we've been playing with that one on Safari and Chrome side-=by-side. Chrome's JS is significantly faster, but it does have a bug in that text (inside the google search bar) only appears if the bar is level. On Safari it appears when the bar is at an angle.
Performance: FF is acceptable, Safari is worse so some are ok, some are not, Couldn't be bothered to try it on IE.
Chrome performs like client desktops used to. I look forward to our new browser-based overlords.
anecdote: A technically-minded colleague decided his daughter was old enough for a computer in her bedroom, so.. he put one together and installed every piece of internet filtering he could lay his hands on. So she has one of her friends round, and off they go to surf facebook (or whatever).
A short time later, there's massive amounts of giggling coming from the room, so he decides to nip up and just see if everything is fine, sticks his head round the door and asks what's so funny only to be told "daddy, daddy, look. that woman's done a poo on that man's chest".
Yup, young child has decided to google for the most funny thing in the world to a 9 year old, which obviously is poop, and has been directed to the front page for a hardcore bondage website. Fortunately they were too young to know what scat is and thought it was hilarious (there's a lesson in that for adults I think), whilst daddy is traumatised:)
Mind you, we laughed our tits off in the office next day when he told us.
If you can write a complex system such that a teammate can open any random code file and think "what's so hard about that?"
*exactly*. Its like any other area, the truly talented are the ones who "make it look easy". I'm sure you've seen a sportsman or athlete on the TV, and thought to yourself "I could do that". The problem is that you couldn't, its only because they made it look so effortless that you think you could.
'Devs' like Josh are incompetent in comparison. Often I've found the people who write the most impenetrable code and the ones who think they're the greatest (a worrying sign in itself) and many others agree because they can't understand the code said "genius" came up with. There's a reason no-one can understand it - because its poop. Unmaintainable, probably slow, and possibly only written that way because it gives them some feeling of superiority.
In my old teams they were told to get with the team, or get lost. They're not working for their amusement, they're working for the benefit of the company that pays them.
Scott Berkun wrote a good article about teams and stars. Worth a read.
yep, but you can get arrested for downloading off those kind of websites.
Besides, what could be better than the ISP calling to say "Hi, we appear to have a lot of downloads going to spanky-kiddie-monkey.com, we think it might be a vir... hello, hello, oh the line seems to have dropped out"
The young programmer spoke up quickly, saying he had managed a network of this type for 2 years and that he knew it worked this way. At this point the senior programmer grins and says... "Well, that's not how I wrote the specification"
yeah, but it was an original unix specification, and the kid managed it on a windows network:)
('thought leaders' and 'networked curators')... 'You have to bring the same rigor you bring to operations and finance to the analysis of people,' explains Microsoft's Rupert Bader.
You go for it Mr Bader. It'll mean that those useless, unimportant, non-value-adding engineering employees that you currently employ will leave in disgust, but you'll have a company staffed to the limit with all those valuable 'thought leaders' and 'networked curators'. Best add a few 'change coordinators' and 'innovation facilitators' too. Your MBA course told you those were the kinds of people you need to attract and win, and pay vast salaries for - you don't get the best unless you pay the best after all.
Sure, you might find it difficult to actually *produce* anything, but that's so overrated in the "knowledge economy" anyway, and god the ideas and thoughts coming out of your company will be world-leading.
I don't think anyone wants open source applications here - what they really wanted was open systems. Standards, or publically open, defined protocols.
Once you have that, then you *can* have open source as much as anyone wants to create it, but without the open standard, you have no choice in the matter at all.
Just imagine if http protocol was proprietary to Netscape - we'd still be paying to use navigator 4. But, because it was open we can have Firefox and IE, and rubbish browsers like the old NS ones die away pretty rapidly.
So, yes transparency is good, but the word to describe that is usually referred to as 'open standards'
I'd say its their environment, unless you live in a deprived inner city area, then you have a lot more to look forward to (except working until you're 75 to earn a pension:) ).
When you look at these kinds of areas, I always think of the cyberpunk societies of fiction - the haves v the underclass have-nots. The careers and gated communities (even if they're not physically gated, there's often a psychological disconnect between places) v the dead-end, low-skill jobs on offer to the others. We've imported so many immigrants to be our virtual slave-labour its not surprising if you live in such an area to simply drop out into gang culture and petty crime along with your peers. Makes me think of many American cities where you can turn off one concrete+glass street and suddenly find yourself in a slum.
