The map displayed in TFA is based on only 2 eigenvectors. In combination, they accounted for less than half of the total genetic variation of their tiny sample. In other words, there is a lot left unsaid from their analysis.
More seriously, they had samples from less than 2500 individuals in the study. The individuals were from 23 sites in Europe. This is woeful undersampling for the inferences that are being drawn regarding "Finnish" or "Italian" or any other of their sub-populations. The conclusions are questionable, to say the least.
Surprising how far "out there" the Finnish genetic makeup is, considering the long period of integration with Sweden.
Not all that much integration, really. More of a command, control, tax relationship for a while. Then the Russians took the franchise from the Swedes, and carried on in a similar fashion.
I suspect the Finns would be appear less isolated in that map if Estonia and Northwestern Russia had been included.
"Kahdennessakymmenessätoisessa kerroksessa" would be the right expression. And that includes specifying the location, so it doesn't work out much more difficult or long than a similar expression in English.
The Finnish numeral system is decimal-based instead of the 12-based ones in most european languages.
Where did you get the base-12 idea from? Indo-European languages also have decimal-based number systems (although the French twist it a bit with quatre-vingt-dix and suchlike). There are traditional numeral shorthands based on 2/pair, 12/dozen and 20/score, and time units hark back to the Babylonians, but they are normally expressed in decimal.
Whether that makes it easier to learn or less space-y, I don't know.
Personally, I think Finnish is a 1.0 release, and is in dire need of several patches. Something definitely needs to be done about the partitive case, for instance. I have some grasp on most of the other cases (essive, inessive, adessive, illative, etc.), and the lack of definite and indefinite articles does not trouble me (studying Latin inured me to this particular quirk), but the partitive case regularly trips me up.
And while we're on the subject of numbers, how come yksitoista means eleven, but puolitoista means one and a half? I propose that in Finnish v1.1, puolitoista would mean ten and a half...
Wow, you must live in one of those perpetually warm places I've heard about - the French riviera or Florida, maybe.
I live at latitude 63 degrees North, and can assure you that "very cold" begins at around -30C. In fact, 0 Celsius is regarded as quite a warm day in winter here.
I can also assure you that there is a palpable difference between -20C and -30C, and a similarly palpable difference between -30C and -40C. If you go outside (properly attired) at -30C, there is no chance of thinking mistakenly that it's -40C or -20C.
OK, in summer 0C would be cold, but we had several days in June and July this year when it did not go above +10C.
Democracy is all about the subjective factors. Is a public health service better than lower taxes? Should we invest more in education? How much more? Is it better to have extra perks for minorities or should everything be equal? Is the level of immigration too high, too low or just right?
Indeed. Forming policy involves choices among a variety of options. That's true for any system, not just democratic ones.
None of these have a right and a wrong answer. You pick the answers that seem right to you and pick the candidate that most closely represents your views.
The key point is being able to distinguish between false options (unachievable scenarios) and real options (potentially achievable scenarios) which are presented. Unfortunately, elections in many modern democracies are often just a beauty contest between alternative sets of false options.
Keeping the voters dumb enough is part of what keeps that system going. Ignorance of basic math, basic science, and basic economics in the majority of the population (voters, anyway) is essential. Then campaigning in elections is just a question of building image for candidates and marketing of sets of impossible and even contradictory promises which are attractive to the ignorant. Pretty packaging, vacuous contents.
For all you whippersnappers who don't remember records: not only were there 78 RPM records, and of course the 33 1/3 and 45's you are aware of, but they also used to make 16's (technically 16 2/3 RPM)...... I think they didn't typically use that speed for music because of fidelity limitations of 16 RPM.
My parents had some 16rpm LPs (as well as 78s and 33s), and I think some of the 16s were music or opera. In particular, I recall a two-LP set for a performance of Gilbert & Sullivan's Mikado which might have been a 16. They were really heavyweight LPs, much thicker than the 33s that pop/rock albums came on.
Some extra security could be added to the chips (proper key signing IIRC) but never is. Everybody knows about this but since it makes the US happy as part of their security theatre, nobody cares.
Hmm - next, someone will suggest adding DRM to the chip on the passport. And that would hinder people making fair-use backup copies of their own passports...
TFA says the comfort level of the capsule depends on the rank of the occupant. Porking companions are supplied only for full generals and senators. Light generals and representatives rate a BJ.
However, congressleeches who tend to vote against military procurement may find nothing is procured on their behalf.
Actually, this makes sense with the Biblical story of the Tower of Babel. At one time in history, all programmers used and understood the one true language - LISP.
