per Wikipedia "banana equivalent dose", the potassium in bananas nets out ~100 Bq/kg. Potassium in people yields ~80 Bq/kg. Brazil nuts 440 Bq/kg, K and Ra.
Go to http://directory.web.cern.ch/d... Click on ATLAS and CMS, and find the directory of institutions. China is well represented on both. You may also scan the lists of 3000+ collaborators each, of course. China is also represented in detector collaborations at many other labs worldwide, including mine.
When I last checked the price for a ROXIE license from CERN was 2500 Euros, SC magnet design software incorporating all they learned about magnetics and mechanics.
I was involved in the SSC magnet project 25 years ago. Most of the difference between the SSC and LHC magnets is 4.5K planned operation of the former and 2K operation of the latter. Had LHC chosen to develop NbTiTa conductor they might have gotten another 15% in energy capability. This is old technology.
I spent two years working on Nb3Sn wire and tape magnets before my SSC work. At one point I hoped ITER would move along fast enough to push Nb3Sn magnet development for accelerators. Conductor yes, magnet technology not in time. Since China has great ceramic expertise, they may do better than Western metal-bashers.
The 240 GeV is related to the Higgs mass, not the maximum energy possible in the ring. They could increase the center of mass energy to over 350 GeV in the ring and create top-antitop pairs.
However, the diameter is really set by the proton energy desired for the successor machine and the superconducting magnets they expect to be feasible when that machine is built. China builds MRI magnets with NbTi now so they already have most of the cryogenic technology needed. No one can yet build Nb3Sn magnets required for the desired proton machine. Or for the LHC energy upgrade.
The LEP magnets were mostly concrete. Fields were so low the amount of steel and copper needed was tiny, so these active materials were spaced out with concrete. Shrinkage over the course of construction caused some hiccups in the earliest days of LEP.
As another commented, the Daya Bay neutrino detectors are quite sophisticated. China is also working on GEMs. They make excellent scintillators.
I am 62. I had mumps, measles, chickenpox and rubella (twice) as a child. I was given both Salk and Sabin polio vaccines, and smallpox at least twice. I have kept DP up to date and wish I could still get DTP (vs DTaP). Do I have records of any but the last? None beyond whatever antibodies remain in my blood and the smallpox vaccine scar on my arm. I'd guess at least half the US population is in the same situation. Countries with sensible health care systems are a different matter.
There is a difference between medical devices and pharmaceuticals. MRI and CT would likely have developed in the way they did without patents because the capital requirements for practical system design and manufacture are so large. FONAR, the first MRI system, died in spite of its patents. GE, Siemens, Phillips had the capital to make it practical and cost effective. For MRI, the key advance is the pulse sequence discovered at Univ. of Aberdeen by Bill Edelstein and others. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Edelstein/ When I was in the business in the mid-80s, pulse sequences weren't patented and the capabilities of MRI systems were increased enormously year to year. CT scanners also require large capital. I believe there are sufficient barriers to entry for medical imaging to eliminate patents.
Surgical procedures weren't patented until recently. Medical devices which one or a few people could invent fall in a grey area in my mind, because the barrier to entry is small as the poster wrote. OTOH, Kearns and the intermittent wiper showed that patents aren't a barrier to abuse of the small inventor.
For pharmaceuticals, requiring generic firms to conduct their own safety checks within a decade of introduction of a new drug would likely suffice as a barrier to entry for the discovers.
If memory serves, you got your SB at MIT in 1973. Is there anyone else in the class of 1973 whose work you respect? Or anyone who was on campus at the time, student/faculty/staff?
Given the change to standard time it was easy to be at the polling place half an hour before it opened. I was seventh in line. When the poll opened there were about fifty in line. I had checked that everything was OK with my March 2012 registration change in early September so I didn't have any trouble, unlike the earlier commenters. Why the legislature thinks reciting a name and address out loud is a fraud deterrent I'll never know.
I haven't been to an Applied Superconductivity Conference for a decade, but at that time people were beginning to sell racks of very narrow band receivers for cell systems with high temperature superconductors allowing a narrower bandwidth than anything one can do at room temperature. Sterling refrigerators at 80K. One was able to increase channel density about a factor of three. I don't think this technology has made it to consumer electronics yet. Or will.
This is a hypothesis based on peripheral involvement with analog and digital RF at 0.5 and 1.5 GHz for twenty years.
AFAIK, the output stage of anything broadcasting above about 2 GHz has to be analog, with the lower frequency signal mixed into a carrier at the higher frequency. Digital synthesizers and chips which can deal with 1.5 GHz directly are still very expensive and are unlikely to be used in the consumer routers. So the final output stage is likely an analog RF transistor.
