Two clicks is still two clicks, no matter how far apart in time they occur.
And you made your install on a WinXX box when the auther clearly states that most graphics people use macs.
The Macintosh interface saves two clicks on "My Computer" (by placing a shortcut to the CD drive on the desktop) and saves three clicks by converting the "associate" options to a single "add desktop droplet", but ten clicks is still greater than five.
Let me explain: when people talk about usabuility, they typically mean... maybe "it is (or it isn't) like on a Mac". This is not what I would call usability, but rather something like "environment inertia"
The Mac interface has one big improvement over MS Windows and most X toolkits: the menubar is a fixed target against a side of the screen. When aiming for a menu, it saves about half a second per menu access if you can just shoot your mouse against the north wall of the screen instead of having to aim in both x and y dimensions. This adds up significantly over the course of a day. However, Windows currently leads the pack in keyboard accessibility.
The so called usability advantange of Windows is mostly imprinting, inertia and FUD
Windows has the usability advantage of the user not having to work overtime at her job to buy extra hardware to replace the cheap winmodem, winprinter, winsoundcard, and other winsh*t that came with her box, and that's about it. It also may have a few mission-critical legacy apps that don't work under Wine, even when Wine can run many apps faster than Windows itself can.
Usability is (generally speaking) just fine, provided you're working on a well-setup & installed box
The Microsoft bootloader license prohibits the major computer makers (gateway, dell, etc.) from offering such a box.
The Gnome issue only applies to upgrading from 7.1 - how many retail/desktop people do you know who upgrade their own OS from one minor version to another?
Windows 95 to Windows 98, more precisely Windows 4.0 to Windows 4.1.
What really would own, would be API that has support both in windows, linux, mac
You mean like the Allegro library? It's like SDL but it has primitives (line, rect, circle, etc. make retro wireframe games easier) and a simple GUI layer, and your games will run on windows, linux, beos, mac os, and even DOS.
Durn form keys... Over a dozen bugs have already been filed at sourceforge for this issue.
I tried out Mandrake a couple of years ago and it already shipped with BSDgames and several versions of Tetris
Mandrake has never shipped with a Tetris brand product. The Tetris Company has not licensed the TETRIS trademark for software running on any POSIX system. Of course, the Windows 3.1 Entertainment Pack (which contains an outdated version of Tetris) will probably run under Wine, and Mandrake shipped with a lot of independently produced falling tetramino games (i.e. clones of Tetris).
If you really want an innovative tetrisclone, don't spring for Tetris Worlds on GBA. Get TOD: Tetanus On Drugs. Source and Windows binaries are included; DOS and Linux binaries are just a recompile away.
The situation with office apps does not parallel like the situation with Photoshop vs. GIMP. Most office suite users do not need the "high-end features" that Microsoft pushes on users with each new relea$e. Even then, those who clone MS Office don't have to worry about broad color-correction patents that play a significant part in keeping GIMP from matching Photoshop's feature set.
The Game Boy Advance and Color (especially) are inexpensive and very well documented. The GBA has an ARM processor
I can speak from experience. GBA is a joy to program for; it's much like programming an MS-DOS PC in C, as once you get your libraries done, everything else is pretty smooth. Start here for tools and documentation, and go here for hardware, specifically the MBV2 cable (load 256 KB programs directly into GBA's RAM) and the Flash Linker (load up to 128 Mbit (16 MB) programs into a flash cartridge). However, try to buy them sooner rather than later, as Nintendo will try to sue the makers out of existence, claiming that the devices are suitable "only for piracy" and ignoring the homebrew development scene.
until there are commercial quality publishing, illustration, vector animation and image editing apps (that at least have rudimentary support for CMYK color!)
That'll take about twenty years until the patents on using LUT-interpolated vector transformation to do CMYK separation (the only known feasible method) run out.
We wish to remind you that this [United States Constitution] is covered by modern copyright law.
Ignoring that works of the U.S. government immediately go to public domain, recent retroactive copyright term extensions may eventually make jokes similar to this a reality by exploiting a loophole in the "for limited Times" language. Yes, the courts consider one billion years and two days to count as a "limited time" under the letter of the Constitution.
The capacity and useability of GIMP - particularly with regards to fonts, anti-aliasing
Apple has patented the hinting mechanisms in TrueType.
color control (emphasis), et. al., is severly lacking.
