I think a real Network Admin, upon seeing tens of thousands of files moving through his servers would sooner do nothing (maybe at most put some sort of restriction on that kid's account) before calling up the police because he's sending a shit load of traffic along a network designed specifically for that purpose.
Obviously if a device is accessible though a web browser, then don't let them know you're running whatever OS you're running. If they tell you they need you to check your connection settings, then do that, all the while saying "Uh-huh. Right. Click on okay?" to playcate their script.
Obviously networking hardware operates independantly of the operating systems installed on the computers on either side of the device. You know this, I know this, most people know this, and in all logic, Linksys tech support should know this as well. That is, unless you're using a USB connection. I can see them not supporting Linux if you wanted to do that, but really, who buys USB networking gear if they're running anything but Windows anyways?
>> Part of freedom is being free to choose >All of freedom is being free to choose. That's it.
In the words of Geddy Lee (a Canadian, so this post is certainly ON TOPIC):
You can choose a ready guide in some celestial voice. If you choose not to decide, you still have made a choice. You can choose from phantom fears and kindness that can kill; I will choose a path that's clear I will choose freewill.
That is because the illegal copy you downloaded was recorded by someone in Canada. We see all major networks' (ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX) shows when their originally broadcast. What happens is that due to CRTC regulations, Canadian stations license the shows, or some shit, and just re-brand the original feed because it's become popular to have your station logo in the corner.
Thanks for the info. Being a Canadian citizen, all this information is known to me.
Obviously the problem is related to everything you brought up. I was just mentioning that there are exceptions to the rule. Not to mention, there are lots of things the provincinal and federal governments won't cover, meaning you'll have to pay out-of-pocket. For most people's health care needs, our system is perfect adequate.
The point being, that you shouldn't need to have the factory radio (Windows Media Player) installed to make the car drive, and then players can then compete on their own merits.
I completely agree, WMP shouldn't be "required" for Windows to work, or at the bare minimum, a stripped-down version should be available (but not a broken version, that's for sure).
I'm not denying Microsoft's actions. I'm simply saying that getting an alternative out there (and a good one at that), and marketing it to people who would benefit from it, is what should be going on.
Yes, Microsoft's leveraging could hurt, but that's why the EU commision has stepped in.
You should study history, youngster. There was a time when car manufacturers tried to monopolize the market for car radios; basically they tried to destroy the after-market in car radios. Just like Microsoft is doing now. It took laws to stop them.
That's fine, make laws which will prevent this. The fact of the matter is that people still want to buy a computer with a media player in it.
When I buy computers, I buy parts, assemble them, and then install my desired OS and software (again, just parts). Most people don't do this, and they expect to have certain features installed.
There's nothing stopping companies that sell pre-installed PCs from installing alternative media players. Actually, there probably is, and it's probably in the form of a document they signed from Microsoft that said they wouldn't. If this is the case, then I'm all for laws preventing this. The point I'm tryig to illustrate though, is that if the person selling the PC (car dealership) doesn't inform the customer as to what sort of options they *could* get (rather then just giving them the defaults), then we wouldn't be here.
Now, as for the legal battle you mention.
Get this: right now there is a legal battle underway, which will result in new laws to guarantee your right to repair your own car.... You wouldn't be able to get any repairs except through the dealer, or an "authorized" repair shop.
There are pros and cons to this (not allowing you to repair your own car) and I'll highlight the ones that come to mind.
As I mentioned, I build my own computers. I can do this because I know that if I do something wrong, I'm not going to kill anyone (unless it's me, because I have stuck a screwdriver in something electrical while the power is on). I would love to repair my own car, but I don't feel I'm properly trained in doing so (I'd love to get trained, but don't have the time). The last thing I want is for a wheel to fall off, or my breaks to stop working, or for the NOS to suddenly go off in traffic. I'm glad for this very reason, that auto makers are making it more difficult for customers to "fix" their own car.
I agree you should be able to tinker inside you're own car -- after all, it's yours. But it should be like hard drive and other devices where a sticker covers the opening. Once you open it, you void the warranty. In the case of automobiles, a sticker might not be the best thing, but the point remains -- you tamper with your car, you become responsible if it's involved in an accident. This includes your insurance company telling you to take a hike (which they'll probably do even if it's not your fault anyways).