Analog transistors change characteristics with age at elevated temperature, where elevated is anything over 20C. Implanted ions diffuse with time and temperature, changing junction characteristics. The small structures required by high frequencies are more sensitive to such things.
The following table lists potential future Earth impact events that the JPL Sentry System has detected based on currently available observations. Click on the object designation to go to a page with full details on that object.
Sentry is a highly automated collision monitoring system that continually scans the most current asteroid catalog for possibilities of future impact with Earth over the next 100 years. Whenever a potential impact is detected it will be analyzed and the results immediately published here, except in unusual cases where an IAU Technical Review is underway.
The budget for human space flight is more than thrice that for science. NASA is going to spend over $20B on the "new" SLS system for two launches through 2020. NASA must withdraw from two joint Mars missions with ESA because its science budget is being cut $300M and the Webb telescope went over budget. The fact that Webb went over budget because Congress didn't provide timely funding is rarely mentioned; Congress simply blames the agency.
I agree whole-heartedly. I've been using JMP since version 2.0. Great for exploratory data analysis. SAS differentiates it from SAS proper by limiting the data sets it can deal with to RAM, but with 4GB of RAM common these days that's not likely to be an impediment.
Almost twenty years ago I compared the sort routine in JMP to Excel's. 30K rows, 28 columns, sort on 3 columns. JMP took about 1% of the clock time Excel did.
http://www.scotusblog.com/2011/09/the-new-dawn-of-nonclass-aggregation/ discusses class actions in light of the Walmart vs Dukes Supreme Court decision of the last term. If I am reading it correctly (IANAL) the author suggests that class action will be essentially impossible under a series of court and legislative decisions taken in the last two decades. Perhaps Google should ask to have the Authors Guild decertified.
The new dawn of nonclass aggregation
Elizabeth Chamblee Burch, of the University of Georgia School of Law, examines the difficulties of class certification after Wal-Mart and Concepcion and concludes that the decisions may ultimately pose broader questions about procedural justice and institutional legitimacy.
The JLab FEL has three segments: an photocathode raised 350kV and now 500kV from ground, a pair of superconducting (SC) cavities that take the low energy beam to ~8 MeV/c, and a small linear accelerator with 24 SC cavities which takes it to 80-140 MeV/c. Laser is pulsed at 75 MHz to photocathode. The efficiency of conversion of energy from electron to light is highly dependent on the electron bunch shape. It's easier to get a good bunch if you start at 500 kV than at 350 kV.
Frequency of the output light is determined by the electron energy and the undulator magnetic field.
Mirrors are cryogenicly cooled and large.
Outcoupling is via a hole in one mirror. It can be as high as 10% in the IR laser. I don't know the UV number.
If electron beam quality is high enough one can do without mirrors. The LCLS at SLAC is an x-ray FEL which does this. Search for SASE FEL for more info.
The JLab FEL uses SC cavities because this allows the recovery of most of the energy of the "spent" electron beam after the lasing section, increasing wall plug efficiency, i.e., light/(power in) roughly a factor of ten. The Navy likes this.
Cornell has a proposal to NSF to build a light source using an energy recovered linac, ERL.
The 28 who sued were long time JPL employees, some with over thirty years service. Since JPL does no classified research they thought the government was over-reaching in requiring they allow open-ended investigations into their backgrounds. The SC disagreed.
The graph shows variations of order 0.1%. A +-3% seasonal change in orbital radius would give a 6% change in R^2 so the effect is about 1/30 of the effect of the radius change. A change in radius to 1.6 AU should cause a drop to 40% of "solar particle" flux hence about 1.3% change in radioactive heat and thus RTG output, or about 10W. The power output measurement appears to have sufficient precision to show such a drop. Cooper does a much better job than I have with these back of the envelope estimates.
Both Bush and Obama differentiated between creation of embryonic stem cells and their use in research. Bush did not allow the use of stem cell lines created after ~2000. Obama allowed the use of stem cell lines created with private funds in federal research. Both administrations viewed this as consistent with the 1996 law which prohibited Federal funds from being used to destroy embryos as the stem cell lines were created with private funds. The judge wrote that one can't make this distinction between funds used to create the lines and funds for research using the lines, that the law prohibits all research using embryonic stem cell lines. I trust that the Department of Justice will appeal.
If your paper agrees with this it shouldn't be too hard to change it later to fit into the particular style requirement of the final journal.
You can also go to http://arxiv.org/ and read some of the papers in the Math or Computing Science sections closest to your topic to see the styles in the field.