Heretic! Blasphemer! The one true language is APL, in which expression of algorithms is terse and elegant.
Many cave paintings are quite passable APL.
I'll also recommend Halliday, Resnick, & Walker.
When I was a first-year Engineering student 32 years ago, our text in basic Physics was the 2-volume Halliday & Resnick.
Funny, I think everyone here has had to reboot their router to solve problems in the past.
I have a "consumer-level" router which only needs to be rebooted if I upgrade the firmware (3 years ago) or move house (a year ago). It's a SMC2804WBRP-G wired+wireless router.
It has been booted a few other times in the last 5 years due to power failures. Our UPS only has 30 minutes capacity and sometimes a power-out caused by a lightning storm lasts longer than that. We live in the countryside, so it often takes the lazy sods at the power company some time to restore our power.
...I have yet to use a consumer router that did not want to restart after you changed router settings, and adding a new MAC address to the access list would require a restart. Hence, restarting the router when letting another computer use the network...
I have a 5-year-old SMC 2804WBRP-G wired+wireless router. It does not need to be restarted when a new mac is added to the allowed list, or when the timeserver is changed, or when access rules or schedules are changed, or when the DMZ or virtual servers or applications (NAT) are changed, or when its LAN IP address or DHCP configuration are changed. In fact, I don't know of any configuration change (other than updating its firmware) which would require a reboot.
The only complaint I have is that there are no hacks available for it, so I can't replace its firmware with a more customizable linux-based OS.
No such thing in Finland. I can upload and download 24/7 without any restrictions, and I've never heard of any ISP enforcing a cap.
Well, of course: you can get broadband from any ISP you want, no matter who owns the phone line, so there's no monopoly problems like in the US.
Actually, even where there is a monopoly (such as my part of Finland), you don't get gouged like the suckers^Wpeople in the USA. We only have one option for ISP - the one who owns the fiber coming to our house. We get 20Mbps down and 2Mbps up with a load of IP TV channels for euro55 per month. There's supposed to be IP telephony included, but we use cellular or Skype instead. For another euro20, we could have 100Mbps down and 10Mbps up. Despite the monopoly situation, the ISP does not attempt to perform any unnatural acts on us - no throttling or capacity limits, just the bandwidth we pay for.
BTW, there are no phone lines in our area; the phone companies stopped adding copper in the countryside a few years ago, before we built our house. No problem getting fiber, however, and for telephony everyone is on cellular, even our kids have cellphones (including the pre-schooler).
My 5-year-old laptop is doing just fine, all parts working as new, even the battery. The software works even better than new, because I replaced XP with Ubuntu in 2005 (and all of the hardware was supported directly, except the media button).
It's not for sale, because I expect to get a few more years out of it. Its performance is just fine, and there are still very few laptops that can match its display. However it's not an IBM or Dell, it's a Sony Vaio (1.7GHz, 1GB, 80GB, DVD+-RW, 17" 1920x1200, wired+11g, bluetooth, 3xUSB2, Firewire, etc.).
Will I lose karma by not criticizing Sony? OK, its battery life sucks and always has sucked - barely 2 hours (because of the really nice display).
No, the stupid part is USING ringtones. No one wants to hear anyone else's crappy taste in music. My ringtone is music that's so crappy I'm confident nobody wants to hear it. Personally, I can't stand it - I answer the phone to get rid of it. That's what a ring tone should be: a stimulus to answer the phone, not to sit and listen to.
I thus whole-heartedly recommend the third movement of PDQ Bach's Pervertimento for bagpipes, bicycle bell and balloon supported by a nice string quartet (on disk 2 of http://www.schickele.com/shoppe/pdqrec/dreaded.htm).
The E70 has a nice enough keyboard - it's actually usable unless you've got sausage fingers.
However, its alleged camera is a worthless grainy noise generator, even in good lighting: a waste of components, mass, space, and power. Why do camera makers use a 2 megapixel detector with optics that would barely justify a quarter megapixel?
Unfortunately, the E70's battery life is also pathetic. It almost lasts a week, provided you don't use the device at all. If you make/receive several calls per day, then it needs to be charged after about 2 days, and if you use it much for web access or GPS or anything else which lights up the screen, then it lasts about a day (if you're lucky).
It is my misfortune to be afflicted with an E70 at the wishes/command of my employer.
If the ISPs ever actually switched to a supply/demand pricing model, with tiered bandwidth, guess what, the same customers that are moaning about getting 'screwed' now by throttling, are going to be moaning that their internet costs $1500/mo when they they run torrents at 25down:2up Mbps 24x7. Are you sure? I get 20/2 Mbps unthrottled and unmetered for euro55 per month. The fiber delivering this also delivers our IPTV, using a similar download bandwidth.