Think of the predominant culture we have today: get-rich-quick schemes, the fast way to wealth through becoming a z-list celebrity on big brother, property development to get rich, which excludes practically everyone from home ownership, it used to be get-rich-quick through the stock market. These things permeate society and suck the enthusiasm and motivation from people, if you are poor, everything around you tells you not to bother trying, don't bother working hard, you only earn £15k a year, a shitty flat will cost you £250k in your area, is it any wonder old-fashioned values of family life, working a normal job are all looked down on. That's if you could get a decent job (which I'm sure you have, and which gives you optimism for the future. Imagine you're unemployed and living in Hackey!)
I think, for the last 30 years or so, we've been trying to become more like America.
I don't know who to blame more - Raegan, Thatcher for their 'free market' policies and 'special relationship'; or Blair for the "I'm middle class, therefore I count for more than you scum, so shut up and let me do things my way because I'm the only one who can fix everything" attitude to policy, or Brown for the idiotic "no more boom and bust", "I will not let house prices get out of control and damage the economy" (LOL!) economic incompetence.
Its no wonder the youth are disaffected, though they've always been like that, but now they (rightly) really feel like they have no stake in society. Its not like the 60s when the hippie generation grew up and became accountants, or the 70s when the punk generation grew up and became businessmen, or the 80s when everyone was a self-interested tosser, or the 90s when all the ravers grew up and became property developers. Youth of today really have f*ck all to look forward to - even those not living in seriously overcrowded, ruined estates full of insignificantly-paid immigrants and criminals, ruled over by totally incompetent councillors and lazy, misguided and seriously overpaid public officials.
The two biggest differences are the icons and the games. Games are not our priority." love that one.
According to Guimard the move to open source has also helped to reduce maintenance costs. Keeping GNU/Linux desktops up to date is much easier, he says. "Previously, one of us would be travelling all year just to install a new version of some anti virus application on the desktops in the Gendarmerie's outposts on the islands in French Polynesia. A similar operation now is finished within two weeks and does not require travelling."
suddenly it doesn't seem such a good move.. to one IT support engineer who is still crying into his coffee:)
sure it doesn't make them experts, but its a step closer than just watching someone else do it. Interaction makes you think a lot more than just watching - why else did your teachers make you copy things out? (ok, partly laziness), but you never learn unless you actually do it, even if that's under instruction from someone else. You pick it up, bit by bit.
I can see it happening, ActiveX is out, now you only need to write Active.NET applications using the smart composite application block framework or something similar.
I can easily see activex components being thrown away in favour of dynamically loaded and run.net applications that run without the obvious container of IE, they'll use a different container really built directly into the OS.
you know, I'm not sure he reads the Slashdot tutorial section. Where else would he find this information? Surely on the OpenOffice website, and not Launchpad's?
Sure, OO.o has a download page and he could get a deb package, but it'd be much easier if he was directed to a ubuntu repository and told to add a OO.o repo to Synaptic. Then all would be happiness and joy:)
The "tendency among Linux evangelists to try to "fix" a neophyte's problems" is exactly what is needed.
Sure, if the expert was telling the neophyte what to do and the neophyte was doing the typing and clicking. However, that's almost never the case - the expert pushes the neophyte to one said, says "let me do it" and does it in a flurry of fingers. The neophyte still hasn't got a clue about the computer, nor how to fix it next time.
The only thing he gets from it is a sense that "linux is too difficult for me to fix, I need an expert".
but, if you read the article, you'd see 2 main problems:
firstly, there is a nice GUI.. in fact there's 3 nice GUIs. He describes each one including the "update manager" that presents him with a huge list of updates for stuff he's never heard of (and were probably installed by default) that he decides is best left alone and not updated !!!
Now, while I think Linux is great for lots of choice, on a desktop system designed to be used by everyone, a choice is not what you want - you want 1 place to do 1 thing. So possibly have 1 GUI for installing new, 1 GUI for updating (even better to put those two together). Obviously, if a better updater GUI comes along, the distro will migrate to use it.