In a science fiction story of the 50's whose author I can't remember there was an eccentric inventor named Shorts. The character was used in several stories. One involved the invention of "Shorts towers" of exactly the sort described. But they had multiple purposes. The first was erected in a desert with an inflatable dome as the greenhouse. Not only was power provided - so was water, through condensation as the hot air ascended and cooled off. The humidity is low, but there's some water vapor to condense.
Or they were used in reverse, as city air conditioners. Dome a city. Erect a tower. Use fans to bring cold air down from altitude. You need the fans because of the density gradient.
RTFA. It states that He-3 is being supplied comercially by the US and Russia. Total available ~20,000 liters/year. With DHS, annual requirement is 65,000 liters/year. I've seen another article, which I didn't bother to search for, which suggested the Russian's had cut back on selling the stuff until the price went up still more.
International Committee on Future Accelerators Beam Dynamics section newsletter abstract under the URL.
While the emphasis in the six articles is on transmutation of nuclear waste and accelerator driven nuclear power plants, the same accelerators can generate neutrons to breed tritium from lithium. The fusion demonstration ITER will have blanket with lithium to demonstrate breeding since its fuel is a deuterium-tritium mixture.
It would be lovely for the US accelerator community if the US DHS forked over $1.5B for a system to breed tritium and, in its spare time, transmute long lived waste isotopes so used fuel rods would decay to radiation levels below that of natural uranium ore within one thousand instead of one hundred thousand years.
The theme is "Accelerator Driven Sub-Critical Assemblies (ADS) and its challenge to accelerators." This is a topic that could have a deep impact on the future of our society. As we all know, developing clean energy and protecting the environment are two top priorities in countries around the world. ADS is an accelerator-based technology that may provide a viable solution to these major problems. Jiuqing collected 6 excellent articles in the theme section. They give a comprehensive review of this important accelerator field, including valuable lessons learned from the past.
Slashdot Mirror
per Wikipedia "banana equivalent dose", the potassium in bananas nets out ~100 Bq/kg. Potassium in people yields ~80 Bq/kg. Brazil nuts 440 Bq/kg, K and Ra.
Go to http://directory.web.cern.ch/d... Click on ATLAS and CMS, and find the directory of institutions. China is well represented on both. You may also scan the lists of 3000+ collaborators each, of course. China is also represented in detector collaborations at many other labs worldwide, including mine.
When I last checked the price for a ROXIE license from CERN was 2500 Euros, SC magnet design software incorporating all they learned about magnetics and mechanics.
I was involved in the SSC magnet project 25 years ago. Most of the difference between the SSC and LHC magnets is 4.5K planned operation of the former and 2K operation of the latter. Had LHC chosen to develop NbTiTa conductor they might have gotten another 15% in energy capability. This is old technology.
I spent two years working on Nb3Sn wire and tape magnets before my SSC work. At one point I hoped ITER would move along fast enough to push Nb3Sn magnet development for accelerators. Conductor yes, magnet technology not in time. Since China has great ceramic expertise, they may do better than Western metal-bashers.
The 240 GeV is related to the Higgs mass, not the maximum energy possible in the ring. They could increase the center of mass energy to over 350 GeV in the ring and create top-antitop pairs.
However, the diameter is really set by the proton energy desired for the successor machine and the superconducting magnets they expect to be feasible when that machine is built. China builds MRI magnets with NbTi now so they already have most of the cryogenic technology needed. No one can yet build Nb3Sn magnets required for the desired proton machine. Or for the LHC energy upgrade.
The LEP magnets were mostly concrete. Fields were so low the amount of steel and copper needed was tiny, so these active materials were spaced out with concrete. Shrinkage over the course of construction caused some hiccups in the earliest days of LEP.
As another commented, the Daya Bay neutrino detectors are quite sophisticated. China is also working on GEMs. They make excellent scintillators.
I am 62. I had mumps, measles, chickenpox and rubella (twice) as a child. I was given both Salk and Sabin polio vaccines, and smallpox at least twice. I have kept DP up to date and wish I could still get DTP (vs DTaP). Do I have records of any but the last? None beyond whatever antibodies remain in my blood and the smallpox vaccine scar on my arm. I'd guess at least half the US population is in the same situation. Countries with sensible health care systems are a different matter.
There is a difference between medical devices and pharmaceuticals. MRI and CT would likely have developed in the way they did without patents because the capital requirements for practical system design and manufacture are so large. FONAR, the first MRI system, died in spite of its patents. GE, Siemens, Phillips had the capital to make it practical and cost effective. For MRI, the key advance is the pulse sequence discovered at Univ. of Aberdeen by Bill Edelstein and others. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Edelstein/ When I was in the business in the mid-80s, pulse sequences weren't patented and the capabilities of MRI systems were increased enormously year to year. CT scanners also require large capital. I believe there are sufficient barriers to entry for medical imaging to eliminate patents.
