Not as far as I can see. Though he didn't hold any significant religious office (that I can see), he spent decades as secretary to various Bishops and Prince-Bishops ; his work was presented to the Pope (and approved of). I see no evidence of him being a Protestant
(Might also have been because, except for heros, most mortals - both good and bad ones - end up in Hades' realm - different sections of the underworld serve as both hell *and* heaven, unlike in christian mythology - so He ends up with the most follower).
Almost all of the heroes ended up as faint, forgotten ghosts in Hades - everyone from Achilles down. Odysseus met Achilles in Hades if you remember, when Achilles lamented the pointlessness of glory and how he'd give up all his fame for a minute more life.
From memory, the only "hero" I can remember who avoided Hades was Herakles - and that was because he was a bastard son of Zeus and got an optional promotion to godhead - which Achilles didn't.
Oh, Tithonus didn't go to Hades either, but his claim to "hero-ness" is a bit shaky too.
but when loathsome old age pressed full upon him, and he could not move nor lift his limbs, this seemed to her in her heart the best counsel: she laid him in a room and put to the shining doors. There he babbles endlessly, and no more has strength at all, such as once he had in his supple limbs
Most places have non-interchangeable connectors, but there are some old facilities out there where this is still possible.
Seriously? For fucks sake - people learned this lesson well over a century ago when piped welding gas and oxidiser gas started to become common. Common connectors - big boom, new factory and staff needed.
Any manager and owner of a place where this happens should be doing first-degree murder time, and should have been doing it for every death like this for a half a century. There is no excuse for this apart from gross negligence, and that is no excuse.
We track if you've "liked" or followed anything on our social media.
Do you have permission to do that? As a distinct thing from your 97 pages of other Ts & Cs?
Advertising is a foul sin, and I flag all adverts I notice under "never consider - even for arse-wipe after printing on someone else;s printer loaded with soft paper."
800,000 years is as far back as it's possible to make any kind of plausible estimate. We don't know what the level was before then,
This AC's claim is false.
Plant leaves have pockets in their surfaces called stomata, within which the actual gas exchanges take place. The concentration of stomata (count per sq.mm of surface) varies with atmospheric CO2 concentration - which has been verified in greenhouses.
In the fossil record, you get fossil plants. You need good preservation - which is uncommon, but not unknown. From stomata counts on different genera of plants, you can estimate the level of CO2 concentration in which those plants grew.
Yes, the error-bars are looser than for an IR or GCMS measurement of CO2 concentration on a mountain today. But we can know what the atmospheric CO2 concentration was at enough points in the past to construct curves of CO2 concentration against time.
All of which has been well reported in the geological press for literally decades (it was new to the text books when I read it in 1980). So the AC is either disingenuous or ignorant.
... which is why you look at stable carbon isotopes - 13-C and 12-C - to assess the relative contributions of biogenic carbon (which has been through the biology of something) versus primordial carbon (which hasn't been through biological activity). Please note that this is a population measure - of billions of atoms - not a property of one atom, whose individual history is untraceable.
Biological activity follows similar laws to the physics of separating 235-U from 238-U : the mass difference means they move slightly differently, and that does have a slight effect on the chemical reactions of carbon. Which means specifically that the reaction of atmospheric (or aqueous) CO2 into organic carbon molecules in the inverse-Krebs cycle has a small preference for 12-C over 13-C. That shifts the isotope ratio for going through that "carbon cycle" by about -12 ppt compared to the standard. If the carbon goes through the cycle multiple times, the isotope shift can be greater.
and would look like CO2 from fossil fuel.
The presence of 14-C depleted atmospheric CO2 due to fossil fuel burning will, indeed, fuck up *future* attempts at performing 14-C dating on objects grown since the mid-1950s (atmospheric nuclear testing also produces 14-N, which rapidly changes to 14-C, also fucking up the measurement. There is actually a noticeable effect in archaeology where people eating a lot of oceanic fish (who take their carbon from thousands-of-years-old deep ocean water, depleted in 14-C) appear older than their artefacts (grown with atmospheric levels of 14-C). I've worked out schemes for faking artefacts based on isotopically old biological products grown in greenhouses fed by fossil fuel produced CO2 - if I produced a fake Turin Shroud, I'd make sure it had an isotopic age that would be perfect for... Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Coz I iz evilzz!
