Fifteen years ago, China noticed pesticide in U.S. grain shipments. That pesticide was grown by the GMO crop itself. The U.S. response was, sorry, that GMO crop was meant for livestock feed only and somehow got in the human supply. This became a bigger problem because grains all get mixed in storage elevators, so non-GMO grain effectively became pesticide embedded GMO grain. One can say GMO crops are usually healthful to eat, but grains can be GMO modified to actually kill people. You don't want to allow anybody's GMO modification to be sold!
There is a "GMO" modification that presents no problem -- remove genes (rather than add genes). Nature itself often removes genes. CRISPR cas9 technology, arising from bacteria's defense against viruses, can selectively remove genes. This was done with button mushrooms, removing a gene that created ethane, so those mushrooms don't get slimy and brown as quickly. Yum.
Classical statistics mentions the significance level, alpha=0.05. It mentions beta -- (1-beta) is the power of the test to conclude the null hypothesis. Classical statistics never mentions R, the background ratio of true to false relationships in a field. While R lies in the interval [0,infinity], you could think instead about the background probability of true relationships. PLOS had an article several years ago that showed the probability a published article falsely touts a relationship as true, a probability they called the Positive Predictive Probability, PPV = 1 / [1 + alpha / ((1 - beta) * R))] The person designing an experiment seeks a large power, 1 - beta, so is bounded away from 0 and at most 1, so this factor becomes irrelevant (remember, the article gets published). When R is much less than alpha; eg, R=0.001 is less than 0.05, then PPV is about
R / alpha or often
R / 0.05 The background proportion of true relationships R dominates over alpha and over beta in the probability the relationship is true PPV.
You do a statistical test in a "field" of relationships where most of the relationships are wrong, otherwise any relationship stated has a good chance to be correct and the "field" is easy if not boring. Consider the search for some 30 genes that might cause a genetic disease out of 30,000 genes in a genome. Then R is 1 / 1000 and (about) PPV =. 1/(1 + 0.05/(1/1000)) = 1/51 =. 0.02 That is, such published genetics articles tout relationships that are very unlikely (0.02) to be correct.
The German pharmaceutical Bayer called a large sample of published article authors, duplicated their procedures, yet found 70 percent of the publications' touted results could not be confirmed (probably wrong). Many statistical tools will give fame -- hypothesis tests or even more so data mining tools -- these are often charlatan's tools.
The ecological fallacy concerns making conclusions about individuals from aggregates (states). From Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_fallacy "An ecological fallacy is a logical fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong.... The four common statistical ecological fallacies are: confusion between ecological correlations and individual correlations, confusion between group average and total average, Simpson's paradox, and confusion between higher average and higher likelihood."
An example is Red State/ Blue State and income. Using states, we could conclude that poor states (southern or red states) vote republican. Yet when run on individuals, rich people vote 60% republican.
The same thing happens in the pharmaceutical industry. Rather than states, some researchers merely use other researchers published (aggregate) results, collecting results from many academic pharmaceutical articles (each acting like a state). Bayer found that they could not reproduce 75% of pharmaceutical academic articles. When you aggregate (meta-statistics), the knowledgeable complain that you should use individual data, not aggregate data (from articles) to make proper conclusions.
Further examples of the "ecological fallacy" are numerous. State confounds with another variable, and its extrication can take decades of research, though Bayesian hierarchical models with separate errors at each level can probably extricate the problem these days.
Using aggregate data to make conclusions about individuals has been rejected since the 1950 seminal article by the researcher William S. Robinson. That's 60 years ago! We should become more statistically literate!
Particularly for schools, Vernier Software and Technology, has continually added sensors, now about 60 sensors, over the last 33 years. http://www.vernier.com/ Some sensors include carbon dioxide, water flow, radiation, respiration, soil moisture, spectrometer, UV. I have about 20 of them for my child at home, and hope to get the blood pressure sensor for myself. Being for schools, they are the least expensive sensors I've seen. All these sensors plug into their Labquest 2 interface (or one of their older interfaces) which looks more like a smartphone with touch screen, WiFi, Bluetooth, and several device ports. Top 10 ranking high schools like Thomas Jefferson High School in Fairfax county use these, though that high school has also had genetic sequencers for the last 15 years.