For another euro20, I could upgrade to 100/10 Mbps, also unthrottled and unmetered. With adequate infrastructure (i.e. capable of delivering what was sold to the customers), there is little point in throttling by ISPs.
The real problem is that ISPs in the US oversell their infrastructure. Airlines get penalized for overselling their infrastructure. So should ISPs; if they don't have the bandwidth available, they should not sell it. At present, it seems they are selling the equivalent of "standby" bandwidth, in the expectation of a lot of "no-shows", to use airline terminology, and are astounded that persistently too many of the ticket-holders show up.
Everyone loves unlimited bandwidth and being off-the-meter. Who's selling "unlimited bandwidth" and what kind of equipment can support it?
The ISPs are selling a specified bandwidth. The problem is that it appears to be a common USA practice to place usage caps (throughput in a set period), and even to degrade the bandwidth itself for some connections (traffic shaping).
Luckily, my ISP just provides me with 20 Mbps and does not appear to care how many gigabytes I transfer per day or what kind of traffic it is. They also have an unmetered unthrottled 100Mbs service, but not an unlimited bandwidth service.
The boiling point of most alcohols is between 60 and 80 degrees Celsius, as opposed to water's boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius. Most alcohols? Or maybe just two: at atmospheric pressure methanol boils at 64.7 C and ethanol at 78 C, but here are some of the others, all with higher boiling points:
tert-butanol 82.4 C
2-propanol 82.7 C
2-methyl-2-propanol 83 C
2-butanol 94 C
1-propanol 97 C
2-methyl-2-butanol 102 C
2-methyl-1-propanol 108 C
1-butanol 117.7 C
2-methoxyethanol 124 C
3-methyl-1-butanol 130 C
2-hexanol 136 C
1-pentanol 138 C
1-hexanol 151.4 C
2-butoxyethanol 171 C
1-heptanol 176 C
1-octanol 195 C
1-nonanol 215 C (freezing point is -7 C)
1-decanol 231 C (freezing point is +7 C)
The boiling point of 1-octanol is pretty good, so it could be used to cool reliably at higher temperatures than water. Also, its viscosity is only one quarter that of water, so it can be pumped through narrow channels more easily (higher flow at lower pressure) to achieve higher heat removal. It remains liquid down to -16 C, so it would not have to be purged from the chip for storage in cool environments.
Mensa won't take SATs from later than 1/31/94 as an indication of your IQ. That says something about changing test difficulty... 1, 31, 94, ?
x(n) = [3 * x(n-1)] + x(n-2) , where n>3
So it's 313 next, right? Next question please:) 313 is Donald Duck's license plate number!
Slashdot Mirror
The map displayed in TFA is based on only 2 eigenvectors. In combination, they accounted for less than half of the total genetic variation of their tiny sample. In other words, there is a lot left unsaid from their analysis.
More seriously, they had samples from less than 2500 individuals in the study. The individuals were from 23 sites in Europe. This is woeful undersampling for the inferences that are being drawn regarding "Finnish" or "Italian" or any other of their sub-populations. The conclusions are questionable, to say the least.
Surprising how far "out there" the Finnish genetic makeup is, considering the long period of integration with Sweden.
Not all that much integration, really. More of a command, control, tax relationship for a while. Then the Russians took the franchise from the Swedes, and carried on in a similar fashion.
I suspect the Finns would be appear less isolated in that map if Estonia and Northwestern Russia had been included.
"Kahdennessakymmenessätoisessa kerroksessa" would be the right expression. And that includes specifying the location, so it doesn't work out much more difficult or long than a similar expression in English. The Finnish numeral system is decimal-based instead of the 12-based ones in most european languages.
Where did you get the base-12 idea from? Indo-European languages also have decimal-based number systems (although the French twist it a bit with quatre-vingt-dix and suchlike). There are traditional numeral shorthands based on 2/pair, 12/dozen and 20/score, and time units hark back to the Babylonians, but they are normally expressed in decimal.
Whether that makes it easier to learn or less space-y, I don't know.
Personally, I think Finnish is a 1.0 release, and is in dire need of several patches. Something definitely needs to be done about the partitive case, for instance. I have some grasp on most of the other cases (essive, inessive, adessive, illative, etc.), and the lack of definite and indefinite articles does not trouble me (studying Latin inured me to this particular quirk), but the partitive case regularly trips me up.
And while we're on the subject of numbers, how come yksitoista means eleven, but puolitoista means one and a half? I propose that in Finnish v1.1, puolitoista would mean ten and a half...