Surgical procedures weren't patented until recently. Medical devices which one or a few people could invent fall in a grey area in my mind, because the barrier to entry is small as the poster wrote. OTOH, Kearns and the intermittent wiper showed that patents aren't a barrier to abuse of the small inventor.
For pharmaceuticals, requiring generic firms to conduct their own safety checks within a decade of introduction of a new drug would likely suffice as a barrier to entry for the discovers.
If memory serves, you got your SB at MIT in 1973. Is there anyone else in the class of 1973 whose work you respect? Or anyone who was on campus at the time, student/faculty/staff?
Given the change to standard time it was easy to be at the polling place half an hour before it opened. I was seventh in line. When the poll opened there were about fifty in line. I had checked that everything was OK with my March 2012 registration change in early September so I didn't have any trouble, unlike the earlier commenters. Why the legislature thinks reciting a name and address out loud is a fraud deterrent I'll never know.
I haven't been to an Applied Superconductivity Conference for a decade, but at that time people were beginning to sell racks of very narrow band receivers for cell systems with high temperature superconductors allowing a narrower bandwidth than anything one can do at room temperature. Sterling refrigerators at 80K. One was able to increase channel density about a factor of three. I don't think this technology has made it to consumer electronics yet. Or will.
This is a hypothesis based on peripheral involvement with analog and digital RF at 0.5 and 1.5 GHz for twenty years.
AFAIK, the output stage of anything broadcasting above about 2 GHz has to be analog, with the lower frequency signal mixed into a carrier at the higher frequency. Digital synthesizers and chips which can deal with 1.5 GHz directly are still very expensive and are unlikely to be used in the consumer routers. So the final output stage is likely an analog RF transistor.
Analog transistors change characteristics with age at elevated temperature, where elevated is anything over 20C. Implanted ions diffuse with time and temperature, changing junction characteristics. The small structures required by high frequencies are more sensitive to such things.
http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberyhonors/1994newberymedal
I wonder if the MP would ban the 1994 Newbery Medal winner about a twelve year old selected as his society's scapegoat and abused as such.
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/
Sentry Risk Table
The following table lists potential future Earth impact events that the JPL Sentry System has detected based on currently available observations. Click on the object designation to go to a page with full details on that object.
Sentry is a highly automated collision monitoring system that continually scans the most current asteroid catalog for possibilities of future impact with Earth over the next 100 years. Whenever a potential impact is detected it will be analyzed and the results immediately published here, except in unusual cases where an IAU Technical Review is underway.
The budget for human space flight is more than thrice that for science. NASA is going to spend over $20B on the "new" SLS system for two launches through 2020. NASA must withdraw from two joint Mars missions with ESA because its science budget is being cut $300M and the Webb telescope went over budget. The fact that Webb went over budget because Congress didn't provide timely funding is rarely mentioned; Congress simply blames the agency.
Killed by Newt Gingrich in 1995.
From the press release: "The new factory has design capacity of more than 1 GWh"
I agree whole-heartedly. I've been using JMP since version 2.0. Great for exploratory data analysis. SAS differentiates it from SAS proper by limiting the data sets it can deal with to RAM, but with 4GB of RAM common these days that's not likely to be an impediment.
Almost twenty years ago I compared the sort routine in JMP to Excel's. 30K rows, 28 columns, sort on 3 columns. JMP took about 1% of the clock time Excel did.
Academic pricing is pretty good.
http://www.scotusblog.com/2011/09/the-new-dawn-of-nonclass-aggregation/ discusses class actions in light of the Walmart vs Dukes Supreme Court decision of the last term. If I am reading it correctly (IANAL) the author suggests that class action will be essentially impossible under a series of court and legislative decisions taken in the last two decades. Perhaps Google should ask to have the Authors Guild decertified.
The new dawn of nonclass aggregation
Elizabeth Chamblee Burch, of the University of Georgia School of Law, examines the difficulties of class certification after Wal-Mart and Concepcion and concludes that the decisions may ultimately pose broader questions about procedural justice and institutional legitimacy.
The JLab FEL has three segments: an photocathode raised 350kV and now 500kV from ground, a pair of superconducting (SC) cavities that take the low energy beam to ~8 MeV/c, and a small linear accelerator with 24 SC cavities which takes it to 80-140 MeV/c. Laser is pulsed at 75 MHz to photocathode. The efficiency of conversion of energy from electron to light is highly dependent on the electron bunch shape. It's easier to get a good bunch if you start at 500 kV than at 350 kV.
