By the given definition, placing a bet on the future level of the FTSE is speculation regardless of whether the contract is placed with a bookie, a futures exchange, a portfolio insurer, or another risk-seeker. Placing a bet on which horse will win a race at the race track is clearly gambling, because the races would not occur in the absence of betting.
Placing a bet on which human will win a race at the Olympics or which team will win the World Cup is likewise gambling. These are what Huizinga identifies as ludic activities, events that take place chiefly to create winners and losers in in the events themselves. Wars and elections create winners and losers, but substantial unrelated ancilliary benefits accrue to the winners (the right to tax, the right to govern). The benefits that accrue to a Super Bowl victor (the right to wear a ring, increased compensation for subsequent competitions, increased value of product endorsements) are strongly tied to the event itself. In the absence of football competitions, the value of a footballer's product endorsement would be negligible. The right to govern is so desirable that it is valued even without elections, alas.
The Iowa Electronic Markets operated by the University of Iowa Tippie College of Business has been n operaton since 1988. It has offered real-money futures contracts for U.S. and other political markets including"Control of Congress" as well as the Democratic & Republican Presidential nominee and the popular vote share, Senate seats, Russian and French Presidential contests, etc.
Speculation can be strictly distinguished from gambling.
The speculator makes a bet on the outcome of a risky event which would exist in the absence of speculators, such as bad weather and natural disasters.
The gambler, finding nothing satisfactory for betting, sets up a slotted wheel, makes six-sided dice, designs cards which are identical from the back but different from the front, and then bets on what happens when these devices are randomized.
Speculation shifts existing risk. Gambling adds to the universal total of risk.
Or... prefix (Polish, Lukasiewicz) notation lets you have pointers, bit-level & increment/decrement operators, and exactly one precedence level ("left to right").
Are you saying you like
*pc++=*pa++**pb++
better than
assign deref postincr c mult deref postincr a deref postincr b
What do you recommend a C compiler do, then, when it comes across "everything else"? Reject the code if every token is not parenthesized? Or should it have an unambiguous rule? It must do something when it sees
while (*e++=*p++)
Other languages scrape by somehow with four levels.
I liked this, which supports "Quality of Implementation:"
The development cycle of embedded software does not easily lend itself to the trial-and-error style of programming and debugging, so a stubborn C++ compiler that catches as many errors as possible at compile-time significantly reduces the dependence on run-time debugging, executable run-time support and compile/download/test cycles.
This saves untold hours at the test bench, not to mention strain on PROM sockets.
DEFECT CLASS: Null Pointer Dereference DEFECT ID 10 LOCATION: httpd-2.1/modules/mappers/mod_negotiation.c : 2495 DESCRIPTION The local pointer variable arr, declared on line 2349, and assigned on line 2365, may be NULL where it is dereferenced on line 2495. This NULL pointer dereference only happens in an Out Of Memory context.
PRECONDITIONS The conditional expression (neg->send_alternates && neg->avail_vars->nelts) on line 2364 evaluates to true AND The function apr_array_make, called on line 2365, returns NULL AND The conditional expression (neg->send_alternates && neg->avail_vars->nelts) on line 2494 evaluates to true.
I traced through the code on lxr.webperf.org and it appears that pool_alloc can return NULL.
Is the idea that this code will never be executed in an out-of-memory condition, because it is only executed by a child, and the child dies automatically on malloc failure?
Interested persons can download the full defect report free of charge.
Some things I found interesting:
Apache 2.1 (dev) is a mere 76,208 LOC.
No memory leaks detected
29 NULL pointer dereferences
2 Uninitialized variables
No bounds errors, no bad deallocs
otherchild.c had a rate of 7 NULL pointer dereferences per 1000 KSLC
One of the explanations (given by Reasoning) for a NULL pointer dereference is "can occur in low memory conditions," which I think means the original allocator did not check for malloc failure.
So you can get a sense of what a defect looks like, here is #21. The orignal uses bold and fonts improve readability, but I don't know how to reproduce that in slashcode: DEFECT CLASS: Null Pointer Dereference
DESCRIPTION The local pointer variable cur, declared on line 126, and assigned on line 128, may be NULL where it is dereferenced on line 137. PRECONDITIONS The conditional expression (cur) on line 129 evaluates to false.
CODE FRAGMENT 124 APR_DECLARE(void) apr_proc_other_child_unregister(void *data) 125 { 126 apr_other_child_rec_t *cur; 127 128 cur = other_children; 129 while (cur) { 130 if (cur->data == data) { 131 break; 132 } 133 cur = cur->next; 134 } 135 136/* segfault if this function called with invalid parm */ 137 apr_pool_cleanup_kill(cur->p, cur->data, other_child_cleanup); 138 other_child_cleanup(data); 139 }
Amazons can distract monsters with Decoy and Valk Assassins can use traps and shadows Barbarians can Howl Druids can summon pets Necromancers can cast Terror Paladins can use Hammers, Fists, and Vigor
Please permit me to draw your attention to California. Although it did not join the Union until 61 years after the original 13 states, it has since achieved some prominance.