In Celsius 0 is also very cold...
Wow, you must live in one of those perpetually warm places I've heard about - the French riviera or Florida, maybe. I live at latitude 63 degrees North, and can assure you that "very cold" begins at around -30C. In fact, 0 Celsius is regarded as quite a warm day in winter here.
I can also assure you that there is a palpable difference between -20C and -30C, and a similarly palpable difference between -30C and -40C. If you go outside (properly attired) at -30C, there is no chance of thinking mistakenly that it's -40C or -20C.
OK, in summer 0C would be cold, but we had several days in June and July this year when it did not go above +10C.
Democracy is all about the subjective factors. Is a public health service better than lower taxes? Should we invest more in education? How much more? Is it better to have extra perks for minorities or should everything be equal? Is the level of immigration too high, too low or just right?
Indeed. Forming policy involves choices among a variety of options. That's true for any system, not just democratic ones.
None of these have a right and a wrong answer. You pick the answers that seem right to you and pick the candidate that most closely represents your views.
The key point is being able to distinguish between false options (unachievable scenarios) and real options (potentially achievable scenarios) which are presented. Unfortunately, elections in many modern democracies are often just a beauty contest between alternative sets of false options. Keeping the voters dumb enough is part of what keeps that system going. Ignorance of basic math, basic science, and basic economics in the majority of the population (voters, anyway) is essential. Then campaigning in elections is just a question of building image for candidates and marketing of sets of impossible and even contradictory promises which are attractive to the ignorant. Pretty packaging, vacuous contents.
For all you whippersnappers who don't remember records: not only were there 78 RPM records, and of course the 33 1/3 and 45's you are aware of, but they also used to make 16's (technically 16 2/3 RPM). ..... I think they didn't typically use that speed for music because of fidelity limitations of 16 RPM.
My parents had some 16rpm LPs (as well as 78s and 33s), and I think some of the 16s were music or opera. In particular, I recall a two-LP set for a performance of Gilbert & Sullivan's Mikado which might have been a 16. They were really heavyweight LPs, much thicker than the 33s that pop/rock albums came on.
Some extra security could be added to the chips (proper key signing IIRC) but never is. Everybody knows about this but since it makes the US happy as part of their security theatre, nobody cares.
Hmm - next, someone will suggest adding DRM to the chip on the passport. And that would hinder people making fair-use backup copies of their own passports...
On second thoughts, 10% bonus for each True Cross found.
Now there's a bottomless pit of percentages, considering the number of Holy Foreskins that have been found. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Foreskin
"Looks like HP should invent itself some envelopes."
But the printer can't handle them!
Pork anyone?
TFA says the comfort level of the capsule depends on the rank of the occupant. Porking companions are supplied only for full generals and senators. Light generals and representatives rate a BJ.
However, congressleeches who tend to vote against military procurement may find nothing is procured on their behalf.
...
It just seems like common sense to have a real bathroom. At the very least you don't want the pilot distracted by a large load he can't dump.
The load can be dumped only over hostile territory, and preferably onto the target.
...they're pseudo-code block diagrams!
Actually, this makes sense with the Biblical story of the Tower of Babel. At one time in history, all programmers used and understood the one true language - LISP.
Heretic! Blasphemer! The one true language is APL, in which expression of algorithms is terse and elegant.
Many cave paintings are quite passable APL.
I'll also recommend Halliday, Resnick, & Walker.
When I was a first-year Engineering student 32 years ago, our text in basic Physics was the 2-volume Halliday & Resnick.
Funny, I think everyone here has had to reboot their router to solve problems in the past.
I have a "consumer-level" router which only needs to be rebooted if I upgrade the firmware (3 years ago) or move house (a year ago). It's a SMC2804WBRP-G wired+wireless router.
It has been booted a few other times in the last 5 years due to power failures. Our UPS only has 30 minutes capacity and sometimes a power-out caused by a lightning storm lasts longer than that. We live in the countryside, so it often takes the lazy sods at the power company some time to restore our power.
...I have yet to use a consumer router that did not want to restart after you changed router settings, and adding a new MAC address to the access list would require a restart. Hence, restarting the router when letting another computer use the network...
I have a 5-year-old SMC 2804WBRP-G wired+wireless router. It does not need to be restarted when a new mac is added to the allowed list, or when the timeserver is changed, or when access rules or schedules are changed, or when the DMZ or virtual servers or applications (NAT) are changed, or when its LAN IP address or DHCP configuration are changed. In fact, I don't know of any configuration change (other than updating its firmware) which would require a reboot.
