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Automation: The Exaggerated Threat of Robots (flassbeck-economics.com)
It will take quite a lot of time before robots become cheaper than workers in emerging markets such as Africa, argues Nico Beckert of Flassbeck Economics, a consortium of researchers who aim to provide economics insights with a more realistic basis. From the post: All industrialized countries used low-cost labour to build industries and manufacture mass-produced goods. Today, labour is relatively inexpensive in Africa, and a similar industrialization process might take off accordingly. Some worry that industrial robots will block this development path. The reason is that robots are most useful when doing routine tasks -- precisely the kind of work that is typical of labour-intensive mass production. At the moment, however, robots are much too expensive to replace thousands upon thousands of workers in labour-intensive industries, most of which are in the very early stages of the industrialization process. Robots are currently best used in technologically more demanding fields like the automobile or electronics industry.
Even a rapid drop in robot prices would not lead to the replacement of workers by robots in the short term in Africa where countries lag far behind in terms of fast internet and other information and communications technologies. They also lack well-trained IT experts. Other problems include an unreliable power supply, high energy costs and high financing costs for new technologies. For these reasons, it would be difficult and expensive to integrate robots and other digital technologies into African production lines.
Even a rapid drop in robot prices would not lead to the replacement of workers by robots in the short term in Africa where countries lag far behind in terms of fast internet and other information and communications technologies. They also lack well-trained IT experts. Other problems include an unreliable power supply, high energy costs and high financing costs for new technologies. For these reasons, it would be difficult and expensive to integrate robots and other digital technologies into African production lines.
Msmash is, in fact, an AI/robot, trying to throw us off the trail of their takeover of the world! "Pay no attention to the robots and AIs gaining on you, it's all, uh, well, - not real?" Msmash - you've been outed!
Browsing at +1 - no ACs, I ignore their posts. So refreshing!
People think I am crazy for believing this, but I believe that robots are stealing my luggage.
It will take quite a lot of time before robots become cheaper than workers in emerging markets such as Africa,
So what? What does that straw man have to do with anything?
Today, labour is relatively inexpensive in Africa, and a similar industrialization process might take off accordingly. Some worry that industrial robots will block this development path.
I haven't seen one person worry about that. Not a single one. What people are worried about isn't whether Africans will get a job, they're worried whether outsourcing and automation will take jobs that people have now. Africans probably know that there is a good chance that most of the remaining human-based manufacturing jobs will end up in Africa, which is a situation all major corporations in a position to care are working towards.
"You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
No one's claiming robots are going to put Africans out of work. No one gives a shit about Africans. Robots are going to put Americans and Europeans out of work.
a consortium of researchers who aim to provide economics insights with a more realistic basis
"More realistic" than what? What is the yardstick or basis of comparison here, and how do they evidence whether they are in fact hitting their mark?
- First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then ???, then profit.
To begin with, since African labor is currently cheaper than Chinese labor and has been for decades, why aren't all iPhones made in Africa?
Consider:
* it's not just cost of labor but also quality of output by labor (related to training and life experience)
* the need for surrounding physical infrastructure (like reliable electricity)
* the need for surrounding social infrastructure (like a hierarchical work ethic)
* the need for surrounding political infrastructure (like rule of law and low corruption)
* the cost of transportation (including local transportation to and from ports)
* the cost of language barriers
* the cost of cultural barriers
Ultimately, to understand why the premise is wrong of all labor being done in Africa instead of by robots, ask yourself, why do you have a local printer or local copier in your home and office when it would be much cheaper per page to have everything printed and copied in a central print shop ten miles away? The answer is that the cost per page is not as significant to you as other values like convenience, turnaround, transportation, privacy, and security.
Most humans in any location are less and less employable relative to robots and AI because human output is of more variable quality, humans take breaks, humans don't work 24X7, humans get sick, humans file lawsuits about working conditions, humans steal things, and humans require safer climate-controlled workplaces. Those are some of the same reasons almost everyone now drives horseless carriages instead of keeping several horses in a barn.