The point is, if your car that you tried to fix kills somebody besides you, then YOU should be entirely liable. There's a reason there are professionals.
I don't use Real Player because it's shit. Instead I downloaded the K-Lite Codec Pack which includes the Real (and QuickTime) alternative codecs which lets me play Real Media and QuickTime files (in addition to the host of others) in whatever media player I prefer.
The problem with Real is that you are practically required to download their media player to play Real Media. I see why this is, but I don't like their player in the least (same goes double for the QuickTime player). This goes back to my statement about making a better product -- these products aren't better in the least. I won't knock them for trying though.
That's garbage. If you have a better product, then people will use yours over the default. This is why more people use Winamp and iTunes than use Media Player. I won't deny the advantage Microsoft has in packaging their player with their OS, but that isn't a reason to claim it's killing competition.
Cars come with stereo systems as factory defaults. This doesn't stop the numerous car audio manufacturers from selling their products, nor does it stop entire stores devoted to selling you one of these (better) systems, and installing it for you. The fact remains, when you drive off the lot, you want to be able to listen to music. Microsoft recognises this, and therefore sells their operating system with a device which plays media.
of course, you'll have to freeze them. Nothing kills food taste and quality faster than freezing it.
Of course you have to freeze them. I'm not sure I believe your taste observations though. I thaw my meat in the fridge overnight, and may or may not marinade it as well (virgin olive oil and spices, usually). I find that the meat comes out juicy, succulent, and very very tasty. I've generally found that the taste of meat is correlated to the doneness (even when cooking from frozen). I've never had a well done piece of meat (regardless of animal) that wasn't dry and tough. I find rare to medium for most meats is ideal. Now that you can safely cook pork to a degree that's not well done, that pans out nicely as well.
I myself live in the city, and find that the choices for markets are certainly plentiful. Eating out does have a lot of choice (especially in a city), but prices are consistently more per meal than preparing your own.
Of course I read the labels. I (try to) only buy juices that are pure juice. Here in Canada, I believe there is a law which makes it illegal to package a beverage as a "juice" unless it actually consists (primarily) of juice.
Usually juice from concetrate consists of water (sometimes they will specify if it's filtered, mineral, spring, or whatever the word of the day for H2O is), and the concentrates of the fruits. These may be reveresed depending on which is in greater proportion. Sugar may or may not be on that list. Depending on the proportion of sugar, it becomes a "drink," "beverage," "cocktail," or some form of "-ade." This is usally the case when sugar is listed as the second ingredient, or when the flavouring is artificial. I've noticed a trend now where most juices will note the naturally occuring sugars, and point out there's either "no added sugar" or "no refined sugar," depending I guess if the juice is marketed to normal people or raw food nuts.
Now, all the juice I buy is labelled as juice, and the ingredients will simply list the juice of the fruits (or vegetables, if applicable). Apple juice consists of apple juice. Orange, orange juice. The apple pineapple banana juice I have lists: "Apple juice, pineapple juice, banana juice, vitamin C" (as if there wasn't enough already).
The next thing for me to figure out is how much juice I can get from an individual fruit, and figure out if it's cheaper to buy juice vs. jucing fruit.
I hope this doesn't make me sound like one of those wack-job fruititarians.
Buying no-name or the grocery store's brandname items saves money. I used to buy Tropicana (I hate juices from concentrate for a variety of reasons), but now buy the storebrand. It's less than $2. Also, I belong to the store's discount club which if I time purchases right, I save a bunch in addition.
The club also includes deals like buy 1 get one free meat on large packages, so I can buy a dozen pork chops for $11 or so. Actually, when I think about it, most cuts of meat I buy cost around a dollar each. I eat fish, but I again, I only buy it in bulk (frozen fish is expensive as hell). I haven't bought cheese in a while, mostly because it's expensive and I haven't seen any affordable deals. As for bacon, I picked up two 28-packs of pork sausages for less than $3 each, as they were close to expiration. Just throw them in the freezer, and make sure you cook them, and they're fine.
I also should point out that since I work at home, I have the time to hang around grocery stores and markets during the day, when the *best* prices are (most produce markets around here raise their prices just before rush hour, and on weekends).
I went produce shopping yesterday, and bought all the produce for a week or two for $16. I only bought produce because I buy meat once a month (note this is for the entire month -- 30+ cuts of meat), and I don't have to do this again for some time. This usually costs $50-60.
