Since a handset will move around and can roam between multiple operators the requirements for a handset is bigger. You need the full dynamic range since yout own operator may have weaker signals than other carriers in your present cell and you still need to decode yuor own channel.
Handsets certainly face a different set of challenges but having to only transmit and receive on a single channel or pair helps a lot. For many years now even completely analog receivers often have had varactor tuned RF filters before the first mixer to improve performance.
I have seen the specifications on a couple of different digital electronic warfare resistant receivers and they often include a limited number of electronically tunable notch filters to block strong interfering signals both inside and outside of the channel passband. Even the HPSDR has a filter module to improve performance of the 30MHz direct sampling receiver:
Base stations are getting better all of the time with improvements in the processors and converters. The last time I checked the most cost effective designs split the frequency band into 20 to 40 MHz slices for conversion.
In GSM you must be able to detect your own signal at say -108dBm while you have a blocker at 0dBm. Every 3dB is a doubling in power, 0dBm is 1mW so -108dBm is 1/(2^36)=1.45e-11 mW. If you need 3 bit s/n in your wanted signal to decode it you will need at least 3+36 bits to represent the samples.
Resolving the 108 dB dynamic range requires 18 bits and not 36. The RF energy is measured in power which is impedance agnostic while A/D and D/A converters deal with voltages. Of course even a converter with 18 bit performance is fantasy at the sample rates involved for converting the entire GSM band without significant RF selectivity.
The rule forbidding commercial traffic was updated in 1993 to allow communications that facilitate business transactions as long as the control operator is not running a business. For example, ordering pizza or calling about a personal appointment is permitted. Linking directly to the internet is permitted with the usual caveats including encryption, cyphers, operator control, music, and of course running a business. Personally I would find the lack of encryption in the proposed use to be a show stopper.
Err the PCI-X bus is only rated at 1.06 GB/s (or 4.3 GB/s for PCI-X 2.0) so what exactly is the point?
Are you confusing PCI-X (PCI Extended) with PCIe (PCI Express)?
PCI-X is typically operates from 4.3 Gb/s (64 bits at 66 MHz) to 8.5 Gb/s (64 bits at 133 MHz) and is normally only used in servers or workstations.
PCIe starts out at 2 Gb/s (twice the speed of PCI) and easily expands to handle higher transfer rates by using multiple links. x4 and x16 links are common.
Part of the reason that DDR2 was so much slower at most clockspeeds is because of the added latency. The lower speed DDR2 can have more than twice the tested latency of DDR400.
It is not quite that simple.
The latency is ultimately limited by the characteristics of the DRAM array which has a specific access time after the row and column addresses are provided. When you compare the latencies of DDR to DDR2 or DDR2 to DDR3, you need to take into account the interface clock speed. Internally, DDR-400, DDR2-800, and DDR3-1600 all run at the same clock speed but use proportionally higher external clock speeds meaning that 3 cycle latency DDR-400, 6 cycle latency DDR2-800, or 12 cycle latency DDR3-1600 all represent a period of 15 nanoseconds. You might notice that the actual access times have only improved by a factor of about 2 (80 to 40 nanoseconds) since the days of FPM DRAM.
Just remember that Communism won the second world war without help. D-Day was major, but it didn't turn the war around like Staligrad and Kursk did.
I am not convinced. In 1943 the US armament production was almost half of the world total and about 3 times higher then that of the USSR without shifting as far as other nations toward a war economy. The aid going to the Soviets both directly and indirectly was significant.
I would actually assign more significance to Hitler's poor management of the war turning losses into disasters then to Soviet efforts which admittedly were invaluable.
The most low level configuration for drives themselves I've ever heard of is to adjust the noise levels, some drives have configurable audio profiles, they can be quieter, but slower.
Quantum gave me the files to replace the firmware image on a 5.25" Bigfoot series once. The buggy firmware was found to have a problem where if you reread the same sector with a delay between reads corrupted data would be returned.
Do all SATA chip sets use a compatible format or would you have to get the same exact one if your MB or something fails and what about power outages before a commit? If using Windows and your MB fails, are you going to be able to get it running on a different MB using that array?
Some of these controllers allow mirroring the contents of an existing drive and use a format where either of the RAID 1 drives can be used with a normal controller.
Worse yet, if your controller card dies, ALL of your data is now inaccessible.
This is not always the case. With my old 3ware cards for instance, the RAID 1 format precludes using either of the drives on another controller. I have however come across some motherboard and other RAID controllers which can mirror an existing non RAID drive into a RAID 1 setup and either new drive can be used alone with a standard controller.