I'm glad to see competition, but one should never overlook what has dominated this arena for decades.
If you want a feature in Open Office, fund it. Better yet, considering the cost of Microsoft Office, put the funding of Open Office in the annual budget. Rather than giving $100 million a year to Microsoft, give $10 million a year to Open Office. With a programming / total-expenditures ratio of 1, open source funding is efficient.
A few years ago, Kansas sued Nebraska, whose 100,000 plus wells left some Kansas towns with zero water, especially near the Republican River (named after a Pawnee subtribe of Indians known as the Republicans). A Nebraska agricultural economist investigated, publishing a research paper that revealed over several years that Nebraska's increasing wells decreased water before it reached Nebraska. With his defense ruined, the Nebraska attorney general denounced the economist to his department head in Lincoln, Nebraska. The attorney general valued loyalty to himself more than honesty to truth, while the economist valued loyalty to honesty.
Continuing revelations about U.S. security agencies (torture, forbidding free speech, spying on their citizens, promoting specific denominations of Christianity) blemishes all other government agencies (Commerce, Agriculture, Education). We envision these other benign government agencies' surveys spying on us, maybe even sharing information with government security agencies. Does U.S. extensive security represent a new necessity, obsessive employees, employees seeking promotions, or a cowardly and impotent population.
In 1988, Jonathan Pollard's (America's more prolific spy) father defended his son by claiming members of the U.S. military were proliferating swasticas against his son. I'm surprised when those who went over-the-top whine.
I have now actually checked this. I switched an SDHC to read-only, wrote a file to it on Linux, took the SDHC to another computer, and the file was indeed written. So, the SDHC lock is no guarantee against writing, and is apparently useless. I stand corrected, and thank Carnildo for ending my misadventure.
I prefer using read-only hardware to "chattr -i" immutability plus a Linux kernel enforcing this, since the software approach is cumbersome and changes files' ctime attribute. What is available? The following in the alternate model AEPDDESUWP will not write to any memory it can read, and outputs to either eSATA or USB computer ports, http://www.addonics.com/products/aepddesu.php I still need to put my operating system on flash memory before I insert it into such a read-only device.
People are either Christian, or headed for hell and of Satan. Most American goods come from China, so American Christians prefer to buy the goods of Satan.
So with science and engineering -- of Satan. Yet virtually everything around us came through science and engineering's magic touch -- blended shirts (banned in the bible), invisible electromagnetic waves everywhere to be interpreted, risen people in airplanes, medical prosthetics getting even amputees to walk. In the last hundred years, name one "good" thing religion has given us. Now name something good science has given us.
The operating system often seems to write to a lock-switched memory card, and "ls" indicates it has. But removing the card reveals data has not been written. I'll keep an eye out for actually writing when actually lock-switched.
No matter what an intruder tries, if you put your operating system on read-only media, intrusion becomes limited. Of course, installation and changes become more difficult because you must reboot with your media set to read-write, then reboot again to read-only. SDHC memory works well for this, since it has a read-write switch like the old floppy drives. Put the memory in a
USB "card reader" for SD (microSD doesn't appear to have a read-write switch). You can insert the SDHC in something that looks like a flash drive, then insert the whole in a USB slot.
Or, you can use something like the Adonics eSATA/USB Digidrive http://www.addonics.com/products/aepddesu.php to connect to your computer's eSATA port (if you have such a port on the back of your computer), which is probably more efficient (fewer waits) than a USB 3.0 connection.
In Linux, you might choose to put most of your operating system on SDHC switched to read-only, then put a variable area on a regular disk drive for logs, although you can put logs into a memory area that disappears on reboot. Or you might put your webpages on a separate SDHC, so your webpages get no intrusion changes. You could then unmount your webpage SDHC, switch to read-write, make changes, unmount, switch to read-only.
