Just an in voting, you cannot force civic duty on those either unwilling or uninterested in it. Sure you can force them to carry, but they will not have training and or interest in doing it in a responsible manner. You could however repeal all laws which stop people from doing so. That IMO would be a much preferable option as armed people in such a situation are much more likely to respect guns, and know how/when to use them.
But for the sake of argument, lets say I get someone ELSE's DNA to leave at the crime scene...
How you ask? many different ways, I could grab a cigarrete butt from a public ashtray, collect hair from a public toilet (yuck!) or barber shop, etc....
Now, I simply have to plant that "evidence" and guess what: if you are in the database and I am not you are fubar....
Of course they may think you had an accomplis (if they find my DNA) but they will not find me, and wont give you a plea deal because to their mind you have not provided them with a name. To make it even worse, just select the DNA of homeless and/or the poor who will not get decent representation, and will probably not have an alibi.
We couldn't extradite Noriega so we invaded. What's to stop the US from just grabbing people? Sure it would piss off governments but at the moment we don't seem to care too much about that. In addition we can now class hackers as terrorists, and refuse to even admit they are in our custody. Plus we can now hold them indefinately or prosecute them via secret court proceedings.
Yes I said chainmail. No not as in Spam or fraud, but honest to goodness armor. Simple hobby to start, fairly cheap too.
Just get some galvanized steel wire (Home Depot) a 3' metal rod, some wire cutters and a couple of needle nose pliers. The wire for a full shirt will cost you maybe 30.00 at the most, plus about 2.00 for the rod.
I have my first project (a shirt with 7/16 links)99% done. I have since moved into making a coif out of 5/16 rings, and am starting on a fine shirt with 3/16 rings. There are many interesting weave patterns which you can find find on the net. I have even been thinking about a chain hackey sack.
In addition to the above, Tai chi and various strange musical instruments (Theremin, Didgereedoo).
But if the original poster has no idea what i'm talking about, then he either has no business doing the project, or needs to do research to figure it out.
As for the residents, a simple survey question such as : "would you like high speed internet with the following terms of use?" would do the job.
I assume everyone in the area has wired phone service? If so, try to get a deal with the local telco to access cable coming off their terminal that feeds the area.
The telco will fight you on this, but here is a way around it. Find a motivated salesperson with the telco. Point out to him that with access to the local loop you will be in a position to buy a T-1 from them (whereas they currently are not making any money from DSL etc) If you find the right guy/gal, they will help you through the process. You will still have to jump through hoops, but it wont be as bad with someone on your team. Then put your own DSLAM in place. This wont give you the bandwidth that fiber or 100mb ethernet would, but it will be cheap, and easy.
The other option is do fiber between the homes. This can get messy though. I'd probably use a mix of wired/wireless as it sounds like a low density project.
Run cat5 if possible. Before you do that, I assume the condos have cat3 for phone? If so, how are they wired? It could be possible to use the existing cable to run on a 10 meg backbone, dirt cheap.
You also need to think of other possible options. A big one, Voice over IP. With a 100 meg backbone in place, you could replace all the traditional phone service as well as providing internet. (some legal issues here to look at though).
I'd implement it as follows:
1. Do a SURVEY of interested tenants. Include VOIP as an option. 2. check Cat3 option, use it if possible. 3. Get some.11b wifi points for quick setup, rollouts to early adopters, and as backup gear when something fails... (it would really depend on how many IDF's you are going to place) 4. Plan your IDF locations carefully. Remember environmental and power factors. 5. Use the WIFI AP's to go from IDF to MDF on a temporary basis until you can rollout a fiber backbone. 6. Monitor and then put Rate-limiting into effect for the people who abuse the service, i.e. mp3's and warez out to the outside world. 7. Make clear service terms so the users know what to expect and what not to do. 8. Someone will have to monitor/troubleshoot this service. If you don't have someone, an option would be contract out with a Local ISP, or perhaps a local computer consultant.