At around $100 a month for FOOD, that is far less expensive than buying a $20 pizza, or bucket of chicken, or plate of fish, or whatever every night. So I spend 15 minutes of my day perparing food. It takes that long to get in the car, drive to the fast food outlet, and wait for the food to be "prepared," and come back home.
People who think prepared food is affordable have never spent any time in a proper grocery store.
Actually, that's not the point at all. The language itself has changed drastically from 6 to.NET. The problem with applications created in VB6 is that they will not compile using the VB.NET compiler. These developers speaking out are talking about how Microsoft is dropping support for these people. Helping port code from legacy VB to VB.NET probably fits under the category of said support.
builds the frame of his project and then fills in the code. I think it really helps to think the project through before hand, build your comments and then write.
And oddly, you'll notice that a lot of the coders who do this know a large multitude of languages
This isn't odd at all. I do it myself. And I know why I do it too -- the language you use is inconsequential. If you "write" a script, you can probably use a host of languages to do the task. The key is knowing what you want to do.
Over the years I've sat and listened to many "debates" (arguments, really) about which language was better than another. I've always sat back and thought, "Who cares?" Once you can reach a point where you can visualise the solution (this includes pseudocoding it out, or at least listing what the program has to do at this point), selecting a language is irrelevant, other than considering what languages are available to you.
I'm not saying different languages don't have their strengths and weaknesses, and I'm espcially not saying they are all the same. What I am saying is that once you "write" what the program needs to do, use a programming language is as easy as literally looking up syntax and function names in a book.
This is also how proper language translators operate. They don't know entire languages, but they instead form exactly what they need to say before translating. New languages become second nature after repeated use, it's always just a matter of knowing what you want before hand.
I hear from users that WP is better to use, but personally I could care less. Office is just plain less trouble to support, and most things Lusers want to do is stupid anyway. Psst... you are on the clock to work, not to play.
Sweet jumping Jesus! I would hate to have you as my System Administrator. As you said -- the USERS like WP better. Not because they can play, but because they LIKE IT BETTER. Just because you don't like the way the software is supported shouldn't be the final reason for not picking the software. The money saved by having the USERS more productive would be more than enough to pay for the support contract.
I should point out that Microsoft has support contracts for Office too. A lot of the time the free information you can find in the MSDN or online somewhere won't solve your problem. If you need to pay in the end anyways, why not use the software the USERS prefer?
Holy shit, where do you work? I'll gladly take your job and save that company time, money, and probably idiotic commentary from you.
I use Paypal for many clients, so obviously if they haven't paid me, both they and I know, since it's instant.
The working from home lifestyle *is* great. As you said, you get more sleep, you can eat when you want, and more importantly what you want (my lunch usually consists of steak and vegitables, my big meal of the day). I love the freedom to go out to a store or get to the bank during regular banking hours. I'm under the impression a lot of stores are geared towards either people with no job, or people who work from home, simply because they're only open 9-5.
Additionally, I live on the West coast, and deal with a lot of people in EST (Ontario and the US East coast in general), so I'm at work for 6AM and effectively can end at 2, which gives me an afternoon to enjoy however I want. Remember, I'm *AT* work at 6 because I live at work. I don't have to get up to start commuting at 6. Not to mention since I deal with clients through Internet mediums, I don't really even have to be sitting at my desk all day. I can be in another room and hear an IM alert, and come by to check.
Telecommunitng is much different from working from home as your own boss.
While my job wouldn't differ much if I worked in an office, I have to do all of the business-running bullshit associated with being your own boss.
I deal with clients on a day-to-day basis regarding the simple fact that they have not paid me yet. This alone is enough to make one go mad, as it's something I should have to do, but yet I do. Clients are told up-front what my rates and fees are, and when they don't pay, I withhold delivery. It's a game I like to play which I would hope gets the message across, yet doesn't.
Them: "Where's Project X?" Me: "Right here. Please send me my money." Them: "Alright. One minute."
One week later:
Them: "Where's Project X? It's a week late?" Me: "It was ready last week. Where's my money?" Them: "One sec."
I think a real Network Admin, upon seeing tens of thousands of files moving through his servers would sooner do nothing (maybe at most put some sort of restriction on that kid's account) before calling up the police because he's sending a shit load of traffic along a network designed specifically for that purpose.