Probably because Apple, Adobe, and Pantone own broad patents in many jurisdictions on all known feasible methods of color correction that produce acceptable results (i.e. better than C,M,Y = 1.0 - R,G,B; K = min(C,M,Y); C,M,Y -= K).
Hence, a graphics person that depends on Photoshop has about a 99.9% chance of not knowing a single line of code, and hence, not knowing how to build what he wants to use for free.
Which explains the lack of a scripting language in Photoshop. GIMP, on the other hand, supports Scheme and Perl scripting and C and C++ filters.
it takes a corporation like Adobe with the money and management to ram the coders and the artists together to get the results necessary to produce a useable application.
If you consider "results" to include "broad patents on color correction that keep everybody else from competing in the prepress market," I agree.
If Adobe and Macromedia's killer apps could be "easily replicated" by OSS, then why haven't they been?
Because developers want users in the United States to be able to use their software legally.
Point of fact, it is a common conclusion within the Pittsburgh professional graphics community that the GIMP is very good at making very bad art.
Programs don't make bad art; bad artists make bad art. A license saying that "bad artists may not use this program and thereby tarnish the image of the program" would look ridiculous to me.
"Orator 24 point/ Soft Light / desaturate/ color balance / variations (blue, two iterations)"
Nearly the same steps in GIMP. I have used Gaussian Blur then Curves to do some nice neon effects.
Photoshop is worth the price tag.
Perhaps for you. I don't use the prepress features (I do mostly game and web graphics), so I see a stripped-down version of Photoshop called Photoshop Elements as more worth the price tag.
When the GIMP (or comprable app) can use the photshop 5 keyboard shortcuts
You can change any GIMP shortcut by right-clicking an image to open the menu, hovering over a menu item, and pressing the key you want to use to activate the menu item. Most GTK+ apps work the same way.
get color right
Again, if this were implemented, GIMP would not be available in the United States of America or any other jurisdiction where somebody has a patent on using LUT-interpolated vector transformation for color correction.
support a gazillion fonts
GIMP supports as many fonts as you have installed on your system. I can see all my TrueType fonts from my copy of GIMP 1.2 for Windows.
read PSD files
Do you also expect Photoshop to read XCF files? Find me the spec for PSD files, and I'll send it to the GIMP people to implement.
launch in under ten seconds
On what kind of computer? Photoshop 5 takes over a minute to launch on my old 75 MHz Mac.
The day that OSS can produce a useable graphics app - that can be installed in less than five clicks without resorting to a terminal
Depends on how you have your window manager and desktop environment set up. I'll use Windows 98 Explorer for example, as that's what most popular *n?x desktops try to emulate, adding one step whenever the state of a mouse button changes from UP to DOWN. I'll also assume you turned the annoying CD-ROM Autorun feature off.
Click on 'My Computer'.
Quickly click again on 'My Computer'.
Click on 'CD-ROM'.
Quickly click again on 'CD-ROM'.
Note that instead of steps 1-4, I simply type F:\ into any open Explorer window.
Click on 'Install'.
Quickly click again on 'Install'.
Drag the license agreement scrollbar to the bottom. Many new packages' installers require you to do this in order to sidestep some technicality in contract law.
Click 'I Agree'.
Click 'Next' to accept the default location.
Click 'Next' to accept the Typical installation.
Click the 'Use this program for BMP files' checkbox.
Click the 'Use this program for PCX files' checkbox.
Click the 'Use this program for PNG files' checkbox.
Look for a GIF checkbox. Fail to find it because of Unisys's discriminatory licensing policies. Give up.
Click the 'Use this program for JPG files' checkbox.
Click OK to finish.
And you still haven't calibrated your display resolution. Because many poorly-written but popular Windows applications will not run correctly if the display resolution is set to anything but 96 dpi, many graphics applications (including GIMP) include their own settings for resolution.
S-video has nothing to do with stereo. It's a video connector.
S-video means that the thing can display its user interface on the living room TV rather than some LCD or vacuum fluorescent front panel. It also means you can use Winamp visualizations. And no, this box wouldn't look all that out of place next to a GameCube console.