But the fossil-fuel derived CO2 still carries it's "organic" levels of stable carbon isotopes.
Geologically, we actually monitor the oil well's gas isotope ratios, because that is an indicator of whether the gas has been through the carbon cycle once, twice, or more ; it's a subtle indicator, but it can be an indicator that your'e approaching a reservoir which is leaking organic molecules into the overlying rock - what we call a "gas chimney" - where it then gets biologically processed again and given another -12ppt isotopic shift. When this service started, over 20 years ago, we had to capture sample of the gas (in "IsoTubes"TM), airfreight them to a lab ashore
airfreight? For samples known to contain flammable gases, and known (or suspected) to contain toxic gases? Can you imagine the Imperial shitton of IATA paperwork that accompanies that? No passengers on that plane, for a start! I don't need to imagine - I remember!
and the results would come back a couple of months later. The last 8 years, the analytical equipment has come out to the wellsite but runs at (a fist full of) thousands of dollars a day. But has much less paperwork. I fucking love it! Best - some specialist ashore delivers his interpretation of the isotope ratios after several days thinking about it - I just have to QC the gas sampling system and collate the bulk composition data to send in with the arcana from the IsoGas equipment rack and specialist (Hi, Claudio, Rozhan, Lucio!) and witness the calibration verification runs.
Sorry - you mentioned isotope geochemistry. Pet subject. Your statements are not badly incorrect, but are not relevant to the question being posed.
Then: "One last important question before I let you into my country." Dramatic pause. [...] "How about that new Vikings stadium? That looks pretty sweet!"
The Canadians are employing Swedes (or Norwegians or Danes) as border guards? Good move!
Seriously, you're going to argue that Canada has better weather???
"better" is a value judgement - there is no possibility of a "right" or "wrong" answer.
I've worked from the sands of the Arabian desert at +50degC to winter Canada (only -20degC), and played in Siberia at -30degC. I've seen partial solar eclipses (while at work) within 2degrees of the Equator, and I've worked 36 hour shifts under the Siberian midnight sun (63.7 degN). Weather is something I can choose. I prefer cooler weather to hotter weather. You need to pay me to go anywhere that is likely to be above 30degC.
That would be a demonstration or justification - probably good enough to pas as a "proof" in a court of law. Not good enough to pass as a proof in the court of mathematics. The technique they actually used was a "branch and bounds" relaxation algorithm, which would find a minimum (or maximum) for a continuous function. It's a bit more open to challenge for a (potentially) discontinuous data set though, but that's a wider argument which is amenable to localised "brute force" searching.
When I read the headline, I did some mental manipulations and came up with a route from Indonesia via the Capes of Good Hope and Horn, across the Pacific and... hitting Asia somewhere. I'm not surprised that there is a better solution, but I have to admit that sneaking down the Mozambique Channel is a neat trick that escaped me. Having worked in coastal Tanzania, I should have thought of that too.
With a 1-minute-of-arc accuracy data set (1.9km at sea level) they should have been able to thread through the Comoros Islands, and between that and Cape Horn, that probably constrained the path, not the end points.
He'd be smart to ignore that small island that's no longer even EU anymore.
The UK is in the EU until March 29 2019. At that point, all EU law becomes UK law, and the slow (decades to centuries long) process of legislative disentanglement starts.
That of course assumes that the government doesn't either (1) fragment internally or (2) lose a confidence vote and the subsequent general election in the intervening 11 months. Actually, I'd better check the mid-day news - the fragmentation may have happened at this morning's Cabinet meeting.
No, like seriously - it was some tool for college students to work out which of the women were worth trying to pork. Instead of, you know, looking at them from across the bar and trying.
I just finished deleting all my facebook data. That's it - all gone. I'm guessing that'll fuck up their interrelationship data more than just deleting the account.