Finally, for those not interested in paying a monthly fee, offer LAN access for free, (to get them hooked as it were)
Without knowing more details the above is all I can give you. Hope it works out!
"U.S. players in Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Nevada, Tennessee and Vermont won't be able to wager any money because of laws barring fee-based online gaming."
Does this mean it is illegal to play everquest etc. in Arizona? The way the blurb reads I would say yes. Anyone know?
Washington DC. In a major foreign policy statement today President Bush declared war on the entire world population. When asked what justified this sudden policy change Mr Bush replied: "This is just an extenshun of our war on Terra. I have also directed Herr Ridge to do a thora
backround check on all Nasa staff as there are rumas the place is crawln with many in favor of all Terra forms."
"When I took ova this heah Country, I had no ideah how deep the roots of Terra had penustriated owa Gubment."
In a related story, DICK Cheney is now aboard "Oil Force Two". Government spokesmen have stated he will be moved to a secured and undisclosed location somewhere on the Moon to ensure continuity of the chain of command.
WWI was not an indecisive outcome. It set the stage for II becuase of the draconian measures thrust upon germany at its end.
It broke germany into many parts, and caused hyper inflation (due to the reperation payments) and thus set the stage for social unrest which led to hitler.
The reason it worked for the allies after WWII was the Marshall plan, and the rather benign treatment of certain "war criminals" such as Japan's emporer Hirohito....
I am not justifying terrorist acts. I am trying to point out there is ALWAYS A REASON behind terrorism.
In order to stop terrorism from occuring you must eliminate the reason behind it, or you are doomed to fight a never ending war. Look at Israel and Palestine.
As for your point regarding the nations listed, our citizens ARE targeted when in those countries (except Canada) thats why corporations spend big $$$ hiring corporate security...
Let me guess. They will justify this "protecting the children" through some nebulous reasoning using the interstate commerce clause.
Has this country just gone flat out insane?
Must we protect everyone from everything which someone may find objectionable?
What the hell ever happened to you mind your own business and i'll mind mine?
I've come to the sad conclusion that my fellow citizens have forgotten that freedom, liberty and PERSONAL responsiblity go hand in hand.
Let's blame Mcdonalds because I'm fat and eat their crappy food.
Let's blame tobacco companies because I smoke and got lung cancer
Let's blame the gun makers cause a "sniper" went nuts and killed people.
Let's blame Iraq cause my gas bill for that new SUV is outrageous.
Let's blame Islam for breeding terrorists.
Whaaaaa Whaaa Whaaa
You never hear:
1. I'm the fat ass who eats burgers and fries 2. I picked up a stupid habit which I knew was bad. 3. The Sniper killed people not the gun 4. Maybe we wouldn't care about oil if I supported alternate energy funding and drove a smaller car. 5. Maybe my country has been poking its nose where it doesn't belong
Why? Because these answers DON'T SELL. It seems if the truth doesn't make you feel good, we change the truth to make ourselves feel LESS bad.
In short the Republic is dead. Long live the Empire.....
http://www.ratical.org/corporations/Lincoln.html What Lincoln Foresaw: Corporations Being "Enthroned" After the Civil War and Re-Writing the Laws Defining Their Existence by Rick Crawford, crawford@cs.ucdavis.edu
Here is a sobering quote by Abe Lincoln: "I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. . . . corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed." -- U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, Nov. 21, 1864 (letter to Col. William F. Elkins) Ref: The Lincoln Encyclopedia, Archer H. Shaw (Macmillan, 1950, NY) Some people expressed doubts about its authenticity, given Lincoln's work as an attorney for railroad corporations! It was an interesting job tracking it down and verifying its authenticity. The first ref I heard for this quote was Jack London's 1908 Iron Heel. And although the quote indeed appears there (near p. 100), Jack London offered neither context nor source.
