Re:It'll be MORE interesting by end of the year
on
ATI R300 and R250V
·
· Score: 2
However, given that the current R300 chipset is built on the 0.15 micron process, it doesn't take much to figure out that ATI may produce a 0.13 micron R300 chip, which will allow cooler operation and/or faster clock speeds. The current 0.15 micron R300 chip requires a big heatsink/fan to cool it and extra power using a floppy drive power connector from the main system power supply, something that ATI may want to dispense with using a cooler-running R300 chip.
I can imagine the nVidia NV30 (neé Geforce5) chip is probably going to need the floppy drive power connection, given its even higher transistor on die count than the ATI R300 chip.
By the way, the Intel Northwood Pentium 4's are well-liked because the switch to the 0.13 micron process allowed Intel to run a much cooler CPU, which allowed Intel to crank up the CPU clock speed to 2.53 GHz.
It'll be MORE interesting by end of the year
on
ATI R300 and R250V
·
· Score: 3, Informative
If you think the Radeon 9700 is amazing, just wait till ATI produces the R300 chipset in the 0.13 micron process version and cranks up the graphics card clock speed to likely way over 400 MHz.
I think people like Roger Ebert don't understand the costs of Maxivision.
First, movie projectors would require much higher engineering tolerences to operate at 48 fps for long periods of time like you get in a movie theatre. That raises the cost of the projector substantially. I just can't imagine today's movie theater employees doing even minor maintainance on such a projector.
Second, Maxivision projection will require a lot more film than today's 24 fps projectors because of its 48 fps speed. A 35 mm 24 fps print of 20 minutes of film weighs 35 pounds and you need six reels of film for a two hour movie; I can imagine a Maxivision 48 fps print weighing 60-70% more. The shipping cost for a single print alone would definitely be frightening, to say the least.
Third, it would require more expensive movie cameras because of the need to shoot at 48 fps. Can you imagine how much more expensive a Panavision or Arriflex movie camera will cost to support 48 fps operation for long periods of time? These aren't special effects cameras where high film speeds are run for only a relatively short period of time.
Finally, you still haven't solved the problem of print degradation over a long period of time. At 48 fps, there's likely a higher chance for a film print to get scratched or break.
I think Ximian's Mono project may do something unintentially pro-Microsoft: it could turn the entire Microsoft.NET initiative into a de facto standard before Sun figures out what hit them.
In fact, why do you think Microsoft has actually not stood in the way of Mono? Because Mono validates much of what.NET is trying to achieve. Between Microsoft implementing.NET Framework with its own tools and Ximian implementing.NET Framework with Open Source tools, Sun has its work seriously cut out to convince the majority of developers to write code for the competing Liberty Alliance (as if Sun's wishy-washy attitude towards the Linux crowd in regards to Java hasn't offended a lot of Linux/FreeBSD/OpenBSD programmers already).
I think the need for terabyte-level storage is a lot larger than people think.
This is especially true for the entertainment industry. People forget that a digital copy of Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones used for DLP theatrical digital projectors need something like 300 gigabytes of storage capacity. What will be needed in the future when digital projectors go to higher resolutions and 96 fields per second display to improve picture quality? In that case, easy-to-transport terabyte-level storage becomes very necessary.
What I find interesting is that the development of long-distance fiber optics could make a large fraction of satellite use obselete. Already, the majority of international telephone and increasingly television signals are transmitted through fiber optic lines on long distance and undersea cables.
Given fiber optics' HUGE data capacity, the day that fiber optics achieves the last mile data connection into the home residence cheaply is the day small satellite dishes become obselete.
Essentially, satellites in the future will primarily used for communications beyond the reach of fiber optic lines, primarily in remote regions.
I understand your concerns using FrontPage to build web sites.
Now, how about finding a decent standards-compliant WYSIWYG web page builder that will create web pages that look good in both IE 6.0 and Mozilla 1.0? What brands do you recommend?
I think you need to take a look at the instances of mass starvation since 1900.
Most, if not all, instances of mass starvation were induced by deliberate acts of government or wars.
Consider the following:
1. World War I and the Russian Civil War caused mass starvation in the former Soviet Union.
2. The forced collectivization of the Kulak farms in the Ukraine from 1928 to 1933 also caused mass starvation.
3. China has suffered through several waves of starvation, an effect of the civil wars, the Japanese invasion of China and the unfortunate Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1963.