The 2nd problem is that he knows of the installer GUI, great! So now he goes looking for how to install OpenOffice v3 (he had v2), and... its not in the list, so he's completely stumped. Having a repository for each distro is fantastic, but it falls down dramatically once popular software is not available. It might make more sense if said software had its own repo you could attach to the GUI, but often that's not the case. I would love for everyone offering software to have their own repo instead of a 'download' webpage, but maybe that's just a dream. Not even sourceforge offers this - its still a download manually, and check for email updates regularly.
Perhaps people just need a super-simply way of setting up a yum and apt repo, then it might take off a little more.
Oooh, this is by far my favorite, that's why I saved it for last. If you're to the point where you're seriously considering disabling solitaire, this reveals a number of things about the organization:
Now this is where your answer reveals a lot about you. What kind of organisation are you talking about? One full of IT technical people, such as yourself, who need a less restrictive access policy towards their computer? Of course.
What people who need group policy controls, even those to restrict solitaire, work with are large "user" based organisations. Imagine a call centre: you have 500 PCs, every worker has one, each one of whom is paid sod all, is expected to talk to abusive customers (who offer death threats if their bill increases by $1), and who you don't trust to stop calling the scummy customers for 5 minutes and reset their desktop settings to pink text on a green background, and who think that solitaire is worth playing for 2 hours solid.
These are the organisations where group policies are needed in ways that you fear. Other organisations also need group policies, even the ones you work at, but in those places its often used simply to benefit you - give you the correct printer drivers, set up the correct proxy server etc. Stuff that an IT bod would have to take time to (again!) tell you of, and expect you to be able to make use of without further help.
OO.o is just fine for home users that are only writing letters and occasionally making a little speadsheet.
yes.... what do you think most businesses using Word do? I find companies fall into 2 categories: those that use Word for writing little reports, maybe with a table, and lots of auto-generated formatting; and those who use full-on automation forms and scripted features who wish they could just write little reports.
But for business? I'm sorry but Calc is no way in hell comparable to Excel, and there are simply way too damned many businesses that live and breathe in Excel for this to be even a remotely viable solution.
We have an estimate spreadsheet in Excel like this, please please please let us use OO.o so I can dump the useless, awkward, difficult-to-use, I'm-sorry-Dave-those-figures-are-not-correct crock and get on with some work instead!
If you look at the motherboards with embedded Splashtop Linux on them (Asus only IIRC), they offer the 'feature' of instant bootup, with an OS you can use to surf the web, read email and play music (plus other things I doubt anyone care about when they want super-fast bootup).
They are pushing it as a reason to buy their mobos, if it took off here, and the netbooks prove popular (a colleague has a linux netbook, we both think its brillinat) then I see this as the primary factor in linux desktop takeup. Once people stop being scared of the new, unfamiliar, thing I think they'll like it and start using it.
Yes, a lot of suppliers use standard shipping containers (including the big shipping containers that slot onto ships, that revolutionised shipping from the old 'anything in a bag' that dock workers used to load by hand to allowing fully automated systems to be used instead)
because you can only run it off Google's servers and they see EVERYTHING THAT GOES ON. I can't believe this Google fanboy Obama brought in would even consider this. Arkowitz
calm down, sit back, wait for the news reports of the next "leaked" email scandal:) He'll get the security and privacy message pretty damn soon you know.
by accepting this licence you agree to: * remove the name of the person you received this code from, and send him a cheque or alternative valued at $0. * add your own name to the licence * send this to 5 other people not on the list
considering the enormous amount of effort usually required to produce paper from trees (which require a lot of labour, land and fertilizer to plant, harvest and transport). That's before all the effort then required to convert the wood first into woodchips and then into pulp.
Whilst they don't eats trees, what do these animals eat? To produce paper on a commercial level, you'll need a lot of poop, so you need a lot of Wombats, and a lot of food for them. Then you have a major effort to collect the poo and all the fertiliser, labour and land to manage these crops.
Like meat production, you're probably better off eating the crops used to feed the animals that you intend to cook. If you could make the paper from Wombat feed, you'll likely get a similar increase in efficiency.
the day Microsoft releases IE 8 -- the most popular web browser in the world
in the US maybe, here in Europe the EU has decided that IE8 will not be the most popular - due to Microsoft having to give people a choice for once.
we've been playing with that one on Safari and Chrome side-=by-side. Chrome's JS is significantly faster, but it does have a bug in that text (inside the google search bar) only appears if the bar is level. On Safari it appears when the bar is at an angle.