More recently, David Korten's book, When Corporations Rule the World (1995, Kumarian Press), sources the quote to Harvey Wasserman (America Born and Reborn, Macmillan, 1983, p. 89-90, 313), who in turn sources it to Paha Sapa Reports, the newspaper of the Black Hills Alliance, Rapid City, South Dakota, 4 March 1982. But given Wasserman's ties to Howard Zinn, and his status as co-founder (?) of the Liberation News Service, citing that kind of trail is like waving a red flag for the skeptics;-)
Fortunately, after some burrowing in the univ. library, I was able to confirm its authenticity. Here it is, with more surrounding context:
"We may congratulate ourselves that this cruel war is nearing its end. It has cost a vast amount of treasure and blood. . . . It has indeed been a trying hour for the Republic; but I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. As a result of the war, corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed. I feel at this moment more anxiety for the safety of my country than ever before, even in the midst of war. God grant that my suspicions may prove groundless."
The passage appears in a letter from Lincoln to (Col.) William F. Elkins, Nov. 21, 1864. For a reliable pedigree, cite p. 40 of The Lincoln Encyclopedia, by Archer H. Shaw (Macmillan, 1950, NY). That traces the quote's lineage to p. 954 of Abraham Lincoln: A New Portrait, (Vol. 2) by Emanuel Hertz (Horace Liveright Inc, 1931, NY).
Based on about 3 hrs of research, it appears Lincoln has been extensively SANITIZED FOR OUR PROTECTION. The Hidden Lincoln; from the Letters and Papers of William H. Herndon, by Emanuel Hertz (Viking Press, 1938, NY), details how Herndon (Lincoln's lifelong law partner) collected an extensive oral history and aggregated much of Lincoln's writings into a collection that served as the basis for many "authoritative" books on Lincoln.
By all accounts, Herndon was scrupulously honest and plainspoken. Hertz quotes Herndon's characterization of the various "big-name" authors who relied on his collection for primary source materials:
"They are aiming, first, to do a superb piece of literary work; second, to make the story WITH THE CLASSES AS AGAINST THE MASSES. [my emphasis added] It will result in delineating the real Lincoln about as well as does a wax figure in the museum." In several books, I found numerous places where Lincoln spoke about Capital and Labor ("Workingmen"). Lincoln re-used his own material frequently, and virtually identical passages appear in several places. Lincoln praises the moral rightness of both Capital and Labor, but this is invariably in the context of a nation where NO MORE THAN ONE MAN IN EIGHTis a Capitalist or a Laborer, ie, where 7/8 of the population are "self-employed" on their own farms and homesteads. This social context of general self-sufficiency would explain how Lincoln could serve for years as a railroad corporation lawyer with (apparently) no qualms, yet pen the "corporations enthroned" passage to Elkins.
A final Lincoln tidbit, although it pertains to one very specific case:
"These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in concert to fleece the people, and now that they have got into a quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate the people's money to settle the quarrel." speech to Illinois legislature, Jan. 1837. See Vol. 1, p. 24 of Lincoln's Complete Works, ed. by Nicolay and Hay, 1905)
"I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. . . . corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed." -- U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, Nov. 21, 1864 (letter to Col. William F. Elkins) Ref: The Lincoln Encyclopedia, Archer H. Shaw (Macmillan, 1950, NY)
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Just an in voting, you cannot force civic duty on those either unwilling or uninterested in it. Sure you can force them to carry, but they will not have training and or interest in doing it in a responsible manner. You could however repeal all laws which stop people from doing so. That IMO would be a much preferable option as armed people in such a situation are much more likely to respect guns, and know how/when to use them.
Ah the Irony!
I can see the US government blowing a gasket
about quick and easy anonymous money transfer...
Combs....
Hair with folicles come out when you comb it.
So snatch a comb, and bingo.
But for the sake of argument, lets say I get someone ELSE's DNA to leave at the crime scene...
How you ask? many different ways, I could grab a cigarrete butt from a public ashtray, collect hair from a public toilet (yuck!) or barber shop, etc....
Now, I simply have to plant that "evidence" and guess what: if you are in the database and I am not you are fubar....