Planescape: Torment is a superb RPG. The New York Times reviewer said "While computer games have not yet achieved Shakespearian quality, this one is perhaps as good as Marlowe." Although it is out of print (so you'll need to check the bargain bins or the web), it is not cobwebbed. This FAQ was updated in February 2003.
So, what, we just kill off 98% of people, and that won't be so bad?
Sounds awful, but two percent of six billion is 120 million. Coincidentally, that figure is the same as Gibbon's estimate for the population of the Roman Empire and more than the population of Europe at the time Gibbon wrote.
Slashdot Mirror
By the given definition, placing a bet on the future level of the FTSE is speculation regardless of whether the contract is placed with a bookie, a futures exchange, a portfolio insurer, or another risk-seeker. Placing a bet on which horse will win a race at the race track is clearly gambling, because the races would not occur in the absence of betting.
Placing a bet on which human will win a race at the Olympics or which team will win the World Cup is likewise gambling. These are what Huizinga identifies as ludic activities, events that take place chiefly to create winners and losers in in the events themselves. Wars and elections create winners and losers, but substantial unrelated ancilliary benefits accrue to the winners (the right to tax, the right to govern). The benefits that accrue to a Super Bowl victor (the right to wear a ring, increased compensation for subsequent competitions, increased value of product endorsements) are strongly tied to the event itself. In the absence of football competitions, the value of a footballer's product endorsement would be negligible. The right to govern is so desirable that it is valued even without elections, alas.
The trusted advisor, in order to maintain employment, is biased toward giving a favorable prophecy. It has failed for centuries.
The Iowa Electronic Markets operated by the University of Iowa Tippie College of Business has been n operaton since 1988. It has offered real-money futures contracts for U.S. and other political markets including"Control of Congress" as well as the Democratic & Republican Presidential nominee and the popular vote share, Senate seats, Russian and French Presidential contests, etc.
Speculation can be strictly distinguished from gambling.
The speculator makes a bet on the outcome of a risky event which would exist in the absence of speculators, such as bad weather and natural disasters.
The gambler, finding nothing satisfactory for betting, sets up a slotted wheel, makes six-sided dice, designs cards which are identical from the back but different from the front, and then bets on what happens when these devices are randomized.
Speculation shifts existing risk. Gambling adds to the universal total of risk.
The Pentagon site is speculative.
Are you saying you like better than
C has 15 levels of operator precedence, and you do not blush?
Sutter and Plum advocate dropping export, the reason the implementation you cite took so long, in this paper.
Williams, Stephen, cited by Lois Goldthwaite in her Technical Report on C++ Performance
Are you writing device drivers or applications?
Is the idea that this code will never be executed in an out-of-memory condition, because it is only executed by a child, and the child dies automatically on malloc failure?
That's the way to do it, if you oughtn't use an exception-throwing [i]new[/i] :-).
Defect 21 (reproduced) looks like a fair catch, though, since it appears that one could exit the while loop with a NULL cur.
"Fixing" requires understanding the code's intent.
Some things I found interesting:
One of the explanations (given by Reasoning) for a NULL pointer dereference is "can occur in low memory conditions," which I think means the original allocator did not check for malloc failure.
So you can get a sense of what a defect looks like, here is #21. The orignal uses bold and fonts improve readability, but I don't know how to reproduce that in slashcode:
DEFECT CLASS: Null Pointer Dereference
DEFECT ID 21
LOCATION: httpd-2.1/srclib/apr/misc/unix/otherchild.c : 137
DESCRIPTION The local pointer variable cur, declared on line 126, and assigned on line 128, may
be NULL where it is dereferenced on line 137.
PRECONDITIONS The conditional expression (cur) on line 129 evaluates to false.
Based on two years experience, Sneakemail is excellent.
> also DO NOT LET ANYONE see you in this setup. its quite embarassing.
I wish I could moderate this "informative"
Your body may be a fair distance from a waypoint, but eventually it will be near your Town Portal.
As it says in the article, boss running (and the cow level) will be unprofitable in 1.10.
Amazons can distract monsters with Decoy and Valk
Assassins can use traps and shadows
Barbarians can Howl
Druids can summon pets
Necromancers can cast Terror
Paladins can use Hammers, Fists, and Vigor
None of the interviewees mentioned sex. Odd.
Please permit me to draw your attention to California. Although it did not join the Union until 61 years after the original 13 states, it has since achieved some prominance.
Planescape: Torment is a superb RPG. The New York Times reviewer said "While computer games have not yet achieved Shakespearian quality, this one is perhaps as good as Marlowe." Although it is out of print (so you'll need to check the bargain bins or the web), it is not cobwebbed. This FAQ was updated in February 2003.
google hits on "Xerox": 2,980,000
google hits on "TiVo": 451,000
google hits on "Kleenex": 164,000
You lose