Performance: FF is acceptable, Safari is worse so some are ok, some are not, Couldn't be bothered to try it on IE.
Chrome performs like client desktops used to. I look forward to our new browser-based overlords.
Keep the computer in the living room.
that's the only one.
anecdote: A technically-minded colleague decided his daughter was old enough for a computer in her bedroom, so.. he put one together and installed every piece of internet filtering he could lay his hands on. So she has one of her friends round, and off they go to surf facebook (or whatever).
A short time later, there's massive amounts of giggling coming from the room, so he decides to nip up and just see if everything is fine, sticks his head round the door and asks what's so funny only to be told "daddy, daddy, look. that woman's done a poo on that man's chest".
Yup, young child has decided to google for the most funny thing in the world to a 9 year old, which obviously is poop, and has been directed to the front page for a hardcore bondage website. Fortunately they were too young to know what scat is and thought it was hilarious (there's a lesson in that for adults I think), whilst daddy is traumatised :)
Mind you, we laughed our tits off in the office next day when he told us.
If you can write a complex system such that a teammate can open any random code file and think "what's so hard about that?"
*exactly*. Its like any other area, the truly talented are the ones who "make it look easy". I'm sure you've seen a sportsman or athlete on the TV, and thought to yourself "I could do that". The problem is that you couldn't, its only because they made it look so effortless that you think you could.
'Devs' like Josh are incompetent in comparison. Often I've found the people who write the most impenetrable code and the ones who think they're the greatest (a worrying sign in itself) and many others agree because they can't understand the code said "genius" came up with. There's a reason no-one can understand it - because its poop. Unmaintainable, probably slow, and possibly only written that way because it gives them some feeling of superiority.
In my old teams they were told to get with the team, or get lost. They're not working for their amusement, they're working for the benefit of the company that pays them.
Scott Berkun wrote a good article about teams and stars. Worth a read.
yep, but you can get arrested for downloading off those kind of websites.
Besides, what could be better than the ISP calling to say "Hi, we appear to have a lot of downloads going to spanky-kiddie-monkey.com, we think it might be a vir... hello, hello, oh the line seems to have dropped out"
It'll solve the downloads problem though :)
The young programmer spoke up quickly, saying he had managed a network of this type for 2 years and that he knew it worked this way. At this point the senior programmer grins and says... "Well, that's not how I wrote the specification"
yeah, but it was an original unix specification, and the kid managed it on a windows network :)
('thought leaders' and 'networked curators') ... 'You have to bring the same rigor you bring to operations and finance to the analysis of people,' explains Microsoft's Rupert Bader.
You go for it Mr Bader. It'll mean that those useless, unimportant, non-value-adding engineering employees that you currently employ will leave in disgust, but you'll have a company staffed to the limit with all those valuable 'thought leaders' and 'networked curators'. Best add a few 'change coordinators' and 'innovation facilitators' too. Your MBA course told you those were the kinds of people you need to attract and win, and pay vast salaries for - you don't get the best unless you pay the best after all.
Sure, you might find it difficult to actually *produce* anything, but that's so overrated in the "knowledge economy" anyway, and god the ideas and thoughts coming out of your company will be world-leading.
lol!
I don't think anyone wants open source applications here - what they really wanted was open systems. Standards, or publically open, defined protocols.
Once you have that, then you *can* have open source as much as anyone wants to create it, but without the open standard, you have no choice in the matter at all.
Just imagine if http protocol was proprietary to Netscape - we'd still be paying to use navigator 4. But, because it was open we can have Firefox and IE, and rubbish browsers like the old NS ones die away pretty rapidly.
So, yes transparency is good, but the word to describe that is usually referred to as 'open standards'
I'd say its their environment, unless you live in a deprived inner city area, then you have a lot more to look forward to (except working until you're 75 to earn a pension :) ).
When you look at these kinds of areas, I always think of the cyberpunk societies of fiction - the haves v the underclass have-nots. The careers and gated communities (even if they're not physically gated, there's often a psychological disconnect between places) v the dead-end, low-skill jobs on offer to the others. We've imported so many immigrants to be our virtual slave-labour its not surprising if you live in such an area to simply drop out into gang culture and petty crime along with your peers. Makes me think of many American cities where you can turn off one concrete+glass street and suddenly find yourself in a slum.