Does anyone know what was the atmosphere composition when man started to be? Or even the Australopithecus?
(I tried answering yesterday, but Slashdot went down as I started to compose my reply.) The atmosphere was sampled by snow falling in Antarctica and Greenland in the distant past and preserved as bubbles in the ice. Using volcanic ash layers in the ice, it is possible to date these ice layers. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere at different times in the past is a matter of record, not speculation, back to about 128kyr in Greenland and nearly 800kyr in Antarctica. Work is continuing to get further back in both. Homo sapiens has a fossil record going back to approximately 300kyr, so originated some time before then ; the youngest Australopithecine fossils are a little under 2 million years old, so they became extinct some time after then. So we have no direct evidence for atmospheric composition during their time. But since the biota didn't change much between then and (say) 200kyr ago, it is unlikely to have been much different.
Short version - the only significant changes are in trace gases. The bulk composition is 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% argon. The trace gases disappear into the decimal places ; carbon dioxide has changed in historical times from 0.00021% to 0.00041%.
It does seem a rather short ban for a high-potential crime like this. And particularly "pour encourager les autres". I'd have gone for automatic license revocation every couple of months for the rest of life - so that if he ever wants to drive, he can apply for a new license, sit the two tests, prove his skill to an inspector, pass his test, and lose the license within a couple of weeks.
Or just, not drive. Heretical though that may seem.
Which part of "one new SPECIES" did you not understand? (HINT : look at the word that is not three letters long.)
What the total count of dinosaur SPECIES is remains unclear - and until the last bird of the last bird species dies a lonely death like "Martha," the possibility of new species of dinosaurs remains. Because - see.sig
The alleged professor is wasting a rare bit of fieldwork time. You wouldn't calculate a thing in context like that. You'd set the students to examining the unit in question, and the overlying and underlying units for datable materials (fossils, in pure geology, but a 1965 coin under the dark unit and a 1980 coin from above it would work perfectly well). That would give you a "bracket" on the dark layer. The students would also be put to producing a "measured section" across the feature, and looking for variations along the outcrop. As part of that, they'd be looking for variations in the petrology of the materials below and above the unit under consideration - when they'd have seen the hardcore layer below the asphalt unit.
Or maybe your little tale is a piece of bullshit invented from whole cloth by someone with no idea of how geologists work, and who is trying to make some "fucking stupid geologists" point. Which makes me suspect that you're a closet creationist.
But there would be a couple of lunar landing stages plus some other junk on the Moon.
The small stuff would be buried by micrometeorite "gardening" in tens to hundreds of millions of years (I've got fossils older than that!). How long before the landing stages get shaken over or eroded... harder to estimate.
I agree that alkaline hydrothermal vents are a popular scenario for the origin of life. But claiming consensus - no : there is still significant and varied disagreement. Which is good, IMO.
Lead and uranium are too reactive to remain as metal for long - lead can barely last a couple of thousand yeas, and in an acidic soil, not even that long.
Gold - that'll remain for long periods. By the time the walls and roof have caved in and the concrete reacted with carbonate-containing pore fluids, it'll be hard to recognise from a breccia with a concentration of gold metal in large flakes between the breccia grains. I wouldn't bet on that being recognised.
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Not as far as I can see. Though he didn't hold any significant religious office (that I can see), he spent decades as secretary to various Bishops and Prince-Bishops ; his work was presented to the Pope (and approved of). I see no evidence of him being a Protestant
Almost all of the heroes ended up as faint, forgotten ghosts in Hades - everyone from Achilles down. Odysseus met Achilles in Hades if you remember, when Achilles lamented the pointlessness of glory and how he'd give up all his fame for a minute more life.
From memory, the only "hero" I can remember who avoided Hades was Herakles - and that was because he was a bastard son of Zeus and got an optional promotion to godhead - which Achilles didn't.
Oh, Tithonus didn't go to Hades either, but his claim to "hero-ness" is a bit shaky too.
I suppose that not murdering people just isn't an option? No, probably not - it is America after all.