Heck some of the really low end hardware solutions don't even provide mirrored reads, which should provide a 2x read-only performance boost.
Some of the non low end hardware does not do this either although I have never found a pattern to it.
A few grams of active biologicals, say, some reworked viri, would be a LOT more dangerous than a few grams of random radioactives.
Or the attack could be insidious: Use UAVs to spread agricultural pests. By the time someone notices widespread crop failure, it will be too late to remedy.
The short answers are yes and probably. And when you do this all of your separate programs will each have access to their own 2 or 3 GBytes of RAM depending on the/3 switch up until you run out of physical RAM. If you needed to have one program with more RAM then that, you would have to use the Windows addressing mode extensions or whatever it is called to manually control a defined window into the extra RAM which has some rather severe use restrictions.
With the various Microsoft desktop operating systems you are limited to 4 GBytes of physical address space even though some of them support and use PAE mode. That 4 GBytes of course includes any address space needed for purposes other then system memory like PCI address space for video and whatnot which limits you to between about 2 and 3 GBytes of RAM no matter how much is actually installed.
Most of the Microsoft server operating systems actually make use of PAE mode to support more then 4GBytes of physical address space and can make use of much more RAM however there are limitations. Each running program still has to live within the 4GBytes of virtual and linear address space so will generally see 2 GBytes for itself and 2 GBytes for the OS and everything else. If the/3 switch is used, that split becomes 3 GBytes and 1 GByte respectively. Of course, you could have a lot of separate programs using their own 2 or 3 GBytes up until you ran out of system memory in excess of 4 Gbytes.
The/3 switch has another side effect. Since it limits the amount of kernel memory it also limits the amount of memory available for the page tables and other structures required to control PAE mode which means if used, the maximum supported physical address space decreases from the processors 64 GBytes to 16 or even 8 GBytes.
I image that was inspiration for Michael Crichton:
Judge: Now, on the matter of motive, we ask you: Why did you conceive, plan and execute this dastardly and scandalous crime? Edward Pierce: I wanted the money.
The bullies at my school must have had a well enough developed sense of self preservation not to fool with the geek who was carrying around a Signetics data book and reading things like The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives.
As an illustration of what I believe will happen I am going to borrow a quote from one of my favorite science fiction movies:
Professor Bernard Quatermass: The will to survive is an odd phenomenon. Roney, if we found out our own world was doomed, say by climatic changes, what would we do about it? Dr. Mathew Roney: Nothing, just go on squabbling like usual. Professor Bernard Quatermass: Yes, but is we weren't men?
This is in my 1979 Pocket Books edition on page 22:
*Editor's note: The human concept of friend is most nearly duplicated in Vulcan thought by the term t'hy'la, which can also mean brother and lover. Spock's recollection (from which this chapter has drawn) is that it was a most difficult moment for him since he did indeed consider Kirk to have become his brother. However, because t'hy'la can be used to mean lover, and since Kirk's and Spock's friendship was unusually close, this has led to some speculation over whether they had actually indeed become lovers. At our requrest, Admiral Kirk supplied the following comment on this subject:
"I was never aware of this lovers rumor, although I have been told that Spock encountered it several times. Apparently he had always dismissed it with his characteristic lifting of his right eyebrow which usually connoted some combination of surprise, disbelief, and/or annoyance. As for myself, although I have no moral or other objections to physical love in any of its many Earthly, alien, and mixed forms, I have always found my best gratification in that creature woman. Also, I would dislike being thought of as so foolish that I would select a lover partner who came into sexual heat only once every seven years."
Not really but I could have used a better choice of words. Both AC and DC motor controllers are very closely related to switching power supplies. They chop up the incoming power to produce AC and execute an impedance transformation (just like a transformer) using switching and reactive elements to control the output power. The additional complexity for an AC motor comes about because you essentially have to do this three times in parallel to drive the 3 phases and the math needed to generate the proper waveform is not trivial although easily done now.
It is not so much the economy of scale which changed things but the separate improvements in power semiconductors and large scale integration which have been considerable since about 1970. Power MOSFETs and IGBJTs have replaced bipolar transistors for the most part in these applications greatly simplifying the controller designs and yielding power densities high enough to make portable applications possible. Integration is such that single chip controllers can easily hold a processor powerful enough to do the needed waveform calculations.
