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Japan Researchers Develop Automated Technique For Anime Colorization Using Deep Learning (brightsurf.com)

Japanese researchers have developed a technique for automatic colorization in anime production. "To promote efficiency and automation in anime production, the research team focused on the possibility of automating the colorization of trace images in the finishing process of anime production," reports Brightsurf. "By integrating the anime production technology and know-how of IMAGICA GROUP and OLM Digital with the machine learning, computer graphics and vision technology of NAIST, the research team succeeded in developing the world's first technique for automatic colorization of Japanese anime production." From the report: After the trace image cleaning in a pre-processing step, automatic colorization is performed according to the color script of the character using a deep learning-based image segmentation algorithm. The colorization result is refined in a post-process step using voting techniques for each closed region. This technique will be presented at SIGGRAPH ASIA 2018, an international conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, to be held in Tokyo, Japan on Dec. 4-7. While this technique is still in the preliminary research stage, the research team will further improve its accuracy and validate it in production within the anime production studio. The product of this will be available for commercialization from 2020.

38 of 77 comments (clear)

  1. How many frames by AHuxley · · Score: 4, Interesting

    How many artists will get to start their own work rather than filling in frames for others?

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    1. Re:How many frames by rhsanborn · · Score: 4, Insightful

      How many artists won't get the entry-level apprentice-like opportunity to learn from people with more experience because this role has been automated?

    2. Re:How many frames by mikael · · Score: 4, Informative

      Disney offshored that work from Hollywood to the Far East decades ago, then brought it back when it was automated by computer. Artists from the art schools are way more qualified than to inbetween and fill in paint cells.

      If you look at how they did many of those early animations, there were motion artists who took movies of dancers, rotoscoped the animation to get generic stick figures for reference. These frames were a closely guarded secret as they were reused between animations. When it came to make an animation, they took those reference frames, outlined each with a simple body, get detail artists do a fully detailed frame, then hand those over to inbetweeners who did the intermediate animation frames, and finally to the cel painters who outlined and filled in each individual frame. The deep learning system replaces these stages.

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

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    3. Re: How many frames by parkinglot777 · · Score: 1

      Most artists never color anime you know. It is not only specialized but hardly anyone I ever met likes the work

      I am guessing you are from a western country. I highly doubt you really know how Japanese comics were published back in 80's or 90's (before anime). IIRC, Anime nowadays was called girl cartoon back then because the drawing was very girlish and most of them were about young people love stories.

      Anyway, back then the artist (the author) would draw outline of the comic. The artist will have a helper or two (depending on how famous his/her comic is). The helpers are those who "fill in color" and enhance the outline. Some of these helpers will become new artists later on. That is what rhsanborn was talking about.

    4. Re:How many frames by jellomizer · · Score: 1

      This is the general problem across the first world economies. The gap between entry level and skilled level employment.
      The good old traditional work your way up method we hear.
      0. Get a degree (lets say accounting)
      1. Start a job in the mail room, you get to know the peoples name and the departments.
      2. Move up to delivery where you get to know the people.
      3. You find begin to interact with the accounting department
      5. Do some internship with that department, enough to show that you know your stuff.
      6. Get into Accounting
      7. Get Promoted
      8. Goto 7 until you are at the top.

      Today for most organization this method is garbage.
      There is no Mail room or delivery.
      Internships are just often glorified coffee servers
      Accounting department will only hire people with years of full experience
      The job promotion path the company wants skills needed for the promotion. So you want to get promoted to manager, what experience do you have as a manager.
      Higher management wants an "outside view" of the organization so they don't promote up.

      This causes the ambitious employee to find a new place to work every few years.

      Now Technology is part of this problem, as it good at historic entry level work. However businesses have failed its employees and started treating them like equipment and not partners on a shared goal.

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    5. Re: How many frames by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      was called girl cartoon

      still called girl cartoon

    6. Re: How many frames by UnknownSoldier · · Score: 2

      I'm not sure how Manga worked but the West there used to be a few departments:

      * Penciller
      * Inker
      * Letterer
      * Colorist

    7. Re:How many frames by AlanObject · · Score: 2

      How many artists won't get the entry-level apprentice-like opportunity to learn from people with more experience because this role has been automated?