4. The massive famines in Africa since 1950 are caused by either deliberate government policy and tribal wars. This is especially true in Sudan, Ethiopia, Zaire (and the countries surrounding Zaire).
Even effective use transportation technology at 1925 level (with trains and trucks) would solve much of the famine problem in Africa, but government policy and local civil strife are hindering these efforts.
In places like Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand people regularly have to use masks that allow them to breathe, specially during the burning of fields in Indonesia (look for "haze" and the name of each country).
This clearly points out the silliness of the whole idea of the Kyoto Protocol. It appears that the Indonesians are still enamored (sp?) of the idea of slash and burn agriculture, the most destructive form of agriculture there is out there.
They need to learn modern agricultural techniques (careful use of agrichemicals, learning how to increase crop yields per hectare, good water management, etc). This would drastically reduce the need to burn forests for arable farmland, for starters. And all that vegetation in the fields--instead of burning them how about building industrial plants to turn it into fertilizer or better yet use it to create biomass fuel or biodiesel fuel?
Mind you, if we ever get a viable private commercial space program going, one thing I hope for within 100 years is that we'll be building space colonies that can support large numbers of human inhabitants.
Imagine many millions of human beings living on space stations, the Moon and possibly even Mars. Don't laugh about Mars--given that water is available on that planet relatively easily cities could eventually be built on that planet that could support many millions of humans.
I think the biggest issue environmentally is the fact we need to teach the Third World to stop doing this bad habit of slash and burn agriculture. Teach them truly modern farming techniques and we might have a chance to save our forests.
You have to remember that further out you go into the Gulf of Mexico, the costs rise exponentially because you end up drilling in waters several hundred to over 1,000 feet deep. Oil drilling platforms that could support such deep operations are extremely expensive, as the ones installed in the North Sea have proven.
But the oil is out there, and eventually we'll have to use these deep-water oilfields.
I think folks who think we'll run of oil very soon are deluding themselves.
The problem with the alarmists who think we'll run out of oil are only considering the idea that the last deposits of oil will be in the Persian Gulf.
How wrong they are! Considering the following factors of the last 12 years:
1. The oilfields of the former Soviet Union are now being exploited on a very large scale by Western oil companies. There are massive oilfields in Siberia and Kazakhstan have barely been touched, not to mention we haven't even begun to exploit the Caspian Sea oilfields on a large scale.
2. China has large oilfields in Xinjiang Province that haven't been exploited due to transportation issues.
3. Afghanistan is potentially sitting on top of a big oilfield.
4. The Gulf of Mexico--according to British Petroleum engineers--have an amazingly large amount of oil yet to be exploited. The only reason why we haven't gotten more is the high expense of drilling for oil well into the Gulf of Mexico.
5. Canada has huge tracts of oil tar sands that could yield enough oil to equal all of the Persian Gulf states combined.
6. The Saudis are only concentrating their oil production on the oilfields near the Persian Gulf, not yet exploiting oilfields in other parts of the country. Tests by ARAMCO engineers have shown there are large oil deposits in the southern part of Saudi Arabia (called the Empty Quarter), but the Saudis have yet to tap these oilfields.
As for the issue of food production, the very rapid development of farm machinery, agricultural chemicals and better means to store and transport food has increased the amount and variety of food available to everyone on a scale that is mind-boggling. Think about it: compare what is available at your local food market in 1902 versus 2002, and you can eat foodstuffs today from literally all over the world.
In short, the alarmists don't know what they're talking about--a classic case of junk science.
Actually, the idea of crumple zones on passenger automobiles came from racing cars.
I'm sure you've seen the spectacular wrecks on Indy cars or NASCAR racers; the spectacular ripping away of body parts on the current IRL or CART racer or the heavy crumpling of metal on a NASCAR racer during a wreck essentially dissipates energy away from the driver. This is why the owner of Lowe's Motor Speedway in Concord, NC proposed the idea of the Humpy Bumper--a structure on front of a NASCAR racer that provides extra energy dissipation in addition to the entire front hood crumpling in case the car runs into the wall at high speed.