In Debian Linux, the foundation for most Linuxes (eg, Ubuntu), you can look at the "Securing Debian Manual", http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/securing-debian-howto.en.pdf Debian has a highly tailored Aide (like tripwire) that uses checksums to detect any file changes. In Debian, "dar" Disk Archiver (like tar) makes backups on external disk drives, but dar probably requires some tailoring (I use dar). For a firewall, you could use Debian's easily used Guarddog. In some sense, Debian is the administrator's operating system -- for the serious.
Data arises from retrospective or prospective studies. Retrospective data was created before a statistician could design an experiment. Prospective data sees the statistician set various levels of a variable to randomly selected experimental units (maybe people, maybe production machines). In a (prospective) experiment, an observed correlation implies causation.
For example, in manufacturing plastic, keeping constant other variables (humidity and speed of production), set the temperature sometimes at 100 degrees and sometimes at 200 degrees, randomly choosing the order these temperatures get applied. If the 200 degree temperature produces a stronger plastic (response or dependent variable), then your positive correlation implies causation. In the future, knowing that increased heat increases plastic strength, the manufacturer would raise the temperature.
But experiments consume time and money, so institutions not individuals usually perform them. Million dollar clinical trials do determine whether a drug is effective. While experimental economics can determine causation, most economics is retrospective, so conclusions become controversial.
GM and Department of Energy have been sponsoing a competition, providing the same model vehicle that universities then convert. Mississippi State University appeared on the Smithsonian Mall (Washington, DC) in the Folk Festival, June-July 2012. While the vehicle wasn't an SUV, GM provided the same vehicle model merely to avoid variable results arising from model used. http://www.festival.si.edu/2012/plug-in-to-the-future-first-place-for-mississippi-state-university-in-ecocar2-competition/
Programming plus math, statistics, legendary graphics -- that's R. Just a programming language is a barren language for most people. Use a programming language that eases and magnifies another field/course. R dominates numerous statistics departments, biogenetics, and financial quants,
R originated from AT&T (as S) at the same time as Unix and C. Many people start an R session whenever they login, since R can even do the trivial as a calculator with history and help. With vectors x and y, the following creates a good graph.
plot(x,y) R has associative arrays (hashes) and parallel programming, native to R since the programmer often uses vector objects.
Westinghouse Electric Company was bought in 2005 for $5 billion by the Japanese company TOSHIBA,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company
And the U.S. has the British company BP drilling much of the U.S. oil. Why is the U.S. excited about its self-sufficiency? Why does the U.S. push foreign company energy projects more than its own projects? With China producing 30 percent of the world's engineers, Russia 7 percent, and the U.S. only 3 percent (see this week's Science article); and with 8 out of 9 of China's political leaders engineers; what part of the world's engineering curve does the U.S. think it sits?
In the past 6 months, USDA has made available past agriculture censuses, now back to 1925.
http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/homepage.do However, while these are searcheable pdf's, there appears to be no quality control so errors appear not in the image but in the underlying searcheable data. In some sense, the searcheability is a mere bonus of the scanning software used; although for such pdf's, your own OCR software could create this searcheability. Since you can't import these into statistical or spreadsheet software, such pdf's merely amount to putting a library's paper document on your desk.
With some Perl programming, they could be made into unusual csv (comma separated) files, though those underlying errors would remain. At least each such csv files could be created the same way for all 50 states, and used in statistical software the same way for all 50 states.
I went to purchase socks today from
http://socksappeal.com/ but its registrar,
GoDaddy failed to associate an IP address (failed to perform DNS service) although SocksAppeal has paid for its domain into March, 2012. I purchased from GoDaddy's customer SocksAppeal just 5 months ago, and now GoDaddy might (other possible reasons) cause a commercial business to fail.
Two variables deceive us, but our simple minds handle one variable
Simpsons Paradox, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_paradox shows how women (Class1) can be admitted (Class2) to every academic department at a higher rate [essentially a percent, not a straight count] than men, yet overall departments admit men at a higher rate (one large department accepts women at a higher rate but more men apply).
So too, Slashdot's problem perplexes the human with its two variables: day of week and male/female in flat-land. Remove day-of-week, as one response mentioned, then simple human intuition works in line-land.
For 15 years I bought slacks from stores like Lands End for prices like $45. But the keys and pen in my pocket often wore through the pockets over 4 months. I decided slacks get designed for the delicate look, resulting in un-delicate wear. For 2 years now, I instead wear twill slack-like workers pants to my dress-in-a-tie office.