      Note that much anime grunt work in Japan has been farmed out to Korea where the labor is cheaper. Just look at the credits of any anime that aired in the last several years -- almost all Korean names. Not only the coloring but the in-betweeners.

      So the problem you are pointing out already happened. Some jobs will remain but mostly for the higher-end stuff.

  2. Pass by stealth_finger · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Once you start to get 3d assets and computerised stuff in anime it loses that look which gives it that x factor. It's too clean and looks wrong. IMO at least.

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    1. Re:Pass by GeLeTo · · Score: 2

      This is done with Deep Learning. If the source material used to train the neural network has the "x factor" and does not look clean - so should the output result.

    2. Re:Pass by stealth_finger · · Score: 1

      This is done with Deep Learning. If the source material used to train the neural network has the "x factor" and does not look clean - so should the output result.

      By its own operation it's going to smooth everything out when it's trying to make an amalgamation of all its source material. It'll probably look good sure but will be missing something.

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    3. Re:Pass by skovnymfe · · Score: 1

      I agree. Just look at all the awful netflix ones.

    4. Re:Pass by religionofpeas · · Score: 1

      By its own operation it's going to smooth everything out when it's trying to make an amalgamation of all its source material.

      Deep Learning is good at representing complex patterns, such as which designs can or cannot be used together, so that's most likely not going to be a problem. A standard technique is to use adversarial networks to provide feedback on the quality by comparing the generated material to original sources. Anything that stands out, such as excessive smoothing, will be used to correct the generating network.

    5. Re: Pass by Nidi62 · · Score: 1

      South Parks anime rip looked pretty good.

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    6. Re:Pass by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      It's been happening slowly for a couple of decades now. An early example would be Azumanga Daioh, which was drawn in pencil as usual but then scanned and inked and coloured digitally. It looks pretty normal, most people at the time didn't realize.

      Later even Studio Ghibli started using digital stuff for in-between frames, although all the key stuff is hand painted.

      3D and digital has massively reduced the cost of producing anime and vastly improved the quality. Early 3D stuff did stand out, but now when they do it well it's seamless. Sometimes they just use it as a guide and then hand draw over it, like they did with the Hollywood movie Tron.

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    7. Re:Pass by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      The biggest reason for the declining quality is the reduced time given to production. Anything that speeds it up and leaves more time for review should improve the animation.

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    8. Re: Pass by stealth_finger · · Score: 1

      South Parks anime rip looked pretty good.

      Yeah but it didn't look like Akira.

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    9. Re:Pass by mikael · · Score: 1

      I agree. Ulysses 31 is a good example. The French did the story lines, but they needed the Japanes Anime artists help to really give those animations a means to convey intense explosions. Sometimes they did that by mixing purples blues and whites, for supernova, red/orange/yellow/black for an exploding planet, or black/white cracks with god rays for strange exotic matter.

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    10. Re:Pass by stealth_finger · · Score: 1

      I was watching a video on youtube the other day with some guy trying to address it, because hand drawing that stuff takes stupid amounts of time. Basically he 3d modelled this ship, animated it and exported it as lines and coloured and animated over the top. It did actually look pretty good at the end.

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    11. Re:Pass by stealth_finger · · Score: 1

      That's true but the same could be said of most things lol

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    12. Re:Pass by thegarbz · · Score: 1

      I disagree. I actually quite like the quality of the artwork in the Netflix ones. The big problem with the Netflix ones is that more often than not the story is absolute garbage.

    13. Re:Pass by zlives · · Score: 1

      i for one like
      B: The Beginning
      Knights of Sidonia
      castlevania
      and others
      not sure if they are all netflix but i for one enjoy them

  3. Text article by religionofpeas · · Score: 4, Insightful

    What's the point of a short text article about graphics without adding any pictures/video clip as demonstration ?

    1. Re:Text article by jellomizer · · Score: 1

      Well make one. Open a Hex editor and make a 64000 byte file. and fill it with 0's and F's (for black in white) assume a 320x200 screen. so for every 320 bytes the data will wrap down to the next line. and save it as FRAME1.BLD

      That is how you do 4 bit graphics!