Actually, given the fact that Liquidmetal does melt at 750 degrees F., I think Formula 1 teams are not interested for the reasons of fire safety and also because the high temperatures from the engine and brakes could seriously weaken the metal.
This is why F1 cars use mostly carbon fiber composites for the body of the car; it offers very high strength and does not burn until at very high temperatures.
Actually, with the fact there is plenty of water under the surface of Mars itself, this means the very possibility of making liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen and liquid methane for rocket fuel cheaply at Mars becomes a reality. That could mean the Mars Direct space vehicles could become larger than originally envisioned at least for the return vehicles.
I think the reason why people have loved Lilo & Stitch is because of the fact the writers (Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois) created some extremely impressive character interaction between Lilo, Nani and Stitch. That plus the fact the animation was very well done and the ending of the film worked so effectively is the reason why the movie is doing a lot of repeat business.:-) That's why I've seen the movie three times already.
It does take some getting used to but after using this keyboard for a while when you go back to a regular keyboard the feel is very uncomfortable indeed. This is due to the fact on regular keyboards the wrist is not in the straight position, which makes for uncomfortable long-term typing.
From reading your post, I personally think the biggest problem with the RIAA is simple: they are engaged in cartel pricing to fix prices for audio CD's.
It is that cartel power that causes album length audio CD's to cost for the most part US$18 in the large record stores (Tower, Virgin Superstore, Sam Goody, etc.) and US$14 at discount stores like Wal-Mart and online retailers.
Somehow, the RIAA is very clueless about why cartels fail: cartels encourage consumers to find ways to circumvent the producer. The reason why places like Napster became extremely popular is the fact consumers got tired of paying the steep prices for audio CD's and the fact audio CD's contain way too much filler material not of interest to consumers.
The only way the RIAA can put an end of music piracy is simple: price audio CD's more realistically. They should be priced more like US$10-US$11 per disc retail, at price that would drastically cut down the incentive to pirate music.
dcavanaugh, you wrote: There is at least 10x the amount of data on a DVD compared the CD. At $22, it's just not worth finding a way to download & store all those gigabytes. If you can rent the movie for $5 at Blockbuster, it's not even worth considering the piracy alternatives.
The reasons why most consumers won't want pirated movies over the Internet are as follows: 1) the picture quality is mostly vastly inferior to the original DVD; 2) a movie in DiVX format is 500 to 800 megabytes in size, a daunting task to download even with broadband connections; 3) people like the extra features on DVD discs, and 4) DVD prices are very reasonable (US$15 to US$25 per set for the vast majority of DVD releases).
Think about it: here in the states, the price of album length Compact Discs have reach US$18 per disc--an outrageous price in my opinion! CD's should be priced more like US$10-US$11, which would cut down the incentive to pirate CD's.
Meanwhile, the price of Region 1 DVD's are amazingly cheap: you can get most discs for anywhere between US$15-US$25, and even large sets are reasonably priced for what you get.
With the price of console DVD players dropping under US$100 and with DVD-ROM drives so cheap nowadays, no wonder why DVD's are exploding in popularity.
Italy, on the other hand, got eliminated and spent the next two weeks whining about a conspiracy and demanding an investigation.
Alas, that's real typical of the Italian reaction whenever a soccer match doesn't go their way. The result is conspiracy theories from the Italian press that makes X-Files seem like a minor incident. (shrug)
Indeed, Peri Luigi Collina (the referee for today's final game) is MUCH disliked in Milan for the way he ruled against powerhouse teams in the Italian Serie A series such as Inter Milan and Juventus a couple of years ago.
The pressure is REALLY on Voeller
on
World Cup Final
·
· Score: 2
I hate to say this, but German coach Rudi Voeller has some major expectations to live up to come World Cup 2006.
And he better win or the German press (starting with Bild) will rip him to pieces.
Actually, it's way cheaper to install new jetwalks than to design the gates so they meet the 80 x 80 meter box standard the A380-800 needs.
I'm sure Boeing has worked closely with the companies that build jetwalks so the next generation of dual jetwalks can accommodate the 747-400 and the BWB with no other modifications to the gates.
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However, given that the current R300 chipset is built on the 0.15 micron process, it doesn't take much to figure out that ATI may produce a 0.13 micron R300 chip, which will allow cooler operation and/or faster clock speeds. The current 0.15 micron R300 chip requires a big heatsink/fan to cool it and extra power using a floppy drive power connector from the main system power supply, something that ATI may want to dispense with using a cooler-running R300 chip.