I searched internet for something like "automotive" and "pants", from which I started purchasing Red Kap and Dickies pants. I now largely buy Red Kap pants which sometimes have a button rather than clasp closure. The Red Kap models that have satisfied me are
PT10
PT62
PZ20 -- I started wearing to see if they pill less
PT60 -- I started wearing to see if they pill less These pants cost $15 to $18, which made me wary since I was comfortable with Lands End pants costing $45. These inexpensive pants are not "cheap" pants, as I have never worn a hole in Red Kap pockets and (unlike Lands End) I have had no seams rip.
While I have bought Red Kap from a few companies, I now buy from
http://www.automotiveworkwear.com
So, find who needs durable pants (mechanics) and buy the pants they buy.
If our laws allow all forms of energy generation, the method should be determined by economics. Economics would account for externalities: pollution from coal, long-term storage from nuclear, noise from windmills,... No matter what your political affiliation, you probably must stretch reason to conclude that government should subsidize nuclear power plants or any power plants.
Build any power plants, fine; but why must taxpayers fund their creation? The response: because the risks are high. Hmmm. High risks for capitalists are also high risks for government. If the risks are so high that capitalists would rather fund wind energy generation or coal energy generation, why would government build nuclear power plants?
Can't government say "yea, nuclear power plants", rather than "yea, nuclear power plants, and here's $6 billion".
When government pays for (guarantees loans on) 90% of a nuclear power plant, any of us would gladly put up a negligible 10%. This is not private enterprise, this is government enterprise. Any of us would gladly run a company funded by government dollars -- what a deal.
A couple days before the final scores, Team California was first. Their house remains far better looking than Team Germany's or UIUC, which was a box whose white outside on barn wood looked like a chapped child who spent too much time outdoors. See http://www.solardecathlon.org/scoring/ where Team California has a much better architecture (it was beautiful, comfortable, spacious), which is the main observation one sees onsite. UIUC won only on the two ratings of "comfort zone" and "net metering", which we tourists didn't notice onsite. I found the engineers of UIUC more talkative than those of Team California. For example, UUIC asked if two miles of wiring in the German house was a reasonable approach to a long-term robust house. And they mentioned that there is an industry that converts old barns to wood for new buildings.
We have all heard how UIUC excels in many fields. I wouldn't consider Team California's Santa Clara University a top tier school; nonetheless, they produced a more beautiful and architecturally intricate solar house. UIUC was an engineer's house; Team California's was a house regular folks would want.
I viewed these houses over four different days, from construction to display. Among the top contenders, some equipment was obviously German, Bosch Dishwashers and German refrigerators for most every top contender. Others viewing these solar houses often asked where to get some equipment on the top houses. Solar cells: Germany Heat exchanger: Germany Kitchen equipment: Germay . ..: Germany While some contest categories like architecture couldn't rely on German equipment, this solar house contest seemed like the post WWII race for the best space program -- who had the better German scientists, USSR or US with Werner von Braun. Amongst these houses, who had the better German solar, heating, kitchen,... equipment.
A couple years ago, Germany produced half the world's solar power. While one can laud Germany, one must take note that the U.S. has bowed out of much science, technology, and the education of them (except biology, medicine, computers, and military equipment). All the women and men on the German Team prodded the audience and answered questions like engineers -- a half Carribean, half German woman answered questions in contrasts that signaled her engineering mind. In contrast, the Virginia Tech team seemed lackadaisical lounging around, ignorant about many aspects of their own house -- was the Virginia Tech team just there to party? In front of their TVs and computers, in their cars and trains, with four times the population of Germany, half the U.S. badmouths science and the striving for its knowledge (elitism).
Still, from wherever energy generation and usage technology comes, we are thankful. The German house used phase-changing materials to dampen energy fluctuations, a couple types of solar cells including some for shaded areas, and was the only house with a second livable level. Another house could electrically dim its windows. The University of Illinois Urbana Champaign house sealed its doors like a commercial freezer. One house changed one wall's colors according to cool or warm temperatures. Thank you, scientists.