Spinning off an OS division. What about BeOS?
on
Palm OS Spinoff
·
· Score: 2, Interesting
Palm currently owns BeOS. If Palm is spinning off its operating systems division, this new division will probably own BeOS. Is this a good thing?
by adding a magnifying glass or projector to the screen, you are depriving the copyright owners by reproducing the image on an unlicensed object, such as a wall
Not as far-fetched as it may seem as first. By modifying your television to have a larger display size, you potentially convert it into a tool for public performance, and even without the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and foreign counterparts, the copyright laws of the United States and most other jurisdictions reserve the right of public performance to the copyright holder.
Condit distracted us while they killed off campaign finance reform, Lewinsky distracted us while they made the initial changes necessary to open up the Alaskan wildlife refuge to oil drilling
If the Kosovo was a "Wag the Dog" for the Lewinsky affair, Lewinsky was a "Wag the Dog" for the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, both passed by a voice vote (which makes all of the representatives and senators guilty for not asking for a full vote). The media covered Lewinsky and Kosovo instead of the Bono Act and the DMCA primarily because the media stood most to gain from the public's not knowing about those laws until after they were passed, so that consumers wouldn't contact their representatives. We can't let this happen again with bad laws such as SSSCA.
Yes, I'll agree, on a Mac you need one because of the 31 character limit.
Not necessarily. On a Mac, you can keep your MP3s in folders, like this:...:Rock:Stale Circuit:Die.mp3. Most napclones will index folder names; try doing a WinMX search for "Windows" or "My Documents" or "AOL" to see hundreds of possibly irrelevant results that come from indexing paths above the shared-folder level.
"Multimedia" compression is without exception lossy compression
There are lossless media-compression codecs available. [snip example used in video production]
True, but drinkypoo's comment referred to those lossy codecs used for distribution of media to the consumer, not for nonlinear editing within an organization that has licensed rights to reproduce the content with maximum quality.
I think I've heard of lossless compressed-audio codecs, but I can't recall any names off the top of my head.
Of course those scumbags at Thomson claim it's not legal.
The patents encumber the way MPEG audio layer 3 itself works (polyphase filter, then mdct, then bit allocation, then huffman coding; reverse the process for decoding), not just the techniques used in Fraunhofer's encoder. Of course, it may be possible to create a conforming MP3 file without stepping on patents in theory, but like the "uncompressed GIF," it's probably highly not worth it.
Of course, Thomson isn't the final say in what's legal and what isn't
Unless they have enough money to pay lawyers to filibuster the trial long enough that the defendant runs out of money to pay its lawyers. This situation constitutes still more evidence of a flawed legal system.
[You don't need to reboot, as] WMA is already a Windows format.
The WMA player cannot run on workstations that do not contain Intel processors, even with a reboot. You have to run Windows Media Player in Bochs, and even the mighty SPARC and Alpha processors can't decode WMA in real time.
Where is the time that good software fitted on one 720 disk?
When its users accepted four-color CGA chrome. From another post in this thread, I inferred that Winamp3's theme engine uses true-color PNG images (which are smaller than Winamp2's uncompressed BMPs but still big). Good luck fitting even the default theme on a floppy.
(and would run on a 286)
MPEG audio layer 3 requires too many floating-point operations to be practical on an Intel 80286 or comparable microprocessor.
I read on the winamp forums that it won't work when the display depth is 16 bpp
So, in other words, this alpha version does not work at all on two-year-old laptop computers that lack megs and megs of video RAM. Not everybody's computer has enough video RAM to hold a 24-bit frame buffer at the LCD's native resolution (i.e. 1024x768).
One format is smaller and includes error checking. The other does not.
The Red Book audio CD standard includes error correcting codes, but some record labels have begun to exploit them in mastering to make the CDs harder to fairly use. (See also my earlier comment.)
no, the limiting factor is the 10:1 lossy mp3 compression
Yes, 128 kbps MP3 (11:1 vs. CD) loses depth. However, r3mix.net has done some tests showing that LAME can do transparent encoding of stereo audio at 192 to 256 kbps, using variable bitrate to encode the audio with only slight psychoacoustic loss that most listeners won't notice.
tell ya the truth, cd's arent that good sounding either
Slashdot Mirror
Reset your double click speed dumbass..
Two clicks is still two clicks, no matter how far apart in time they occur.