I can imagine the nVidia NV30 (neé Geforce5) chip is probably going to need the floppy drive power connection, given its even higher transistor on die count than the ATI R300 chip.
By the way, the Intel Northwood Pentium 4's are well-liked because the switch to the 0.13 micron process allowed Intel to run a much cooler CPU, which allowed Intel to crank up the CPU clock speed to 2.53 GHz.
If you think the Radeon 9700 is amazing, just wait till ATI produces the R300 chipset in the 0.13 micron process version and cranks up the graphics card clock speed to likely way over 400 MHz.
:-)
Slow it definitely won't be.
I think people like Roger Ebert don't understand the costs of Maxivision.
First, movie projectors would require much higher engineering tolerences to operate at 48 fps for long periods of time like you get in a movie theatre. That raises the cost of the projector substantially. I just can't imagine today's movie theater employees doing even minor maintainance on such a projector.
Second, Maxivision projection will require a lot more film than today's 24 fps projectors because of its 48 fps speed. A 35 mm 24 fps print of 20 minutes of film weighs 35 pounds and you need six reels of film for a two hour movie; I can imagine a Maxivision 48 fps print weighing 60-70% more. The shipping cost for a single print alone would definitely be frightening, to say the least.
Third, it would require more expensive movie cameras because of the need to shoot at 48 fps. Can you imagine how much more expensive a Panavision or Arriflex movie camera will cost to support 48 fps operation for long periods of time? These aren't special effects cameras where high film speeds are run for only a relatively short period of time.
Finally, you still haven't solved the problem of print degradation over a long period of time. At 48 fps, there's likely a higher chance for a film print to get scratched or break.
I think Ximian's Mono project may do something unintentially pro-Microsoft: it could turn the entire Microsoft .NET initiative into a de facto standard before Sun figures out what hit them.
.NET is trying to achieve. Between Microsoft implementing .NET Framework with its own tools and Ximian implementing .NET Framework with Open Source tools, Sun has its work seriously cut out to convince the majority of developers to write code for the competing Liberty Alliance (as if Sun's wishy-washy attitude towards the Linux crowd in regards to Java hasn't offended a lot of Linux/FreeBSD/OpenBSD programmers already).
In fact, why do you think Microsoft has actually not stood in the way of Mono? Because Mono validates much of what
I think the need for terabyte-level storage is a lot larger than people think.
This is especially true for the entertainment industry. People forget that a digital copy of Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones used for DLP theatrical digital projectors need something like 300 gigabytes of storage capacity. What will be needed in the future when digital projectors go to higher resolutions and 96 fields per second display to improve picture quality? In that case, easy-to-transport terabyte-level storage becomes very necessary.
In my opinion, a system case does not need to be the cutting edge of external design.
What I really want from a system case is the following:
1. A decent 300W power supply at minimum that works with all the current ATX motherboards.
2. Easy installation of the motherboard itself.
3. Designed so system cooling works well with just one case fan and the power supply fan.
4. Easy to remove system covers.
Fortunately, you can get cases meeting my criteria for under US$70 pretty easily.
That would be great except what about people with mouse pointers that have scroll wheels on them?
What I find interesting is that the development of long-distance fiber optics could make a large fraction of satellite use obselete. Already, the majority of international telephone and increasingly television signals are transmitted through fiber optic lines on long distance and undersea cables.
Given fiber optics' HUGE data capacity, the day that fiber optics achieves the last mile data connection into the home residence cheaply is the day small satellite dishes become obselete.
Essentially, satellites in the future will primarily used for communications beyond the reach of fiber optic lines, primarily in remote regions.
I understand your concerns using FrontPage to build web sites.
Now, how about finding a decent standards-compliant WYSIWYG web page builder that will create web pages that look good in both IE 6.0 and Mozilla 1.0? What brands do you recommend?
I think you need to take a look at the instances of mass starvation since 1900.
Most, if not all, instances of mass starvation were induced by deliberate acts of government or wars.