The only complaint I have is that there are no hacks available for it, so I can't replace its firmware with a more customizable linux-based OS.
Well, of course: you can get broadband from any ISP you want, no matter who owns the phone line, so there's no monopoly problems like in the US.
Actually, even where there is a monopoly (such as my part of Finland), you don't get gouged like the suckers^Wpeople in the USA. We only have one option for ISP - the one who owns the fiber coming to our house. We get 20Mbps down and 2Mbps up with a load of IP TV channels for euro55 per month. There's supposed to be IP telephony included, but we use cellular or Skype instead. For another euro20, we could have 100Mbps down and 10Mbps up. Despite the monopoly situation, the ISP does not attempt to perform any unnatural acts on us - no throttling or capacity limits, just the bandwidth we pay for.
BTW, there are no phone lines in our area; the phone companies stopped adding copper in the countryside a few years ago, before we built our house. No problem getting fiber, however, and for telephony everyone is on cellular, even our kids have cellphones (including the pre-schooler).
My 5-year-old laptop is doing just fine, all parts working as new, even the battery. The software works even better than new, because I replaced XP with Ubuntu in 2005 (and all of the hardware was supported directly, except the media button).
It's not for sale, because I expect to get a few more years out of it. Its performance is just fine, and there are still very few laptops that can match its display. However it's not an IBM or Dell, it's a Sony Vaio (1.7GHz, 1GB, 80GB, DVD+-RW, 17" 1920x1200, wired+11g, bluetooth, 3xUSB2, Firewire, etc.).
Will I lose karma by not criticizing Sony? OK, its battery life sucks and always has sucked - barely 2 hours (because of the really nice display).
and does archive.org record google's cache?
I thus whole-heartedly recommend the third movement of PDQ Bach's Pervertimento for bagpipes, bicycle bell and balloon supported by a nice string quartet (on disk 2 of http://www.schickele.com/shoppe/pdqrec/dreaded.htm).
P.S. Yes, I do own the CDs as well.
The E70 has a nice enough keyboard - it's actually usable unless you've got sausage fingers.
However, its alleged camera is a worthless grainy noise generator, even in good lighting: a waste of components, mass, space, and power. Why do camera makers use a 2 megapixel detector with optics that would barely justify a quarter megapixel?
Unfortunately, the E70's battery life is also pathetic. It almost lasts a week, provided you don't use the device at all. If you make/receive several calls per day, then it needs to be charged after about 2 days, and if you use it much for web access or GPS or anything else which lights up the screen, then it lasts about a day (if you're lucky).
It is my misfortune to be afflicted with an E70 at the wishes/command of my employer.
For another euro20, I could upgrade to 100/10 Mbps, also unthrottled and unmetered. With adequate infrastructure (i.e. capable of delivering what was sold to the customers), there is little point in throttling by ISPs.
The real problem is that ISPs in the US oversell their infrastructure. Airlines get penalized for overselling their infrastructure. So should ISPs; if they don't have the bandwidth available, they should not sell it. At present, it seems they are selling the equivalent of "standby" bandwidth, in the expectation of a lot of "no-shows", to use airline terminology, and are astounded that persistently too many of the ticket-holders show up.
In fact, it is immoral, unethical, and almost unforgivable to leave a fool with any money.
The ISPs are selling a specified bandwidth. The problem is that it appears to be a common USA practice to place usage caps (throughput in a set period), and even to degrade the bandwidth itself for some connections (traffic shaping).
Luckily, my ISP just provides me with 20 Mbps and does not appear to care how many gigabytes I transfer per day or what kind of traffic it is. They also have an unmetered unthrottled 100Mbs service, but not an unlimited bandwidth service.
tert-butanol 82.4 C
2-propanol 82.7 C
2-methyl-2-propanol 83 C
2-butanol 94 C
1-propanol 97 C
2-methyl-2-butanol 102 C
2-methyl-1-propanol 108 C
1-butanol 117.7 C
2-methoxyethanol 124 C
3-methyl-1-butanol 130 C
2-hexanol 136 C
1-pentanol 138 C
1-hexanol 151.4 C
2-butoxyethanol 171 C
1-heptanol 176 C
1-octanol 195 C
1-nonanol 215 C (freezing point is -7 C)
1-decanol 231 C (freezing point is +7 C)
The boiling point of 1-octanol is pretty good, so it could be used to cool reliably at higher temperatures than water. Also, its viscosity is only one quarter that of water, so it can be pumped through narrow channels more easily (higher flow at lower pressure) to achieve higher heat removal. It remains liquid down to -16 C, so it would not have to be purged from the chip for storage in cool environments.