Both DC and AC motors in these applications need inverters. The 3 phase AC inverters are considerably more complicated but power semiconductor and integrated circuit technology largely make up for it.
Slashdot Mirror
I suspect that applies to lead and cadmium fixed within the glass. Hermetically sealed CdS photocells for instance are no longer permitted.
Handsets certainly face a different set of challenges but having to only transmit and receive on a single channel or pair helps a lot. For many years now even completely analog receivers often have had varactor tuned RF filters before the first mixer to improve performance.
I have seen the specifications on a couple of different digital electronic warfare resistant receivers and they often include a limited number of electronically tunable notch filters to block strong interfering signals both inside and outside of the channel passband. Even the HPSDR has a filter module to improve performance of the 30MHz direct sampling receiver:
http://hpsdr.org/wiki/index.php?title=HPSDRwiki:Community_Portal
Base stations are getting better all of the time with improvements in the processors and converters. The last time I checked the most cost effective designs split the frequency band into 20 to 40 MHz slices for conversion.
Resolving the 108 dB dynamic range requires 18 bits and not 36. The RF energy is measured in power which is impedance agnostic while A/D and D/A converters deal with voltages. Of course even a converter with 18 bit performance is fantasy at the sample rates involved for converting the entire GSM band without significant RF selectivity.
dB = 6.02 x n
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_to_noise_ratio
The rule forbidding commercial traffic was updated in 1993 to allow communications that facilitate business transactions as long as the control operator is not running a business. For example, ordering pizza or calling about a personal appointment is permitted. Linking directly to the internet is permitted with the usual caveats including encryption, cyphers, operator control, music, and of course running a business. Personally I would find the lack of encryption in the proposed use to be a show stopper.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinternet
Certainly such discrimination is not codified into law:
http://www.godlessgeeks.com/LINKS/StateConstitutions.htm
Are you confusing PCI-X (PCI Extended) with PCIe (PCI Express)?
PCI-X is typically operates from 4.3 Gb/s (64 bits at 66 MHz) to 8.5 Gb/s (64 bits at 133 MHz) and is normally only used in servers or workstations.
PCIe starts out at 2 Gb/s (twice the speed of PCI) and easily expands to handle higher transfer rates by using multiple links. x4 and x16 links are common.
It is not quite that simple.
The latency is ultimately limited by the characteristics of the DRAM array which has a specific access time after the row and column addresses are provided. When you compare the latencies of DDR to DDR2 or DDR2 to DDR3, you need to take into account the interface clock speed. Internally, DDR-400, DDR2-800, and DDR3-1600 all run at the same clock speed but use proportionally higher external clock speeds meaning that 3 cycle latency DDR-400, 6 cycle latency DDR2-800, or 12 cycle latency DDR3-1600 all represent a period of 15 nanoseconds. You might notice that the actual access times have only improved by a factor of about 2 (80 to 40 nanoseconds) since the days of FPM DRAM.
I demand that you retract your comment! We have BOTH bits of fascism taking hold.
I am not convinced. In 1943 the US armament production was almost half of the world total and about 3 times higher then that of the USSR without shifting as far as other nations toward a war economy. The aid going to the Soviets both directly and indirectly was significant.
I would actually assign more significance to Hitler's poor management of the war turning losses into disasters then to Soviet efforts which admittedly were invaluable.
The eighth amendment forbids cruel and unusual punishment.
The most low level configuration for drives themselves I've ever heard of is to adjust the noise levels, some drives have configurable audio profiles, they can be quieter, but slower.
Quantum gave me the files to replace the firmware image on a 5.25" Bigfoot series once. The buggy firmware was found to have a problem where if you reread the same sector with a delay between reads corrupted data would be returned.
Do all SATA chip sets use a compatible format or would you have to get the same exact one if your MB or something fails and what about power outages before a commit? If using Windows and your MB fails, are you going to be able to get it running on a different MB using that array?
Some of these controllers allow mirroring the contents of an existing drive and use a format where either of the RAID 1 drives can be used with a normal controller.
Worse yet, if your controller card dies, ALL of your data is now inaccessible.
This is not always the case. With my old 3ware cards for instance, the RAID 1 format precludes using either of the drives on another controller. I have however come across some motherboard and other RAID controllers which can mirror an existing non RAID drive into a RAID 1 setup and either new drive can be used alone with a standard controller.
Heck some of the really low end hardware solutions don't even provide mirrored reads, which should provide a 2x read-only performance boost.
Some of the non low end hardware does not do this either although I have never found a pattern to it.