Consider the following:
1. World War I and the Russian Civil War caused mass starvation in the former Soviet Union.
2. The forced collectivization of the Kulak farms in the Ukraine from 1928 to 1933 also caused mass starvation.
3. China has suffered through several waves of starvation, an effect of the civil wars, the Japanese invasion of China and the unfortunate Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1963.
4. The massive famines in Africa since 1950 are caused by either deliberate government policy and tribal wars. This is especially true in Sudan, Ethiopia, Zaire (and the countries surrounding Zaire).
Even effective use transportation technology at 1925 level (with trains and trucks) would solve much of the famine problem in Africa, but government policy and local civil strife are hindering these efforts.
In places like Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand people regularly have to use masks that allow them to breathe, specially during the burning of fields in Indonesia (look for "haze" and the name of each country).
This clearly points out the silliness of the whole idea of the Kyoto Protocol. It appears that the Indonesians are still enamored (sp?) of the idea of slash and burn agriculture, the most destructive form of agriculture there is out there.
They need to learn modern agricultural techniques (careful use of agrichemicals, learning how to increase crop yields per hectare, good water management, etc). This would drastically reduce the need to burn forests for arable farmland, for starters. And all that vegetation in the fields--instead of burning them how about building industrial plants to turn it into fertilizer or better yet use it to create biomass fuel or biodiesel fuel?
Mind you, if we ever get a viable private commercial space program going, one thing I hope for within 100 years is that we'll be building space colonies that can support large numbers of human inhabitants.
Imagine many millions of human beings living on space stations, the Moon and possibly even Mars. Don't laugh about Mars--given that water is available on that planet relatively easily cities could eventually be built on that planet that could support many millions of humans.
I think the biggest issue environmentally is the fact we need to teach the Third World to stop doing this bad habit of slash and burn agriculture. Teach them truly modern farming techniques and we might have a chance to save our forests.
You have to remember that further out you go into the Gulf of Mexico, the costs rise exponentially because you end up drilling in waters several hundred to over 1,000 feet deep. Oil drilling platforms that could support such deep operations are extremely expensive, as the ones installed in the North Sea have proven.
But the oil is out there, and eventually we'll have to use these deep-water oilfields.
I think folks who think we'll run of oil very soon are deluding themselves.
The problem with the alarmists who think we'll run out of oil are only considering the idea that the last deposits of oil will be in the Persian Gulf.
How wrong they are! Considering the following factors of the last 12 years:
1. The oilfields of the former Soviet Union are now being exploited on a very large scale by Western oil companies. There are massive oilfields in Siberia and Kazakhstan have barely been touched, not to mention we haven't even begun to exploit the Caspian Sea oilfields on a large scale.
2. China has large oilfields in Xinjiang Province that haven't been exploited due to transportation issues.
3. Afghanistan is potentially sitting on top of a big oilfield.
4. The Gulf of Mexico--according to British Petroleum engineers--have an amazingly large amount of oil yet to be exploited. The only reason why we haven't gotten more is the high expense of drilling for oil well into the Gulf of Mexico.
5. Canada has huge tracts of oil tar sands that could yield enough oil to equal all of the Persian Gulf states combined.
6. The Saudis are only concentrating their oil production on the oilfields near the Persian Gulf, not yet exploiting oilfields in other parts of the country. Tests by ARAMCO engineers have shown there are large oil deposits in the southern part of Saudi Arabia (called the Empty Quarter), but the Saudis have yet to tap these oilfields.
As for the issue of food production, the very rapid development of farm machinery, agricultural chemicals and better means to store and transport food has increased the amount and variety of food available to everyone on a scale that is mind-boggling. Think about it: compare what is available at your local food market in 1902 versus 2002, and you can eat foodstuffs today from literally all over the world.
In short, the alarmists don't know what they're talking about--a classic case of junk science.
Actually, the idea of crumple zones on passenger automobiles came from racing cars.
I'm sure you've seen the spectacular wrecks on Indy cars or NASCAR racers; the spectacular ripping away of body parts on the current IRL or CART racer or the heavy crumpling of metal on a NASCAR racer during a wreck essentially dissipates energy away from the driver. This is why the owner of Lowe's Motor Speedway in Concord, NC proposed the idea of the Humpy Bumper--a structure on front of a NASCAR racer that provides extra energy dissipation in addition to the entire front hood crumpling in case the car runs into the wall at high speed.