Think of the predominant culture we have today: get-rich-quick schemes, the fast way to wealth through becoming a z-list celebrity on big brother, property development to get rich, which excludes practically everyone from home ownership, it used to be get-rich-quick through the stock market.
These things permeate society and suck the enthusiasm and motivation from people, if you are poor, everything around you tells you not to bother trying, don't bother working hard, you only earn £15k a year, a shitty flat will cost you £250k in your area, is it any wonder old-fashioned values of family life, working a normal job are all looked down on. That's if you could get a decent job (which I'm sure you have, and which gives you optimism for the future. Imagine you're unemployed and living in Hackey!)
I hope the crash makes things better for us all.
England, what the hell is wrong with you?
I think, for the last 30 years or so, we've been trying to become more like America.
I don't know who to blame more - Raegan, Thatcher for their 'free market' policies and 'special relationship'; or Blair for the "I'm middle class, therefore I count for more than you scum, so shut up and let me do things my way because I'm the only one who can fix everything" attitude to policy, or Brown for the idiotic "no more boom and bust", "I will not let house prices get out of control and damage the economy" (LOL!) economic incompetence.
Its no wonder the youth are disaffected, though they've always been like that, but now they (rightly) really feel like they have no stake in society. Its not like the 60s when the hippie generation grew up and became accountants, or the 70s when the punk generation grew up and became businessmen, or the 80s when everyone was a self-interested tosser, or the 90s when all the ravers grew up and became property developers. Youth of today really have f*ck all to look forward to - even those not living in seriously overcrowded, ruined estates full of insignificantly-paid immigrants and criminals, ruled over by totally incompetent councillors and lazy, misguided and seriously overpaid public officials.
not as good as these 2 choice quotes:
The two biggest differences are the icons and the games. Games are not our priority."
love that one.
According to Guimard the move to open source has also helped to reduce maintenance costs. Keeping GNU/Linux desktops up to date is much easier, he says. "Previously, one of us would be travelling all year just to install a new version of some anti virus application on the desktops in the Gendarmerie's outposts on the islands in French Polynesia. A similar operation now is finished within two weeks and does not require travelling."
suddenly it doesn't seem such a good move.. to one IT support engineer who is still crying into his coffee :)
sure it doesn't make them experts, but its a step closer than just watching someone else do it. Interaction makes you think a lot more than just watching - why else did your teachers make you copy things out? (ok, partly laziness), but you never learn unless you actually do it, even if that's under instruction from someone else. You pick it up, bit by bit.
I can see it happening, ActiveX is out, now you only need to write Active.NET applications using the smart composite application block framework or something similar.
I can easily see activex components being thrown away in favour of dynamically loaded and run .net applications that run without the obvious container of IE, they'll use a different container really built directly into the OS.
you know, I'm not sure he reads the Slashdot tutorial section. Where else would he find this information? Surely on the OpenOffice website, and not Launchpad's?
Sure, OO.o has a download page and he could get a deb package, but it'd be much easier if he was directed to a ubuntu repository and told to add a OO.o repo to Synaptic. Then all would be happiness and joy :)
The "tendency among Linux evangelists to try to "fix" a neophyte's problems" is exactly what is needed.
Sure, if the expert was telling the neophyte what to do and the neophyte was doing the typing and clicking. However, that's almost never the case - the expert pushes the neophyte to one said, says "let me do it" and does it in a flurry of fingers. The neophyte still hasn't got a clue about the computer, nor how to fix it next time.
The only thing he gets from it is a sense that "linux is too difficult for me to fix, I need an expert".
but, if you read the article, you'd see 2 main problems:
firstly, there is a nice GUI.. in fact there's 3 nice GUIs. He describes each one including the "update manager" that presents him with a huge list of updates for stuff he's never heard of (and were probably installed by default) that he decides is best left alone and not updated !!!
Now, while I think Linux is great for lots of choice, on a desktop system designed to be used by everyone, a choice is not what you want - you want 1 place to do 1 thing. So possibly have 1 GUI for installing new, 1 GUI for updating (even better to put those two together). Obviously, if a better updater GUI comes along, the distro will migrate to use it.
The 2nd problem is that he knows of the installer GUI, great! So now he goes looking for how to install OpenOffice v3 (he had v2), and ... its not in the list, so he's completely stumped.