From a changelog on Debian packages, http://packages.debian.org/changelogs/pool/main/x/xtv/xtv_1.1-10/changelog comes the following for an early release of xtv,
xtv (1.1-1) unstable; urgency=low
* Initial Release.
-- Jay Kominek Tue, 16 Sep 1997 17:14:36 -0400
I remember using xtv to view (and interact, as I recall) with others' X11 displays. We probably installed this open source software from a third party's 8mm tape.
Slashdot Mirror
Fifteen years ago, China noticed pesticide in U.S. grain shipments.
That pesticide was grown by the GMO crop itself.
The U.S. response was, sorry, that GMO crop was meant for livestock feed only and somehow got in the human supply.
This became a bigger problem because grains all get mixed in storage elevators,
so non-GMO grain effectively became pesticide embedded GMO grain.
One can say GMO crops are usually healthful to eat, but grains can be GMO modified to actually kill people.
You don't want to allow anybody's GMO modification to be sold!
There is a "GMO" modification that presents no problem -- remove genes (rather than add genes).
Nature itself often removes genes.
CRISPR cas9 technology, arising from bacteria's defense against viruses, can selectively remove genes.
This was done with button mushrooms, removing a gene that created ethane, so those mushrooms don't get slimy and brown as quickly.
Yum.
Classical statistics mentions the significance level, alpha=0.05. It mentions beta -- (1-beta) is the power of the test to conclude the null hypothesis. Classical statistics never mentions R, the background ratio of true to false relationships in a field. While R lies in the interval [0,infinity], you could think instead about the background probability of true relationships. PLOS had an article several years ago that showed the probability a published article falsely touts a relationship as true, a probability they called the Positive Predictive Probability,
PPV = 1 / [1 + alpha / ((1 - beta) * R))]
The person designing an experiment seeks a large power, 1 - beta, so is bounded away from 0 and at most 1, so this factor becomes irrelevant (remember, the article gets published). When R is much less than alpha; eg, R=0.001 is less than 0.05, then PPV is about
R / alpha
or often
R / 0.05
The background proportion of true relationships R dominates over alpha and over beta in the probability the relationship is true PPV.
You do a statistical test in a "field" of relationships where most of the relationships are wrong, otherwise any relationship stated has a good chance to be correct and the "field" is easy if not boring. Consider the search for some 30 genes that might cause a genetic disease out of 30,000 genes in a genome. Then R is 1 / 1000 and (about)
PPV =. 1/(1 + 0.05/(1/1000)) = 1/51 =. 0.02
That is, such published genetics articles tout relationships that are very unlikely (0.02) to be correct.
The German pharmaceutical Bayer called a large sample of published article authors, duplicated their procedures, yet found 70 percent of the publications' touted results could not be confirmed (probably wrong). Many statistical tools will give fame -- hypothesis tests or even more so data mining tools -- these are often charlatan's tools.
The ecological fallacy concerns making conclusions about individuals from aggregates (states). ... The four common statistical ecological fallacies are: confusion between ecological correlations and individual correlations, confusion between group average and total average, Simpson's paradox, and confusion between higher average and higher likelihood."
From Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_fallacy
"An ecological fallacy is a logical fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong.
An example is Red State/ Blue State and income.
Using states, we could conclude that poor states (southern or red states) vote republican.
Yet when run on individuals, rich people vote 60% republican.
The same thing happens in the pharmaceutical industry.
Rather than states, some researchers merely use other researchers published (aggregate) results,
collecting results from many academic pharmaceutical articles (each acting like a state).
Bayer found that they could not reproduce 75% of pharmaceutical academic articles.
When you aggregate (meta-statistics), the knowledgeable complain that you should use individual data, not aggregate data (from articles) to make proper conclusions.
Further examples of the "ecological fallacy" are numerous.
State confounds with another variable, and its extrication can take decades of research, though Bayesian hierarchical models with separate errors at each level can probably extricate the problem these days.
Using aggregate data to make conclusions about individuals has been rejected since the 1950 seminal article by the researcher William S. Robinson. That's 60 years ago! We should become more statistically literate!