Actually, given the fact that Liquidmetal does melt at 750 degrees F., I think Formula 1 teams are not interested for the reasons of fire safety and also because the high temperatures from the engine and brakes could seriously weaken the metal.
This is why F1 cars use mostly carbon fiber composites for the body of the car; it offers very high strength and does not burn until at very high temperatures.
It might be useful for structural parts of a subsonic airliner that is not near the jet engines, like the fuselage.
Hmmm--imagine a 777 weighing 10-15% less than now--we could get a lot more range out of a 777.
Actually, with the fact there is plenty of water under the surface of Mars itself, this means the very possibility of making liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen and liquid methane for rocket fuel cheaply at Mars becomes a reality. That could mean the Mars Direct space vehicles could become larger than originally envisioned at least for the return vehicles.
I think the reason why people have loved Lilo & Stitch is because of the fact the writers (Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois) created some extremely impressive character interaction between Lilo, Nani and Stitch. That plus the fact the animation was very well done and the ending of the film worked so effectively is the reason why the movie is doing a lot of repeat business. :-) That's why I've seen the movie three times already.
I use a Microsoft Natural Elite keyboard myself.
It does take some getting used to but after using this keyboard for a while when you go back to a regular keyboard the feel is very uncomfortable indeed. This is due to the fact on regular keyboards the wrist is not in the straight position, which makes for uncomfortable long-term typing.
From reading your post, I personally think the biggest problem with the RIAA is simple: they are engaged in cartel pricing to fix prices for audio CD's.
It is that cartel power that causes album length audio CD's to cost for the most part US$18 in the large record stores (Tower, Virgin Superstore, Sam Goody, etc.) and US$14 at discount stores like Wal-Mart and online retailers.
Somehow, the RIAA is very clueless about why cartels fail: cartels encourage consumers to find ways to circumvent the producer. The reason why places like Napster became extremely popular is the fact consumers got tired of paying the steep prices for audio CD's and the fact audio CD's contain way too much filler material not of interest to consumers.
The only way the RIAA can put an end of music piracy is simple: price audio CD's more realistically. They should be priced more like US$10-US$11 per disc retail, at price that would drastically cut down the incentive to pirate music.
dcavanaugh, you wrote: There is at least 10x the amount of data on a DVD compared the CD. At $22, it's just not worth finding a way to download & store all those gigabytes. If you can rent the movie for $5 at Blockbuster, it's not even worth considering the piracy alternatives.
The reasons why most consumers won't want pirated movies over the Internet are as follows: 1) the picture quality is mostly vastly inferior to the original DVD; 2) a movie in DiVX format is 500 to 800 megabytes in size, a daunting task to download even with broadband connections; 3) people like the extra features on DVD discs, and 4) DVD prices are very reasonable (US$15 to US$25 per set for the vast majority of DVD releases).
I agree with what you said.
Think about it: here in the states, the price of album length Compact Discs have reach US$18 per disc--an outrageous price in my opinion! CD's should be priced more like US$10-US$11, which would cut down the incentive to pirate CD's.
Meanwhile, the price of Region 1 DVD's are amazingly cheap: you can get most discs for anywhere between US$15-US$25, and even large sets are reasonably priced for what you get.
With the price of console DVD players dropping under US$100 and with DVD-ROM drives so cheap nowadays, no wonder why DVD's are exploding in popularity.
Italy, on the other hand, got eliminated and spent the next two weeks whining about a conspiracy and demanding an investigation.
Alas, that's real typical of the Italian reaction whenever a soccer match doesn't go their way. The result is conspiracy theories from the Italian press that makes X-Files seem like a minor incident. (shrug)
Indeed, Peri Luigi Collina (the referee for today's final game) is MUCH disliked in Milan for the way he ruled against powerhouse teams in the Italian Serie A series such as Inter Milan and Juventus a couple of years ago.
I hate to say this, but German coach Rudi Voeller has some major expectations to live up to come World Cup 2006.
And he better win or the German press (starting with Bild) will rip him to pieces.
Actually, it's way cheaper to install new jetwalks than to design the gates so they meet the 80 x 80 meter box standard the A380-800 needs.
I'm sure Boeing has worked closely with the companies that build jetwalks so the next generation of dual jetwalks can accommodate the 747-400 and the BWB with no other modifications to the gates.