Seriously? For fucks sake - people learned this lesson well over a century ago when piped welding gas and oxidiser gas started to become common. Common connectors - big boom, new factory and staff needed.
Any manager and owner of a place where this happens should be doing first-degree murder time, and should have been doing it for every death like this for a half a century. There is no excuse for this apart from gross negligence, and that is no excuse.
Mmmm. Moistened donkey.
Do you have permission to do that? As a distinct thing from your 97 pages of other Ts & Cs?
Advertising is a foul sin, and I flag all adverts I notice under "never consider - even for arse-wipe after printing on someone else;s printer loaded with soft paper."
So, bullshit sites die. The problem is ?
This AC's claim is false.
Plant leaves have pockets in their surfaces called stomata, within which the actual gas exchanges take place. The concentration of stomata (count per sq.mm of surface) varies with atmospheric CO2 concentration - which has been verified in greenhouses.
In the fossil record, you get fossil plants. You need good preservation - which is uncommon, but not unknown. From stomata counts on different genera of plants, you can estimate the level of CO2 concentration in which those plants grew.
Yes, the error-bars are looser than for an IR or GCMS measurement of CO2 concentration on a mountain today. But we can know what the atmospheric CO2 concentration was at enough points in the past to construct curves of CO2 concentration against time.
All of which has been well reported in the geological press for literally decades (it was new to the text books when I read it in 1980). So the AC is either disingenuous or ignorant.
Biological activity follows similar laws to the physics of separating 235-U from 238-U : the mass difference means they move slightly differently, and that does have a slight effect on the chemical reactions of carbon. Which means specifically that the reaction of atmospheric (or aqueous) CO2 into organic carbon molecules in the inverse-Krebs cycle has a small preference for 12-C over 13-C. That shifts the isotope ratio for going through that "carbon cycle" by about -12 ppt compared to the standard. If the carbon goes through the cycle multiple times, the isotope shift can be greater.
The presence of 14-C depleted atmospheric CO2 due to fossil fuel burning will, indeed, fuck up *future* attempts at performing 14-C dating on objects grown since the mid-1950s (atmospheric nuclear testing also produces 14-N, which rapidly changes to 14-C, also fucking up the measurement. There is actually a noticeable effect in archaeology where people eating a lot of oceanic fish (who take their carbon from thousands-of-years-old deep ocean water, depleted in 14-C) appear older than their artefacts (grown with atmospheric levels of 14-C). I've worked out schemes for faking artefacts based on isotopically old biological products grown in greenhouses fed by fossil fuel produced CO2 - if I produced a fake Turin Shroud, I'd make sure it had an isotopic age that would be perfect for ... Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Coz I iz evilzz!
But the fossil-fuel derived CO2 still carries it's "organic" levels of stable carbon isotopes.
Geologically, we actually monitor the oil well's gas isotope ratios, because that is an indicator of whether the gas has been through the carbon cycle once, twice, or more ; it's a subtle indicator, but it can be an indicator that your'e approaching a reservoir which is leaking organic molecules into the overlying rock - what we call a "gas chimney" - where it then gets biologically processed again and given another -12ppt isotopic shift. When this service started, over 20 years ago, we had to capture sample of the gas (in "IsoTubes"TM), airfreight them to a lab ashore
and the results would come back a couple of months later. The last 8 years, the analytical equipment has come out to the wellsite but runs at (a fist full of) thousands of dollars a day. But has much less paperwork. I fucking love it! Best - some specialist ashore delivers his interpretation of the isotope ratios after several days thinking about it - I just have to QC the gas sampling system and collate the bulk composition data to send in with the arcana from the IsoGas equipment rack and specialist (Hi, Claudio, Rozhan, Lucio!) and witness the calibration verification runs.
Sorry - you mentioned isotope geochemistry. Pet subject. Your statements are not badly incorrect, but are not relevant to the question being posed.
I recommend it to "a select few" of people I know. Mostly people I really don't want to know any longer.
The Canadians are employing Swedes (or Norwegians or Danes) as border guards? Good move!