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    2. Re:Text article by jellomizer · · Score: 1

      Correction it is only 32000 bytes. 4 bit graphics not 8.

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    3. Re:Text article by srmalloy · · Score: 1

      From the reference in the article to submitting the paper at SIGGRAPH Asia, this announcement is an attempt to drum up interest in advance of the conference; releasing multimedia prior to the conference would dilute the interest -- "oh, I've already seen that; I'll go watch a _new_ presentation" -- and reduce the attendance at their presentation. Expect it to be flogged much more heavily, with extensive stills and video, after the conference.

  4. AI? by mrwireless · · Score: 1

    To whomever wrote this: thank you for calling this Deep Learning instead of going "OMG AI".

    1. Re:AI? by 110010001000 · · Score: 2

      We used to call them "computer programs" but "Deep Learning" sounds more research-y.

  5. hentai by NuclearCat · · Score: 1

    Interesting how it will perform on it :)

  6. Too bad by OrangeTide · · Score: 1

    Too bad anime plots seem computer generated these days.

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  7. Re:Why don't Africans do this? by QuadEddie · · Score: 1

    Hierarchy of needs applies here. If you civilization never overcomes the basics like security, having a good home, and easy access to a variety of nutritionally-rich food, then you won't advance to abstract concepts like high art. If IQ doesn't allow for the bottom tier of those things, the genetic mutants (higher IQ people) won't thrive and have their genes valued.

  8. Automated upscaling of art with neural networks by ToTheStars · · Score: 1

    In related news, there's a program called "waifu2x" that uses deep learning and neural networks (and CUDA, if you have an NVIDIA graphics card...highly recommended, there's a ~4x speed boost on my machine) to automatically scale up ("super-resolution") and de-noise anime art: https://github.com/nagadomi/wa...

    For Windows users, use this version: https://github.com/lltcggie/wa...

  9. Sort of an empty post by argStyopa · · Score: 1

    RTFA and there's nothing there.... just "we can do this" but no pics (likely because they're going to announce the technique formally in Dec). I expect that this will look more or less something like the cell-shaded early CGI animation.

    Obviously, this is about "optimizing" the drudgework of colorizing, meaning the teams of sub-artists on productions will just be a little smaller.

    I guess everything depends on how persuasive this looks; it could be cool and seems like a relatively low-hanging fruit for automation of the process. Even if it looks shitty, the consumer audience has such low demands that they've (I guess) come to accept the already-significantly-automated interpolation and heavy-trace processes common to the cheaper anime/cartoons.

    --
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  10. Lol. You have no idea... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    How much modern Anime is CGI. You can only tell when they fall down (like making a character too detailed so the cell shading ends up with artifacts instead of large flat segments that don't change much during a scene.)

    Everything I have watched this year is CGI, and most either uses 'grain' over the CGI, or just leaves it in. Especially bad are the Americanized CGI Animes, like new Berserk, Fist of the North Star Regenesis, Baki (Netflix's adult oriented stab at these), Goblin Slayer (which I can't recommend enough, adult lots of D&D references but a flavor of its own.)

    For anyone who wants to complain, this goes all the way back to Akira and composited work has been going on at least since Techi Muyo: GXP!

    Anime as you knew it is and has been dead for 35 years. A few dinosaurs stayed around after that, but production turnaround and budgets haven't resulted in material that wasn't computer assisted in at least 12 years.

  11. Wait for the bug by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    I bet we will see some weird mistake, like pink hair.

  12. Good by TimMD909 · · Score: 1

    I've waited years for the second seasons for Shingeki no Kyojin and One Punch Man. Get on it, Japan. I'm counting on you to learn Japanese.

  13. Anime's X factor by thegarbz · · Score: 1

    Once you start to get 3d assets and computerised stuff in anime it loses that look which gives it that x factor.

    Anime loses it's great and compelling stories, character development, excellent voice acting, and overall joy to watch because a computer was involved in drawing?

    1. Re:Anime's X factor by stealth_finger · · Score: 1

      Not unless a computer does the story, characters or voice acting. I'm only talking aesthetics here.

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