And you made your install on a WinXX box when the auther clearly states that most graphics people use macs.
The Macintosh interface saves two clicks on "My Computer" (by placing a shortcut to the CD drive on the desktop) and saves three clicks by converting the "associate" options to a single "add desktop droplet", but ten clicks is still greater than five.
Let me explain: when people talk about usabuility, they typically mean ... maybe "it is (or it isn't) like on a Mac". This is not what I would call usability, but rather something like "environment inertia"
The Mac interface has one big improvement over MS Windows and most X toolkits: the menubar is a fixed target against a side of the screen. When aiming for a menu, it saves about half a second per menu access if you can just shoot your mouse against the north wall of the screen instead of having to aim in both x and y dimensions. This adds up significantly over the course of a day. However, Windows currently leads the pack in keyboard accessibility.
The so called usability advantange of Windows is mostly imprinting, inertia and FUD
Windows has the usability advantage of the user not having to work overtime at her job to buy extra hardware to replace the cheap winmodem, winprinter, winsoundcard, and other winsh*t that came with her box, and that's about it. It also may have a few mission-critical legacy apps that don't work under Wine, even when Wine can run many apps faster than Windows itself can.
Usability is (generally speaking) just fine, provided you're working on a well-setup & installed box
The Microsoft bootloader license prohibits the major computer makers (gateway, dell, etc.) from offering such a box.
What, are you using a modem? I downloaded 2 of the ISOs in 30 minutes!
In some areas, the total cost of upgrading to high-speed Internet access (i.e. faster than 50,666 bps) exceeds $200,000. In US dollars.
Just buy it when it shows up on store shelves; you'll also get tech support.
The Gnome issue only applies to upgrading from 7.1 - how many retail/desktop people do you know who upgrade their own OS from one minor version to another?
Windows 95 to Windows 98, more precisely Windows 4.0 to Windows 4.1.
What really would own, would be API that has support both in windows, linux, mac
You mean like the Allegro library? It's like SDL but it has primitives (line, rect, circle, etc. make retro wireframe games easier) and a simple GUI layer, and your games will run on windows, linux, beos, mac os, and even DOS.
Durn form keys... Over a dozen bugs have already been filed at sourceforge for this issue.I tried out Mandrake a couple of years ago and it already shipped with BSDgames and several versions of Tetris
Mandrake has never shipped with a Tetris brand product. The Tetris Company has not licensed the TETRIS trademark for software running on any POSIX system. Of course, the Windows 3.1 Entertainment Pack (which contains an outdated version of Tetris) will probably run under Wine, and Mandrake shipped with a lot of independently produced falling tetramino games (i.e. clones of Tetris).
If you really want an innovative tetrisclone, don't spring for Tetris Worlds on GBA. Get TOD: Tetanus On Drugs. Source and Windows binaries are included; DOS and Linux binaries are just a recompile away.
Fred is a DBA, so Windows "major major asset" is DB modeling tools.
Recent Oracle clients run on Java technology. Java technology runs on Linux86; Fred can download a Linux version of the SDK or the smaller JRE.
Sally is a project manager, so Windows "major major asset" is project tools.
She can use MrProject or Toutdoux.
Biff is an accountant, so Windows "major major asset" is spreadsheet software.
Like Gnumeric?
The situation with office apps does not parallel like the situation with Photoshop vs. GIMP. Most office suite users do not need the "high-end features" that Microsoft pushes on users with each new relea$e. Even then, those who clone MS Office don't have to worry about broad color-correction patents that play a significant part in keeping GIMP from matching Photoshop's feature set.
The Game Boy Advance and Color (especially) are inexpensive and very well documented. The GBA has an ARM processor
I can speak from experience. GBA is a joy to program for; it's much like programming an MS-DOS PC in C, as once you get your libraries done, everything else is pretty smooth. Start here for tools and documentation, and go here for hardware, specifically the MBV2 cable (load 256 KB programs directly into GBA's RAM) and the Flash Linker (load up to 128 Mbit (16 MB) programs into a flash cartridge). However, try to buy them sooner rather than later, as Nintendo will try to sue the makers out of existence, claiming that the devices are suitable "only for piracy" and ignoring the homebrew development scene.
until there are commercial quality publishing, illustration, vector animation and image editing apps (that at least have rudimentary support for CMYK color!)
