wrong on the merits.

  24. Re:Truly old news by MightyMartian · · Score: 2

    And how many binaries are out in the wild now that are happily dumping debug data in production environments? Just because from now on the compiler doesn't perform what really is a very bad fucking idea doesn't mean that binaries compiled while it was doing this moronic and stupid thing aren't creating potential security and usability issues.

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
  25. David A. Wheeler Defense to Ken Thompson Attack by tepples · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Ken Thompson's work was beautiful and subtle - a compiler disguised all evidence of its backdoor even when you write code to search for these backdoors or when you compile the compiler itself.

    True. But that works only when there's one compiler available for a particular language. If you bootstrap a compiler with three independent compilers, the backdoor is highly unlikely to persist into all three according to "Diverse Double-Compiling" by David A. Wheeler. Compile the compiler A with multiple compilers B, C, and D, and then compile A with (A compiled with B), (A compiled with C), and (A compiled with D), and you end up with (A compiled with A), (A compiled with A), and (A compiled with A). If they're identical, then B, C, and D have either no backdoor or an identical backdoor. Which is more likely?

    Of course, all this requires that source code for A be available to the public or at least to a person trusted by the public to release compiler binaries. This is true of TCC, GCC, and Clang, not so much for Microsoft C++.