Particularly for schools, Vernier Software and Technology, has continually added sensors, now about 60 sensors, over the last 33 years.
http://www.vernier.com/
Some sensors include carbon dioxide, water flow, radiation, respiration, soil moisture, spectrometer, UV.
I have about 20 of them for my child at home, and hope to get the blood pressure sensor for myself.
Being for schools, they are the least expensive sensors I've seen.
All these sensors plug into their Labquest 2 interface (or one of their older interfaces) which looks more like a smartphone with touch screen, WiFi, Bluetooth, and several device ports. Top 10 ranking high schools like Thomas Jefferson High School in Fairfax county use these, though that high school has also had genetic sequencers for the last 15 years.
I'm glad to see competition, but one should never overlook what has dominated this arena for decades.
If you want a feature in Open Office, fund it. Better yet, considering the cost of Microsoft Office, put the funding of Open Office in the annual budget. Rather than giving $100 million a year to Microsoft, give $10 million a year to Open Office. With a programming / total-expenditures ratio of 1, open source funding is efficient.
A few years ago, Kansas sued Nebraska, whose 100,000 plus wells left some Kansas towns with zero water, especially near the Republican River (named after a Pawnee subtribe of Indians known as the Republicans). A Nebraska agricultural economist investigated, publishing a research paper that revealed over several years that Nebraska's increasing wells decreased water before it reached Nebraska. With his defense ruined, the Nebraska attorney general denounced the economist to his department head in Lincoln, Nebraska. The attorney general valued loyalty to himself more than honesty to truth, while the economist valued loyalty to honesty.
Continuing revelations about U.S. security agencies (torture, forbidding free speech, spying on their citizens, promoting specific denominations of Christianity) blemishes all other government agencies (Commerce, Agriculture, Education). We envision these other benign government agencies' surveys spying on us, maybe even sharing information with government security agencies. Does U.S. extensive security represent a new necessity, obsessive employees, employees seeking promotions, or a cowardly and impotent population.
In 1988, Jonathan Pollard's (America's more prolific spy) father defended his son by claiming members of the U.S. military were proliferating swasticas against his son. I'm surprised when those who went over-the-top whine.
I have now actually checked this.
I switched an SDHC to read-only, wrote a file to it on Linux, took the SDHC to another computer, and the file was indeed written.
So, the SDHC lock is no guarantee against writing, and is apparently useless.
I stand corrected, and thank Carnildo for ending my misadventure.
I prefer using read-only hardware to "chattr -i" immutability plus a Linux kernel enforcing this,
since the software approach is cumbersome and changes files' ctime attribute.
What is available?
The following in the alternate model AEPDDESUWP will not write to any memory it can read,
and outputs to either eSATA or USB computer ports,
http://www.addonics.com/products/aepddesu.php
I still need to put my operating system on flash memory before I insert it into such a read-only device.
People are either Christian, or headed for hell and of Satan.
Most American goods come from China, so American Christians prefer to buy the goods of Satan.
So with science and engineering -- of Satan.
Yet virtually everything around us came through science and engineering's magic touch
-- blended shirts (banned in the bible), invisible electromagnetic waves everywhere to be interpreted, risen people in airplanes, medical prosthetics getting even amputees to walk.
In the last hundred years, name one "good" thing religion has given us.
Now name something good science has given us.
The operating system often seems to write to a lock-switched memory card, and "ls" indicates it has.
But removing the card reveals data has not been written.
I'll keep an eye out for actually writing when actually lock-switched.
No matter what an intruder tries, if you put your operating system on read-only media, intrusion becomes limited.
Of course, installation and changes become more difficult because you must reboot with your media set to read-write, then reboot again to read-only. SDHC memory works well for this, since it has a read-write switch like the old floppy drives. Put the memory in a
USB "card reader" for SD
(microSD doesn't appear to have a read-write switch).
You can insert the SDHC in something that looks like a flash drive, then insert the whole in a USB slot.
Or, you can use something like the Adonics eSATA/USB Digidrive
http://www.addonics.com/products/aepddesu.php
to connect to your computer's eSATA port (if you have such a port on the back of your computer),
which is probably more efficient (fewer waits) than a USB 3.0 connection.