Of course they may think you had an accomplis (if they find my DNA) but they will not find me, and wont give you a plea deal because to their mind you have not provided them with a name. To make it even worse, just select the DNA of homeless and/or the poor who will not get decent representation, and will probably not have an alibi.
The new government motto : allurbasepairsblong2US
Remember Panama and/or Iraq?
We couldn't extradite Noriega so we invaded. What's to stop the US from just grabbing people?
Sure it would piss off governments but at the moment we don't seem to care too much about that.
In addition we can now class hackers as terrorists, and refuse to even admit they are in our custody.
Plus we can now hold them indefinately or prosecute them via secret court proceedings.
Thus noone will ever know their fate......
Well there really isn't much practical about
an OS for intellivision either lol....
But hey if it were in assembly, the whole thing would be fast and small...
Heh! I would love to see the Assembly freaks do Linux. Has any group of crazies yet come forth to try it?
I thought ALL cats were sociopathic attack cats.
Now if you said "sociopathic attack Chihuahuas" you'd have my respect for the difficulty of your project.
Yes I said chainmail. No not as in Spam or fraud, but honest to goodness armor. Simple hobby to start, fairly cheap too.
Just get some galvanized steel wire (Home Depot) a 3' metal rod, some wire cutters and a couple of needle nose pliers. The wire for a full shirt will cost you maybe 30.00 at the most, plus about 2.00 for the rod.
I have my first project (a shirt with 7/16 links)99% done. I have since moved into making a coif out of 5/16 rings, and am starting on a fine shirt with 3/16 rings. There are many interesting weave patterns which you can find find on the net.
I have even been thinking about a chain hackey sack.
In addition to the above, Tai chi and various strange musical instruments (Theremin, Didgereedoo).
But if the original poster has no idea what i'm talking about, then he either has no business doing the project, or needs to do research to figure it out.
As for the residents, a simple survey question such as : "would you like high speed internet with the following terms of use?" would do the job.
I assume everyone in the area has wired phone service? If so, try to get a deal with the local telco to access cable coming off their terminal that feeds the area.
The telco will fight you on this, but here is a way around it. Find a motivated salesperson with the telco. Point out to him that with access to the local loop you will be in a position to buy a T-1 from them (whereas they currently are not making any money from DSL etc) If you find the right guy/gal, they will help you through the process. You will still have to jump through hoops, but it wont be as bad with someone on your team. Then put your own DSLAM in place. This wont give you the bandwidth that fiber or 100mb ethernet would, but it will be cheap, and easy.
The other option is do fiber between the homes. This can get messy though. I'd probably use a mix of wired/wireless as it sounds like a low density project.
I meant thinK not thing! LOL
Run cat5 if possible. Before you do that, I assume the condos have cat3 for phone? If so, how are they wired? It could be possible to use the existing cable to run on a 10 meg backbone, dirt cheap.
:
.11b wifi points for quick setup, rollouts to early adopters, and as backup gear
You also need to think of other possible options.
A big one, Voice over IP. With a 100 meg backbone in place, you could replace all the traditional phone service as well as providing internet.
(some legal issues here to look at though).
I'd implement it as follows
1. Do a SURVEY of interested tenants. Include VOIP as an option.
2. check Cat3 option, use it if possible.
3. Get some
when something fails... (it would really depend on how many IDF's you are going to place)
4. Plan your IDF locations carefully. Remember environmental and power factors.
5. Use the WIFI AP's to go from IDF to MDF on a temporary basis until you can rollout a fiber backbone.
6. Monitor and then put Rate-limiting into effect for the people who abuse the service, i.e. mp3's and warez out to the outside world.
7. Make clear service terms so the users know what to expect and what not to do.
8. Someone will have to monitor/troubleshoot this service. If you don't have someone, an option would be contract out with a Local ISP, or
perhaps a local computer consultant.
Finally, for those not interested in paying a monthly fee, offer LAN access for free, (to get them hooked as it were)
Without knowing more details the above is all I can give you. Hope it works out!