Obviously if a device is accessible though a web browser, then don't let them know you're running whatever OS you're running. If they tell you they need you to check your connection settings, then do that, all the while saying "Uh-huh. Right. Click on okay?" to playcate their script.
Obviously networking hardware operates independantly of the operating systems installed on the computers on either side of the device. You know this, I know this, most people know this, and in all logic, Linksys tech support should know this as well. That is, unless you're using a USB connection. I can see them not supporting Linux if you wanted to do that, but really, who buys USB networking gear if they're running anything but Windows anyways?
>All of freedom is being free to choose. That's it.
In the words of Geddy Lee (a Canadian, so this post is certainly ON TOPIC):
That is because the illegal copy you downloaded was recorded by someone in Canada. We see all major networks' (ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX) shows when their originally broadcast. What happens is that due to CRTC regulations, Canadian stations license the shows, or some shit, and just re-brand the original feed because it's become popular to have your station logo in the corner.
Thanks for the info. Being a Canadian citizen, all this information is known to me.
Obviously the problem is related to everything you brought up. I was just mentioning that there are exceptions to the rule. Not to mention, there are lots of things the provincinal and federal governments won't cover, meaning you'll have to pay out-of-pocket. For most people's health care needs, our system is perfect adequate.
What the fuck is the Canada Oath? There is no Canada Oath.
Look up constitutional democracy.
You're right. Just wait for your kids to do all the getting sick for you.
The point being, that you shouldn't need to have the factory radio (Windows Media Player) installed to make the car drive, and then players can then compete on their own merits.
I completely agree, WMP shouldn't be "required" for Windows to work, or at the bare minimum, a stripped-down version should be available (but not a broken version, that's for sure).
I'm not denying Microsoft's actions. I'm simply saying that getting an alternative out there (and a good one at that), and marketing it to people who would benefit from it, is what should be going on.
Yes, Microsoft's leveraging could hurt, but that's why the EU commision has stepped in.
You should study history, youngster. There was a time when car manufacturers tried to monopolize the market for car radios; basically they tried to destroy the after-market in car radios. Just like Microsoft is doing now. It took laws to stop them.
... You wouldn't be able to get any repairs except through the dealer, or an "authorized" repair shop.
That's fine, make laws which will prevent this. The fact of the matter is that people still want to buy a computer with a media player in it.
When I buy computers, I buy parts, assemble them, and then install my desired OS and software (again, just parts). Most people don't do this, and they expect to have certain features installed.
There's nothing stopping companies that sell pre-installed PCs from installing alternative media players. Actually, there probably is, and it's probably in the form of a document they signed from Microsoft that said they wouldn't. If this is the case, then I'm all for laws preventing this. The point I'm tryig to illustrate though, is that if the person selling the PC (car dealership) doesn't inform the customer as to what sort of options they *could* get (rather then just giving them the defaults), then we wouldn't be here.
Now, as for the legal battle you mention.
Get this: right now there is a legal battle underway, which will result in new laws to guarantee your right to repair your own car.
There are pros and cons to this (not allowing you to repair your own car) and I'll highlight the ones that come to mind.
As I mentioned, I build my own computers. I can do this because I know that if I do something wrong, I'm not going to kill anyone (unless it's me, because I have stuck a screwdriver in something electrical while the power is on). I would love to repair my own car, but I don't feel I'm properly trained in doing so (I'd love to get trained, but don't have the time). The last thing I want is for a wheel to fall off, or my breaks to stop working, or for the NOS to suddenly go off in traffic. I'm glad for this very reason, that auto makers are making it more difficult for customers to "fix" their own car.
I agree you should be able to tinker inside you're own car -- after all, it's yours. But it should be like hard drive and other devices where a sticker covers the opening. Once you open it, you void the warranty. In the case of automobiles, a sticker might not be the best thing, but the point remains -- you tamper with your car, you become responsible if it's involved in an accident. This includes your insurance company telling you to take a hike (which they'll probably do even if it's not your fault anyways).
The point is, if your car that you tried to fix kills somebody besides you, then YOU should be entirely liable. There's a reason there are professionals.
I don't use Real Player because it's shit. Instead I downloaded the K-Lite Codec Pack which includes the Real (and QuickTime) alternative codecs which lets me play Real Media and QuickTime files (in addition to the host of others) in whatever media player I prefer.