Humans still have some advantages relative to robots and AI in some situations -- e.g. why Telsa should have set up a human-powered assembly line first and then automated when most of the routine needs were clearer. Long term though AI and robots will outperform human labor in almost all situations. Thus the need for a basic income, a gift economy, improved subsistence production with 3D printers and gardening robots, and/or democratically-planned government projects.
See also: "Humans Need Not Apply"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?...
A 21st century issue: the irony of technologies of abundance in the hands of those still thinking in terms of scarcity.
It goes the other way around:
We've banned child labour and established human rights because as a society as a whole we have decided that these are values worth investing in, especially since we easyly can. There is little point in having 12-year olds working in the mines, since it's way more benefitial to have a few grown men and huge machines do that. And send the children to school, to learn to build and maintain the machines when they grow up.
The benefits far outweight the costs. It will be the same with UBI. Only getting there can be painful.
We suffer more in our imagination than in reality. - Seneca
Even a rapid drop in robot prices would not lead to the replacement of workers by robots in the short term in Africa where countries lag far behind in terms of fast internet and other information and communications technologies. They also lack well-trained IT experts. Other problems include an unreliable power supply, high energy costs and high financing costs for new technologies. For these reasons, it would be difficult and expensive to integrate robots and other digital technologies into African production lines.
The article describes the place as a location nobody sane would want to locate manufacturing. Low cost is important but only as it relates to high productivity. Capitalism depends on the ability of capital to increase production and profit.
So, sure, one may find specific combinations of infrastructure somewhere. For example:
https://sourcingjournal.com/to...
""The next China is not a where, it's a how you do business," he said. "But Africa seems to be the emergence of the next China." Africa today is much like China was in the late 80s and early 90s, McRaith explained. There's little there, but the continent is developing. The first thing to consider, however, McRaith said, is that the sizable continent cannot be discussed as one region and understood as such. Africa is big enough to fit all of the world's major players within it: the United States, China, India, Eastern Europe, Japan, the U.K., Spain, France, Germany and Italy, among others. "Africa is of a scale we've never dealt with," he said."
But it may be harder than you suggest. For your example of Nairobi, consider electrical infrastructure:
http://www.afd.fr/en/reliabili...
"The poor performance of Kenya's energy sector hampers the country's economic development and poverty reduction strategy: per capita electricity consumption is low, the country suffers relatively frequent power cuts, and small proportion of the population has access to electricity, while the average tariff in the last five years was $0.15 per kilowatt hour, one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa."
And: ..."
https://medium.com/@kyleschutt...
"You will be robbed in Nairobi, inevitably. No one really talks about it because it is a bit awkward, but it should be discussed. You should know what to do. Except for my sister, everyone I know in Nairobi has been robbed, especially if they own a business. After all, the city's nickname is Nairobbery.
And: ... ..."
https://travel.state.gov/conte...
"Terrorist threats remain in Kenya, including those aimed at U.S., Western, and Kenyan interests, within the Nairobi area, along the coast, and within the northeastern region of the country. Terrorist attacks have cumulatively resulted in the death and injury of hundreds of people since 2011. Over the last year, most incidents have occurred in the northeastern border region of the country; there have been no major attacks in Nairobi, Mombasa, or other major cities in the last two years.
CRIME: Crime in Kenya is a regular occurrence and Kenyan authorities have limited capacity to deter and investigate such acts. Violent and sometimes fatal criminal attacks, including home invasions, burglaries, armed carjackings, muggings, and kidnappings can occur at any time.
Can large businesses set up generators (or locate near cheap hydropower perhaps), hire private security (ignoring some of those thefts mentioned were inside jobs), build gated compounds for executives and their families, and so on? Of course, but it all adds to the costs and risks of doing business.