Having a repository for each distro is fantastic, but it falls down dramatically once popular software is not available. It might make more sense if said software had its own repo you could attach to the GUI, but often that's not the case. I would love for everyone offering software to have their own repo instead of a 'download' webpage, but maybe that's just a dream. Not even sourceforge offers this - its still a download manually, and check for email updates regularly.
Perhaps people just need a super-simply way of setting up a yum and apt repo, then it might take off a little more.
Oooh, this is by far my favorite, that's why I saved it for last. If you're to the point where you're seriously considering disabling solitaire, this reveals a number of things about the organization:
Now this is where your answer reveals a lot about you. What kind of organisation are you talking about? One full of IT technical people, such as yourself, who need a less restrictive access policy towards their computer? Of course.
What people who need group policy controls, even those to restrict solitaire, work with are large "user" based organisations. Imagine a call centre: you have 500 PCs, every worker has one, each one of whom is paid sod all, is expected to talk to abusive customers (who offer death threats if their bill increases by $1), and who you don't trust to stop calling the scummy customers for 5 minutes and reset their desktop settings to pink text on a green background, and who think that solitaire is worth playing for 2 hours solid.
These are the organisations where group policies are needed in ways that you fear.
Other organisations also need group policies, even the ones you work at, but in those places its often used simply to benefit you - give you the correct printer drivers, set up the correct proxy server etc. Stuff that an IT bod would have to take time to (again!) tell you of, and expect you to be able to make use of without further help.
OO.o is just fine for home users that are only writing letters and occasionally making a little speadsheet.
yes.... what do you think most businesses using Word do? I find companies fall into 2 categories: those that use Word for writing little reports, maybe with a table, and lots of auto-generated formatting; and those who use full-on automation forms and scripted features who wish they could just write little reports.
But for business? I'm sorry but Calc is no way in hell comparable to Excel, and there are simply way too damned many businesses that live and breathe in Excel for this to be even a remotely viable solution.
We have an estimate spreadsheet in Excel like this, please please please let us use OO.o so I can dump the useless, awkward, difficult-to-use, I'm-sorry-Dave-those-figures-are-not-correct crock and get on with some work instead!
You might be interested in "the box", a continuing BBC report of the life of a shipping container.
If you look at the motherboards with embedded Splashtop Linux on them (Asus only IIRC), they offer the 'feature' of instant bootup, with an OS you can use to surf the web, read email and play music (plus other things I doubt anyone care about when they want super-fast bootup).
They are pushing it as a reason to buy their mobos, if it took off here, and the netbooks prove popular (a colleague has a linux netbook, we both think its brillinat) then I see this as the primary factor in linux desktop takeup. Once people stop being scared of the new, unfamiliar, thing I think they'll like it and start using it.
Yes, a lot of suppliers use standard shipping containers (including the big shipping containers that slot onto ships, that revolutionised shipping from the old 'anything in a bag' that dock workers used to load by hand to allowing fully automated systems to be used instead)
However, whilst its great for the common case, it falls over on the edge cases!
because you can only run it off Google's servers and they see EVERYTHING THAT GOES ON. I can't believe this Google fanboy Obama brought in would even consider this. Arkowitz
calm down, sit back, wait for the news reports of the next "leaked" email scandal :)
He'll get the security and privacy message pretty damn soon you know.
Wait, is that like one of those pyramid schemes?
Its the GPLv4:
by accepting this licence you agree to:
* remove the name of the person you received this code from, and send him a cheque or alternative valued at $0.
* add your own name to the licence
* send this to 5 other people not on the list
something like that :)
considering the enormous amount of effort usually required to produce paper from trees (which require a lot of labour, land and fertilizer to plant, harvest and transport). That's before all the effort then required to convert the wood first into woodchips and then into pulp.
Whilst they don't eats trees, what do these animals eat? To produce paper on a commercial level, you'll need a lot of poop, so you need a lot of Wombats, and a lot of food for them. Then you have a major effort to collect the poo and all the fertiliser, labour and land to manage these crops.
Like meat production, you're probably better off eating the crops used to feed the animals that you intend to cook. If you could make the paper from Wombat feed, you'll likely get a similar increase in efficiency.
well, now you can have .NET apps (ie running in a virtual machine) running in a virtual machine, running on a virtual emulation layer.
No wonder we need mainframes!