Or the attack could be insidious: Use UAVs to spread agricultural pests. By the time someone notices widespread crop failure, it will be too late to remedy.
I was actually thinking along the lines of a directional coupler but of course that is just a specialized RF transformer.
Didn't they claim they shut it down before?
That is the beauty of it. Just wait until they shut it down again.
The short answers are yes and probably. And when you do this all of your separate programs will each have access to their own 2 or 3 GBytes of RAM depending on the /3 switch up until you run out of physical RAM. If you needed to have one program with more RAM then that, you would have to use the Windows addressing mode extensions or whatever it is called to manually control a defined window into the extra RAM which has some rather severe use restrictions.
/3 switch is used, that split becomes 3 GBytes and 1 GByte respectively. Of course, you could have a lot of separate programs using their own 2 or 3 GBytes up until you ran out of system memory in excess of 4 Gbytes.
/3 switch has another side effect. Since it limits the amount of kernel memory it also limits the amount of memory available for the page tables and other structures required to control PAE mode which means if used, the maximum supported physical address space decreases from the processors 64 GBytes to 16 or even 8 GBytes.
With the various Microsoft desktop operating systems you are limited to 4 GBytes of physical address space even though some of them support and use PAE mode. That 4 GBytes of course includes any address space needed for purposes other then system memory like PCI address space for video and whatnot which limits you to between about 2 and 3 GBytes of RAM no matter how much is actually installed.
Most of the Microsoft server operating systems actually make use of PAE mode to support more then 4GBytes of physical address space and can make use of much more RAM however there are limitations. Each running program still has to live within the 4GBytes of virtual and linear address space so will generally see 2 GBytes for itself and 2 GBytes for the OS and everything else. If the
The
I image that was inspiration for Michael Crichton:
Judge: Now, on the matter of motive, we ask you: Why did you conceive, plan and execute this dastardly and scandalous crime?
Edward Pierce: I wanted the money.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079240/
The bullies at my school must have had a well enough developed sense of self preservation not to fool with the geek who was carrying around a Signetics data book and reading things like The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives.
As an illustration of what I believe will happen I am going to borrow a quote from one of my favorite science fiction movies:
Professor Bernard Quatermass: The will to survive is an odd phenomenon. Roney, if we found out our own world was doomed, say by climatic changes, what would we do about it?
Dr. Mathew Roney: Nothing, just go on squabbling like usual.
Professor Bernard Quatermass: Yes, but is we weren't men?
This is in my 1979 Pocket Books edition on page 22:
*Editor's note: The human concept of friend is most nearly duplicated in Vulcan thought by the term t'hy'la, which can also mean brother and lover. Spock's recollection (from which this chapter has drawn) is that it was a most difficult moment for him since he did indeed consider Kirk to have become his brother. However, because t'hy'la can be used to mean lover, and since Kirk's and Spock's friendship was unusually close, this has led to some speculation over whether they had actually indeed become lovers. At our requrest, Admiral Kirk supplied the following comment on this subject:
"I was never aware of this lovers rumor, although I have been told that Spock encountered it several times. Apparently he had always dismissed it with his characteristic lifting of his right eyebrow which usually connoted some combination of surprise, disbelief, and/or annoyance. As for myself, although I have no moral or other objections to physical love in any of its many Earthly, alien, and mixed forms, I have always found my best gratification in that creature woman. Also, I would dislike being thought of as so foolish that I would select a lover partner who came into sexual heat only once every seven years."
Nice servers don't go down.
Wouldn't you mean transformers?
Not really but I could have used a better choice of words. Both AC and DC motor controllers are very closely related to switching power supplies. They chop up the incoming power to produce AC and execute an impedance transformation (just like a transformer) using switching and reactive elements to control the output power. The additional complexity for an AC motor comes about because you essentially have to do this three times in parallel to drive the 3 phases and the math needed to generate the proper waveform is not trivial although easily done now.
It is not so much the economy of scale which changed things but the separate improvements in power semiconductors and large scale integration which have been considerable since about 1970. Power MOSFETs and IGBJTs have replaced bipolar transistors for the most part in these applications greatly simplifying the controller designs and yielding power densities high enough to make portable applications possible. Integration is such that single chip controllers can easily hold a processor powerful enough to do the needed waveform calculations.
Both DC and AC motors in these applications need inverters. The 3 phase AC inverters are considerably more complicated but power semiconductor and integrated circuit technology largely make up for it.