"U.S. players in Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Nevada, Tennessee and Vermont won't be able to wager any money because of laws barring fee-based online gaming."
Does this mean it is illegal to play everquest etc. in Arizona?
The way the blurb reads I would say yes. Anyone know?
Ha!
:
And some poeple still say the slippery slope arguement is Baloney.
Gee I wonder how long till my posts on slashdot are trolled and I am stripped of my citizenship?
Everyone get ready to learn two words
"Zeig Heil!"
Yes but I got too much karma on the first post.
:
Thus I needed to balance it out.
What better way than a post critical of the "Fatherland"?
Even a joking post was sure to go down in karma hell......
Thus balance is restored to my karma.
Remember the path to slashdot enlightenment
"If you meet Cowboy Neal on the road, Kill him."
News Headline : "Bush declares war on EARTH!"
:
Washington DC. In a major foreign policy statement today President Bush declared war on
the entire world population. When asked what justified this sudden policy change Mr Bush replied
"This is just an extenshun of our war on Terra. I have also directed Herr Ridge to do a thora
backround check on all Nasa staff as there are rumas the place is crawln with many in favor of all Terra forms."
"When I took ova this heah Country, I had no ideah
how deep the roots of Terra had penustriated owa Gubment."
In a related story, DICK Cheney is now aboard "Oil Force Two". Government spokesmen have stated he will be moved to a secured and undisclosed location somewhere on the Moon to ensure continuity of the chain of command.
What?
If we can't Terrorform Mars then....
The Terarrists HAVE WON!
WWI was not an indecisive outcome. It set the stage for II becuase of the draconian measures
thrust upon germany at its end.
It broke germany into many parts, and caused
hyper inflation (due to the reperation payments)
and thus set the stage for social unrest
which led to hitler.
The reason it worked for the allies after WWII was the Marshall plan, and the rather benign
treatment of certain "war criminals" such as Japan's emporer Hirohito....
I am not justifying terrorist acts.
I am trying to point out there is ALWAYS A REASON behind terrorism.
In order to stop terrorism from occuring you must eliminate the reason behind it, or you are doomed to fight a never ending war. Look at Israel and Palestine.
As for your point regarding the nations listed,
our citizens ARE targeted when in those countries
(except Canada) thats why corporations spend big $$$ hiring corporate security...
Oh the sweet taste of Irony!
If this passes it will be illegal for kids to get
the Americasarmy.com free video game, but
it will be legal for them to kill for real.
Let me guess. They will justify this "protecting the children" through some nebulous reasoning using the interstate commerce clause.
:
Has this country just gone flat out insane?
Must we protect everyone from everything which someone may find objectionable?
What the hell ever happened to you mind your own business and i'll mind mine?
I've come to the sad conclusion that my fellow
citizens have forgotten that freedom, liberty
and PERSONAL responsiblity go hand in hand.
Let's blame Mcdonalds because I'm fat and eat their crappy food.
Let's blame tobacco companies because I smoke and got lung cancer
Let's blame the gun makers cause a "sniper" went nuts and killed people.
Let's blame Iraq cause my gas bill for that new SUV is outrageous.
Let's blame Islam for breeding terrorists.
Whaaaaa Whaaa Whaaa
You never hear
1. I'm the fat ass who eats burgers and fries
2. I picked up a stupid habit which I knew was bad.
3. The Sniper killed people not the gun
4. Maybe we wouldn't care about oil if I supported
alternate energy funding and drove a smaller car.
5. Maybe my country has been poking its nose where it doesn't belong
Why? Because these answers DON'T SELL. It seems if the truth doesn't make you feel good, we change the truth to make ourselves feel LESS bad.
In short the Republic is dead. Long live the Empire.....
http://www.ratical.org/corporations/Lincoln.html
;-)
What Lincoln Foresaw:
Corporations Being "Enthroned" After the Civil War
and Re-Writing the Laws Defining Their Existence
by Rick Crawford, crawford@cs.ucdavis.edu
Here is a sobering quote by Abe Lincoln:
"I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. . . . corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed."