That'll take about twenty years until the patents on using LUT-interpolated vector transformation to do CMYK separation (the only known feasible method) run out.
We wish to remind you that this [United States Constitution] is covered by modern copyright law.
Ignoring that works of the U.S. government immediately go to public domain, recent retroactive copyright term extensions may eventually make jokes similar to this a reality by exploiting a loophole in the "for limited Times" language. Yes, the courts consider one billion years and two days to count as a "limited time" under the letter of the Constitution.
The capacity and useability of GIMP - particularly with regards to fonts, anti-aliasing
Apple has patented the hinting mechanisms in TrueType.
color control (emphasis), et. al., is severly lacking.
Probably because Apple, Adobe, and Pantone own broad patents in many jurisdictions on all known feasible methods of color correction that produce acceptable results (i.e. better than C,M,Y = 1.0 - R,G,B; K = min(C,M,Y); C,M,Y -= K).
Hence, a graphics person that depends on Photoshop has about a 99.9% chance of not knowing a single line of code, and hence, not knowing how to build what he wants to use for free.
Which explains the lack of a scripting language in Photoshop. GIMP, on the other hand, supports Scheme and Perl scripting and C and C++ filters.
it takes a corporation like Adobe with the money and management to ram the coders and the artists together to get the results necessary to produce a useable application.
If you consider "results" to include "broad patents on color correction that keep everybody else from competing in the prepress market," I agree.
If Adobe and Macromedia's killer apps could be "easily replicated" by OSS, then why haven't they been?
Because developers want users in the United States to be able to use their software legally.
Point of fact, it is a common conclusion within the Pittsburgh professional graphics community that the GIMP is very good at making very bad art.
Programs don't make bad art; bad artists make bad art. A license saying that "bad artists may not use this program and thereby tarnish the image of the program" would look ridiculous to me.
"Orator 24 point/ Soft Light / desaturate/ color balance / variations (blue, two iterations)"
Nearly the same steps in GIMP. I have used Gaussian Blur then Curves to do some nice neon effects.
Photoshop is worth the price tag.
Perhaps for you. I don't use the prepress features (I do mostly game and web graphics), so I see a stripped-down version of Photoshop called Photoshop Elements as more worth the price tag.
When the GIMP (or comprable app) can use the photshop 5 keyboard shortcuts
You can change any GIMP shortcut by right-clicking an image to open the menu, hovering over a menu item, and pressing the key you want to use to activate the menu item. Most GTK+ apps work the same way.
get color right
Again, if this were implemented, GIMP would not be available in the United States of America or any other jurisdiction where somebody has a patent on using LUT-interpolated vector transformation for color correction.
support a gazillion fonts
GIMP supports as many fonts as you have installed on your system. I can see all my TrueType fonts from my copy of GIMP 1.2 for Windows.
read PSD files
Do you also expect Photoshop to read XCF files? Find me the spec for PSD files, and I'll send it to the GIMP people to implement.
launch in under ten seconds
On what kind of computer? Photoshop 5 takes over a minute to launch on my old 75 MHz Mac.
The day that OSS can produce a useable graphics app - that can be installed in less than five clicks without resorting to a terminal
Depends on how you have your window manager and desktop environment set up. I'll use Windows 98 Explorer for example, as that's what most popular *n?x desktops try to emulate, adding one step whenever the state of a mouse button changes from UP to DOWN. I'll also assume you turned the annoying CD-ROM Autorun feature off.
Note that instead of steps 1-4, I simply type F:\ into any open Explorer window.
Look for a GIF checkbox. Fail to find it because of Unisys's discriminatory licensing policies. Give up.
And you still haven't calibrated your display resolution. Because many poorly-written but popular Windows applications will not run correctly if the display resolution is set to anything but 96 dpi, many graphics applications (including GIMP) include their own settings for resolution.
S-video has nothing to do with stereo. It's a video connector.
S-video means that the thing can display its user interface on the living room TV rather than some LCD or vacuum fluorescent front panel. It also means you can use Winamp visualizations. And no, this box wouldn't look all that out of place next to a GameCube console.