The problem with Real is that you are practically required to download their media player to play Real Media. I see why this is, but I don't like their player in the least (same goes double for the QuickTime player). This goes back to my statement about making a better product -- these products aren't better in the least. I won't knock them for trying though.
That's garbage. If you have a better product, then people will use yours over the default. This is why more people use Winamp and iTunes than use Media Player. I won't deny the advantage Microsoft has in packaging their player with their OS, but that isn't a reason to claim it's killing competition.
Cars come with stereo systems as factory defaults. This doesn't stop the numerous car audio manufacturers from selling their products, nor does it stop entire stores devoted to selling you one of these (better) systems, and installing it for you. The fact remains, when you drive off the lot, you want to be able to listen to music. Microsoft recognises this, and therefore sells their operating system with a device which plays media.
"why are manhole covers round"
They're not. They're square.
My dream laptop would be a Powerbook that sported a Thinkpad keyboard and mouse.
Would the keyboard still be missing the Windows Key?
You're right. Everyone's cheering to see MFC and GDI go far, far away.
of course, you'll have to freeze them. Nothing kills food taste and quality faster than freezing it.
Of course you have to freeze them. I'm not sure I believe your taste observations though. I thaw my meat in the fridge overnight, and may or may not marinade it as well (virgin olive oil and spices, usually). I find that the meat comes out juicy, succulent, and very very tasty. I've generally found that the taste of meat is correlated to the doneness (even when cooking from frozen). I've never had a well done piece of meat (regardless of animal) that wasn't dry and tough. I find rare to medium for most meats is ideal. Now that you can safely cook pork to a degree that's not well done, that pans out nicely as well.
I myself live in the city, and find that the choices for markets are certainly plentiful. Eating out does have a lot of choice (especially in a city), but prices are consistently more per meal than preparing your own.
Of course I read the labels. I (try to) only buy juices that are pure juice. Here in Canada, I believe there is a law which makes it illegal to package a beverage as a "juice" unless it actually consists (primarily) of juice.
Usually juice from concetrate consists of water (sometimes they will specify if it's filtered, mineral, spring, or whatever the word of the day for H2O is), and the concentrates of the fruits. These may be reveresed depending on which is in greater proportion. Sugar may or may not be on that list. Depending on the proportion of sugar, it becomes a "drink," "beverage," "cocktail," or some form of "-ade." This is usally the case when sugar is listed as the second ingredient, or when the flavouring is artificial. I've noticed a trend now where most juices will note the naturally occuring sugars, and point out there's either "no added sugar" or "no refined sugar," depending I guess if the juice is marketed to normal people or raw food nuts.
Now, all the juice I buy is labelled as juice, and the ingredients will simply list the juice of the fruits (or vegetables, if applicable). Apple juice consists of apple juice. Orange, orange juice. The apple pineapple banana juice I have lists: "Apple juice, pineapple juice, banana juice, vitamin C" (as if there wasn't enough already).
The next thing for me to figure out is how much juice I can get from an individual fruit, and figure out if it's cheaper to buy juice vs. jucing fruit.
I hope this doesn't make me sound like one of those wack-job fruititarians.
Buying no-name or the grocery store's brandname items saves money. I used to buy Tropicana (I hate juices from concentrate for a variety of reasons), but now buy the storebrand. It's less than $2. Also, I belong to the store's discount club which if I time purchases right, I save a bunch in addition.
The club also includes deals like buy 1 get one free meat on large packages, so I can buy a dozen pork chops for $11 or so. Actually, when I think about it, most cuts of meat I buy cost around a dollar each. I eat fish, but I again, I only buy it in bulk (frozen fish is expensive as hell). I haven't bought cheese in a while, mostly because it's expensive and I haven't seen any affordable deals. As for bacon, I picked up two 28-packs of pork sausages for less than $3 each, as they were close to expiration. Just throw them in the freezer, and make sure you cook them, and they're fine.
I also should point out that since I work at home, I have the time to hang around grocery stores and markets during the day, when the *best* prices are (most produce markets around here raise their prices just before rush hour, and on weekends).
You're crazy if you're to belive this.