-- U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, Nov. 21, 1864
(letter to Col. William F. Elkins)
Ref: The Lincoln Encyclopedia, Archer H. Shaw (Macmillan, 1950, NY) Some people expressed doubts about its authenticity, given Lincoln's work as an attorney for railroad corporations! It was an interesting job tracking it down and verifying its authenticity.
The first ref I heard for this quote was Jack London's 1908 Iron Heel. And although the quote indeed appears there (near p. 100), Jack London offered neither context nor source.
More recently, David Korten's book, When Corporations Rule the World (1995, Kumarian Press), sources the quote to Harvey Wasserman (America Born and Reborn, Macmillan, 1983, p. 89-90, 313), who in turn sources it to Paha Sapa Reports, the newspaper of the Black Hills Alliance, Rapid City, South Dakota, 4 March 1982. But given Wasserman's ties to Howard Zinn, and his status as co-founder (?) of the Liberation News Service, citing that kind of trail is like waving a red flag for the skeptics
Fortunately, after some burrowing in the univ. library, I was able to confirm its authenticity. Here it is, with more surrounding context:
"We may congratulate ourselves that this cruel war is nearing its end. It has cost a vast amount of treasure and blood. . . . It has indeed been a trying hour for the Republic; but I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. As a result of the war, corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed. I feel at this moment more anxiety for the safety of my country than ever before, even in the midst of war. God grant that my suspicions may prove groundless."
The passage appears in a letter from Lincoln to (Col.) William F. Elkins, Nov. 21, 1864.
For a reliable pedigree, cite p. 40 of The Lincoln Encyclopedia, by Archer H. Shaw (Macmillan, 1950, NY). That traces the quote's lineage to p. 954 of Abraham Lincoln: A New Portrait, (Vol. 2) by Emanuel Hertz (Horace Liveright Inc, 1931, NY).
Based on about 3 hrs of research, it appears Lincoln has been extensively SANITIZED FOR OUR PROTECTION. The Hidden Lincoln; from the Letters and Papers of William H. Herndon, by Emanuel Hertz (Viking Press, 1938, NY), details how Herndon (Lincoln's lifelong law partner) collected an extensive oral history and aggregated much of Lincoln's writings into a collection that served as the basis for many "authoritative" books on Lincoln.
By all accounts, Herndon was scrupulously honest and plainspoken. Hertz quotes Herndon's characterization of the various "big-name" authors who relied on his collection for primary source materials:
"They are aiming, first, to do a superb piece of literary work; second, to make the story WITH THE CLASSES AS AGAINST THE MASSES. [my emphasis added] It will result in delineating the real Lincoln about as well as does a wax figure in the museum."
In several books, I found numerous places where Lincoln spoke about Capital and Labor ("Workingmen"). Lincoln re-used his own material frequently, and virtually identical passages appear in several places. Lincoln praises the moral rightness of both Capital and Labor, but this is invariably in the context of a nation where NO MORE THAN ONE MAN IN EIGHTis a Capitalist or a Laborer, ie, where 7/8 of the population are "self-employed" on their own farms and homesteads.
This social context of general self-sufficiency would explain how Lincoln could serve for years as a railroad corporation lawyer with (apparently) no qualms, yet pen the "corporations enthroned" passage to Elkins.
A final Lincoln tidbit, although it pertains to one very specific case:
"These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in concert to fleece the people, and now that they have got into a quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate the people's money to settle the quarrel."
speech to Illinois legislature, Jan. 1837.
See Vol. 1, p. 24 of Lincoln's Complete Works,
ed. by Nicolay and Hay, 1905)
Is it incorrect?
"I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. . . . corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed."
-- U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, Nov. 21, 1864
(letter to Col. William F. Elkins)
Ref: The Lincoln Encyclopedia, Archer H. Shaw (Macmillan, 1950, NY)