"better" is a value judgement - there is no possibility of a "right" or "wrong" answer.
I've worked from the sands of the Arabian desert at +50degC to winter Canada (only -20degC), and played in Siberia at -30degC. I've seen partial solar eclipses (while at work) within 2degrees of the Equator, and I've worked 36 hour shifts under the Siberian midnight sun (63.7 degN). Weather is something I can choose. I prefer cooler weather to hotter weather. You need to pay me to go anywhere that is likely to be above 30degC.
I missed summer last year. I was in the shower.
(Stolen from Flanders & Swann.)
Get your globe - I've got one (birthday present from the wife - nice choice!). Measure it's diameter.
Get a sheet of that "corrugated plastic" popular for storage/ archive boxes and sign boards (it's cheap, available, stiff, and cuttable.
Mark a circle the same diameter as your globe onto the board, then cut a circular hole in the board.
Dis-mount the globe from it's spindle.
Experiment. You'll soon get to the limits of the accuracy of your globe and it's map.
When I read the headline, I did some mental manipulations and came up with a route from Indonesia via the Capes of Good Hope and Horn, across the Pacific and ... hitting Asia somewhere. I'm not surprised that there is a better solution, but I have to admit that sneaking down the Mozambique Channel is a neat trick that escaped me. Having worked in coastal Tanzania, I should have thought of that too.
With a 1-minute-of-arc accuracy data set (1.9km at sea level) they should have been able to thread through the Comoros Islands, and between that and Cape Horn, that probably constrained the path, not the end points.
Neat piece of work. Useless, but neat.
The UK is in the EU until March 29 2019. At that point, all EU law becomes UK law, and the slow (decades to centuries long) process of legislative disentanglement starts.
That of course assumes that the government doesn't either (1) fragment internally or (2) lose a confidence vote and the subsequent general election in the intervening 11 months. Actually, I'd better check the mid-day news - the fragmentation may have happened at this morning's Cabinet meeting.
I just finished deleting all my facebook data. That's it - all gone. I'm guessing that'll fuck up their interrelationship data more than just deleting the account.
(I tried answering yesterday, but Slashdot went down as I started to compose my reply.) The atmosphere was sampled by snow falling in Antarctica and Greenland in the distant past and preserved as bubbles in the ice. Using volcanic ash layers in the ice, it is possible to date these ice layers. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere at different times in the past is a matter of record, not speculation, back to about 128kyr in Greenland and nearly 800kyr in Antarctica. Work is continuing to get further back in both. Homo sapiens has a fossil record going back to approximately 300kyr, so originated some time before then ; the youngest Australopithecine fossils are a little under 2 million years old, so they became extinct some time after then. So we have no direct evidence for atmospheric composition during their time. But since the biota didn't change much between then and (say) 200kyr ago, it is unlikely to have been much different.
Short version - the only significant changes are in trace gases. The bulk composition is 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% argon. The trace gases disappear into the decimal places ; carbon dioxide has changed in historical times from 0.00021% to 0.00041%.
Or just, not drive. Heretical though that may seem.
Certainly the ones s/he has been taking.
What the total count of dinosaur SPECIES is remains unclear - and until the last bird of the last bird species dies a lonely death like "Martha," the possibility of new species of dinosaurs remains. Because - see .sig
Or maybe your little tale is a piece of bullshit invented from whole cloth by someone with no idea of how geologists work, and who is trying to make some "fucking stupid geologists" point. Which makes me suspect that you're a closet creationist.
The small stuff would be buried by micrometeorite "gardening" in tens to hundreds of millions of years (I've got fossils older than that!). How long before the landing stages get shaken over or eroded ... harder to estimate.
I agree that alkaline hydrothermal vents are a popular scenario for the origin of life. But claiming consensus - no : there is still significant and varied disagreement. Which is good, IMO.
Gold - that'll remain for long periods. By the time the walls and roof have caved in and the concrete reacted with carbonate-containing pore fluids, it'll be hard to recognise from a breccia with a concentration of gold metal in large flakes between the breccia grains. I wouldn't bet on that being recognised.