Palm currently owns BeOS. If Palm is spinning off its operating systems division, this new division will probably own BeOS. Is this a good thing?
by adding a magnifying glass or projector to the screen, you are depriving the copyright owners by reproducing the image on an unlicensed object, such as a wall
Not as far-fetched as it may seem as first. By modifying your television to have a larger display size, you potentially convert it into a tool for public performance, and even without the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and foreign counterparts, the copyright laws of the United States and most other jurisdictions reserve the right of public performance to the copyright holder.
My "normal bird" gives some advice:
O> -- If you want GNOME for Solaris,
/ ) go to Ximian's web site.
X
Condit distracted us while they killed off campaign finance reform, Lewinsky distracted us while they made the initial changes necessary to open up the Alaskan wildlife refuge to oil drilling
If the Kosovo was a "Wag the Dog" for the Lewinsky affair, Lewinsky was a "Wag the Dog" for the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, both passed by a voice vote (which makes all of the representatives and senators guilty for not asking for a full vote). The media covered Lewinsky and Kosovo instead of the Bono Act and the DMCA primarily because the media stood most to gain from the public's not knowing about those laws until after they were passed, so that consumers wouldn't contact their representatives. We can't let this happen again with bad laws such as SSSCA.
Yes, I'll agree, on a Mac you need one because of the 31 character limit.
Not necessarily. On a Mac, you can keep your MP3s in folders, like this: ...:Rock:Stale Circuit:Die.mp3. Most napclones will index folder names; try doing a WinMX search for "Windows" or "My Documents" or "AOL" to see hundreds of possibly irrelevant results that come from indexing paths above the shared-folder level.
Because dB are logarithmic, a +3 dB change represents twice as much sound output.
However, your ears have a cube-root response to sound pressure, meaning that you need +9 dB to get a subjective "twice as loud" percept.
True, but drinkypoo's comment referred to those lossy codecs used for distribution of media to the consumer, not for nonlinear editing within an organization that has licensed rights to reproduce the content with maximum quality.
I think I've heard of lossless compressed-audio codecs, but I can't recall any names off the top of my head.
You mean FLAC?
LAME is free, and currently legal.
Yes, but not in the United States of America.
Of course those scumbags at Thomson claim it's not legal.
The patents encumber the way MPEG audio layer 3 itself works (polyphase filter, then mdct, then bit allocation, then huffman coding; reverse the process for decoding), not just the techniques used in Fraunhofer's encoder. Of course, it may be possible to create a conforming MP3 file without stepping on patents in theory, but like the "uncompressed GIF," it's probably highly not worth it.
Of course, Thomson isn't the final say in what's legal and what isn't
Unless they have enough money to pay lawyers to filibuster the trial long enough that the defendant runs out of money to pay its lawyers. This situation constitutes still more evidence of a flawed legal system.
[You don't need to reboot, as] WMA is already a Windows format.
The WMA player cannot run on workstations that do not contain Intel processors, even with a reboot. You have to run Windows Media Player in Bochs, and even the mighty SPARC and Alpha processors can't decode WMA in real time.
Where is the time that good software fitted on one 720 disk?
When its users accepted four-color CGA chrome. From another post in this thread, I inferred that Winamp3's theme engine uses true-color PNG images (which are smaller than Winamp2's uncompressed BMPs but still big). Good luck fitting even the default theme on a floppy.
(and would run on a 286)
MPEG audio layer 3 requires too many floating-point operations to be practical on an Intel 80286 or comparable microprocessor.
I read on the winamp forums that it won't work when the display depth is 16 bpp
So, in other words, this alpha version does not work at all on two-year-old laptop computers that lack megs and megs of video RAM. Not everybody's computer has enough video RAM to hold a 24-bit frame buffer at the LCD's native resolution (i.e. 1024x768).
One format is smaller and includes error checking. The other does not.
The Red Book audio CD standard includes error correcting codes, but some record labels have begun to exploit them in mastering to make the CDs harder to fairly use. (See also my earlier comment.)
no, the limiting factor is the 10:1 lossy mp3 compression
Yes, 128 kbps MP3 (11:1 vs. CD) loses depth. However, r3mix.net has done some tests showing that LAME can do transparent encoding of stereo audio at 192 to 256 kbps, using variable bitrate to encode the audio with only slight psychoacoustic loss that most listeners won't notice.
tell ya the truth, cd's arent that good sounding either
I addressed poor CD mastering in this comment.