Frequency of the output light is determined by the electron energy and the undulator magnetic field.
Mirrors are cryogenicly cooled and large.
Outcoupling is via a hole in one mirror. It can be as high as 10% in the IR laser. I don't know the UV number.
If electron beam quality is high enough one can do without mirrors. The LCLS at SLAC is an x-ray FEL which does this. Search for SASE FEL for more info.
The JLab FEL uses SC cavities because this allows the recovery of most of the energy of the "spent" electron beam after the lasing section, increasing wall plug efficiency, i.e., light/(power in) roughly a factor of ten. The Navy likes this.
Cornell has a proposal to NSF to build a light source using an energy recovered linac, ERL.
The 28 who sued were long time JPL employees, some with over thirty years service. Since JPL does no classified research they thought the government was over-reaching in requiring they allow open-ended investigations into their backgrounds. The SC disagreed.
The astroengine article has a graph from the Jenkins 2008 paper http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.3283
The graph shows variations of order 0.1%. A +-3% seasonal change in orbital radius would give a 6% change in R^2 so the effect is about 1/30 of the effect of the radius change. A change in radius to 1.6 AU should cause a drop to 40% of "solar particle" flux hence about 1.3% change in radioactive heat and thus RTG output, or about 10W. The power output measurement appears to have sufficient precision to show such a drop. Cooper does a much better job than I have with these back of the envelope estimates.
Coopers paper is http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4248
Definitely a puzzle nuclear physicists should be looking at.
Both Bush and Obama differentiated between creation of embryonic stem cells and their use in research. Bush did not allow the use of stem cell lines created after ~2000. Obama allowed the use of stem cell lines created with private funds in federal research. Both administrations viewed this as consistent with the 1996 law which prohibited Federal funds from being used to destroy embryos as the stem cell lines were created with private funds. The judge wrote that one can't make this distinction between funds used to create the lines and funds for research using the lines, that the law prohibits all research using embryonic stem cell lines. I trust that the Department of Justice will appeal.
The judge was a Reagan appointee.
http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/ is the page with the IEEE style guides.
http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/2009_Style_Manual.pdf is the guide itself.
If your paper agrees with this it shouldn't be too hard to change it later to fit into the particular style requirement of the final journal.
You can also go to http://arxiv.org/ and read some of the papers in the Math or Computing Science sections closest to your topic to see the styles in the field.
In a science fiction story of the 50's whose author I can't remember there was an eccentric inventor named Shorts. The character was used in several stories. One involved the invention of "Shorts towers" of exactly the sort described. But they had multiple purposes. The first was erected in a desert with an inflatable dome as the greenhouse. Not only was power provided - so was water, through condensation as the hot air ascended and cooled off. The humidity is low, but there's some water vapor to condense.
Or they were used in reverse, as city air conditioners. Dome a city. Erect a tower. Use fans to bring cold air down from altitude. You need the fans because of the density gradient.
Does anyone remember the story and author?
I would offer more for the typewriter simply because it can be kept functional longer than any PC/OS.
RTFA. It states that He-3 is being supplied comercially by the US and Russia. Total available ~20,000 liters/year. With DHS, annual requirement is 65,000 liters/year. I've seen another article, which I didn't bother to search for, which suggested the Russian's had cut back on selling the stuff until the price went up still more.
International Committee on Future Accelerators Beam Dynamics section newsletter abstract under the URL.
While the emphasis in the six articles is on transmutation of nuclear waste and accelerator driven nuclear power plants, the same accelerators can generate neutrons to breed tritium from lithium. The fusion demonstration ITER will have blanket with lithium to demonstrate breeding since its fuel is a deuterium-tritium mixture.
It would be lovely for the US accelerator community if the US DHS forked over $1.5B for a system to breed tritium and, in its spare time, transmute long lived waste isotopes so used fuel rods would decay to radiation levels below that of natural uranium ore within one thousand instead of one hundred thousand years.
http://www-bd.fnal.gov/icfabd/Newsletter49.pdf
The theme is "Accelerator Driven Sub-Critical Assemblies (ADS) and its challenge to accelerators." This is a topic that could have a deep impact on the future of our society. As we all know, developing clean energy and protecting the environment are two top priorities in countries around the world. ADS is an accelerator-based technology that may provide a viable solution to these major problems. Jiuqing collected 6 excellent articles in the theme section. They give a comprehensive review of this important accelerator field, including valuable lessons learned from the past.