I went produce shopping yesterday, and bought all the produce for a week or two for $16. I only bought produce because I buy meat once a month (note this is for the entire month -- 30+ cuts of meat), and I don't have to do this again for some time. This usually costs $50-60.
At around $100 a month for FOOD, that is far less expensive than buying a $20 pizza, or bucket of chicken, or plate of fish, or whatever every night. So I spend 15 minutes of my day perparing food. It takes that long to get in the car, drive to the fast food outlet, and wait for the food to be "prepared," and come back home.
People who think prepared food is affordable have never spent any time in a proper grocery store.
Actually, that's not the point at all. The language itself has changed drastically from 6 to .NET. The problem with applications created in VB6 is that they will not compile using the VB.NET compiler. These developers speaking out are talking about how Microsoft is dropping support for these people. Helping port code from legacy VB to VB.NET probably fits under the category of said support.
builds the frame of his project and then fills in the code. I think it really helps to think the project through before hand, build your comments and then write.
And oddly, you'll notice that a lot of the coders who do this know a large multitude of languages
This isn't odd at all. I do it myself. And I know why I do it too -- the language you use is inconsequential. If you "write" a script, you can probably use a host of languages to do the task. The key is knowing what you want to do.
Over the years I've sat and listened to many "debates" (arguments, really) about which language was better than another. I've always sat back and thought, "Who cares?" Once you can reach a point where you can visualise the solution (this includes pseudocoding it out, or at least listing what the program has to do at this point), selecting a language is irrelevant, other than considering what languages are available to you.
I'm not saying different languages don't have their strengths and weaknesses, and I'm espcially not saying they are all the same. What I am saying is that once you "write" what the program needs to do, use a programming language is as easy as literally looking up syntax and function names in a book.
This is also how proper language translators operate. They don't know entire languages, but they instead form exactly what they need to say before translating. New languages become second nature after repeated use, it's always just a matter of knowing what you want before hand.
I hear from users that WP is better to use, but personally I could care less. Office is just plain less trouble to support, and most things Lusers want to do is stupid anyway. Psst... you are on the clock to work, not to play.
Sweet jumping Jesus! I would hate to have you as my System Administrator. As you said -- the USERS like WP better. Not because they can play, but because they LIKE IT BETTER. Just because you don't like the way the software is supported shouldn't be the final reason for not picking the software. The money saved by having the USERS more productive would be more than enough to pay for the support contract.
I should point out that Microsoft has support contracts for Office too. A lot of the time the free information you can find in the MSDN or online somewhere won't solve your problem. If you need to pay in the end anyways, why not use the software the USERS prefer?
Holy shit, where do you work? I'll gladly take your job and save that company time, money, and probably idiotic commentary from you.
I use Paypal for many clients, so obviously if they haven't paid me, both they and I know, since it's instant.
The working from home lifestyle *is* great. As you said, you get more sleep, you can eat when you want, and more importantly what you want (my lunch usually consists of steak and vegitables, my big meal of the day). I love the freedom to go out to a store or get to the bank during regular banking hours. I'm under the impression a lot of stores are geared towards either people with no job, or people who work from home, simply because they're only open 9-5.
Additionally, I live on the West coast, and deal with a lot of people in EST (Ontario and the US East coast in general), so I'm at work for 6AM and effectively can end at 2, which gives me an afternoon to enjoy however I want. Remember, I'm *AT* work at 6 because I live at work. I don't have to get up to start commuting at 6. Not to mention since I deal with clients through Internet mediums, I don't really even have to be sitting at my desk all day. I can be in another room and hear an IM alert, and come by to check.
... as it's something I should not have to do, but yet I do.
Telecommunitng is much different from working from home as your own boss.
While my job wouldn't differ much if I worked in an office, I have to do all of the business-running bullshit associated with being your own boss.
I deal with clients on a day-to-day basis regarding the simple fact that they have not paid me yet. This alone is enough to make one go mad, as it's something I should have to do, but yet I do. Clients are told up-front what my rates and fees are, and when they don't pay, I withhold delivery. It's a game I like to play which I would hope gets the message across, yet doesn't.
Them: "Where's Project X?"
Me: "Right here. Please send me my money."
Them: "Alright. One minute."
One week later:
Them: "Where's Project X? It's a week late?"
Me: "It was ready last week. Where's my money?"
Them: "One sec."
Etc, etc.