Work ethic is a complex topic -- and note I said "hierarchical" work ethic, meaning people's willingness to submit to a big corporation versus their desire to work for themselves and/or their family, village, or tribe. One study from 2011 comparing Chinese and South African work ethic:
https://www.emeraldinsight.com...
"South Africa is a developing country, and within this context, it is essential to be economically competitive and proactive. Various sources reveal that the national productivity has been traditionally low, and continues to remain low. Within the context of the international arena, this is unacceptable. If South Africa is to become a recognised role player in the internationa
A 21st century issue: the irony of technologies of abundance in the hands of those still thinking in terms of scarcity.
Why would they install robots in Africa? Manufacturing will move closer to the markets to reduce cost of logistics.
It will take quite a lot of time before robots become cheaper than workers in emerging markets such as Africa...
How long will I have to wait for my burger in the drive through if it's made in Africa?
--- Keep the choice with the user..
Thanks for your comment, and while those are all good points, I feel they a missing the forest for the trees.
While you are right for one type of gift economy, there are at least two types of gift economy. The first is as you outlined about maintaining social status in a social network (like for some Native American tribes that used the Potlatch ceremony). But there is also another form (or aspect) of gift economy based around volunteering semi-anonymously to give back to the larger community -- like with all the people contributing comments to Slashdot for free, people who work on Wikipedia (for all its flaws), people who write FOSS, and so on. Certainly there can be mixes of the two motivations, so a complex topic. There are poor people now in an exchange-dominant economy and there might be status poor people in a gift economy (even if they get enough to eat).
You use the word "we" in your defense of the exchange economy. And I agree exchange transactions can have various benefits for specific individuals and so indirectly to societies. But the reason to soften the harshness of the exchange economy and all its contracts and so on is precisely because there is no "we" in it. Exchange is about individuals (or organizations) making contracts with each other -- usually ignoring externalities to other individuals (e.g. pollution, meltdown risk, market failure) or leaving many people out of the benefits (unless the government steps in with regulations and taxes and such). With a growing concentration of wealth and a growing rich/poor divide, and also with vast amounts of taxes going towards militarism to protect specific commercial interests (e.g. "War is a Racket"), "we" is a more and more problematical term to use in describing the benefits of a capitalist society. Thus ideas like "Social Credit" by C. H Douglas to overlay the exchange economy with a basic income:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
"Douglas disagreed with classical economists who recognised only three factors of production: land, labour and capital. While Douglas did not deny the role of these factors in production, he considered the âoecultural inheritance of societyâ as the primary factor. He defined cultural inheritance as the knowledge, techniques and processes that have accrued to us incrementally from the origins of civilization (i.e. progress). Consequently, mankind does not have to keep "reinventing the wheel"."
Most 3D printers are fairly limited today. We are still far away from Star Trek replicators. That said, they are getting better every year. And a big advantage of 3D printers, especially ones that print in metal or other durable materials, is that you no longer have to keep an inventory of mass-produced parts around "just in case". You can also make more efficient designs in terms of mass usage when multiple types of parts can be printed together in custom ways. Combine 3D printers with robots and CNC machine and mini forgers and so on in a small shop, and there is a lot of potential for people being able to opt out of a lot of exchange transactions (if maybe not all). Likewise, local knowledge and better sensors make it possible for people to avoid doctors and dentists to some degree (including by eating better or avoiding stresses and exercising more and getting more sleep so on) -- so another way or reducing the need for exchange by subsistence.
Yes there is the bike shed affect for planning in any organization, where less knowledgeable people focus on less important details while glossing over stuff that matters a lot more. But government programs still made it possible for Neil Armstrong to walk on the Moon. And government programs run a weather satellite system predicting storms. And government programs in the 1930s (CCC) built many of the trails and public amenities we still enjoy today in the USA. And government funded research supports many of the fundamental breakthroughs in science and medicine that we all benefit from. And (for g
A 21st century issue: the irony of technologies of abundance in the hands of those still thinking in terms of scarcity.