In Linux, you might choose to put most of your operating system on SDHC switched to read-only,
then put a variable area on a regular disk drive for logs, although you can put logs into a memory area that disappears on reboot.
Or you might put your webpages on a separate SDHC,
so your webpages get no intrusion changes.
You could then unmount your webpage SDHC, switch to read-write, make changes, unmount, switch to read-only.
In Debian Linux, the foundation for most Linuxes (eg, Ubuntu), you can look at the "Securing Debian Manual",
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/securing-debian-howto.en.pdf
Debian has a highly tailored Aide (like tripwire) that uses checksums to detect any file changes.
In Debian, "dar" Disk Archiver (like tar) makes backups on external disk drives, but dar probably requires some tailoring (I use dar).
For a firewall, you could use Debian's easily used Guarddog.
In some sense, Debian is the administrator's operating system -- for the serious.
Data arises from retrospective or prospective studies.
Retrospective data was created before a statistician could design an experiment.
Prospective data sees the statistician set various levels of a variable
to randomly selected experimental units (maybe people, maybe production machines).
In a (prospective) experiment, an observed correlation implies causation.
For example, in manufacturing plastic, keeping constant other variables (humidity and speed of production),
set the temperature sometimes at 100 degrees and sometimes at 200 degrees,
randomly choosing the order these temperatures get applied.
If the 200 degree temperature produces a stronger plastic (response or dependent variable),
then your positive correlation implies causation.
In the future, knowing that increased heat increases plastic strength, the manufacturer would raise the temperature.
But experiments consume time and money, so institutions not individuals usually perform them.
Million dollar clinical trials do determine whether a drug is effective.
While experimental economics can determine causation, most economics is retrospective, so conclusions become controversial.
GM and Department of Energy have been sponsoing a competition, providing the same model vehicle that universities then convert.
Mississippi State University appeared on the Smithsonian Mall (Washington, DC) in the Folk Festival, June-July 2012.
While the vehicle wasn't an SUV, GM provided the same vehicle model merely to avoid variable results arising from model used.
http://www.festival.si.edu/2012/plug-in-to-the-future-first-place-for-mississippi-state-university-in-ecocar2-competition/
Programming plus math, statistics, legendary graphics -- that's R.
Just a programming language is a barren language for most people.
Use a programming language that eases and magnifies another field/course.
R dominates numerous statistics departments, biogenetics, and financial quants,
R originated from AT&T (as S) at the same time as Unix and C.
Many people start an R session whenever they login, since R can even do the trivial as a calculator with history and help.
With vectors x and y, the following creates a good graph.
plot(x,y)
R has associative arrays (hashes) and parallel programming, native to R since the programmer often uses vector objects.
http://www.r-bloggers.com/
http://www.r-project.org/
Westinghouse Electric Company was bought in 2005 for $5 billion by the Japanese company TOSHIBA,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company
And the U.S. has the British company BP drilling much of the U.S. oil.
Why is the U.S. excited about its self-sufficiency?
Why does the U.S. push foreign company energy projects more than its own projects?
With China producing 30 percent of the world's engineers, Russia 7 percent, and the U.S. only 3 percent (see this week's Science article); and
with 8 out of 9 of China's political leaders engineers;
what part of the world's engineering curve does the U.S. think it sits?
In the past 6 months, USDA has made available past agriculture censuses,
now back to 1925.
http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/homepage.do
However, while these are searcheable pdf's,
there appears to be no quality control so errors appear not in the image but in the underlying searcheable data.
In some sense, the searcheability is a mere bonus of the scanning software used;
although for such pdf's, your own OCR software could create this searcheability.
Since you can't import these into statistical or spreadsheet software,
such pdf's merely amount to putting a library's paper document on your desk.
With some Perl programming, they could be made into unusual csv (comma separated) files,
though those underlying errors would remain.
At least each such csv files could be created the same way for all 50 states,
and used in statistical software the same way for all 50 states.
I went to purchase socks today from
http://socksappeal.com/
but its registrar,
GoDaddy
failed to associate an IP address (failed to perform DNS service)
although SocksAppeal has paid for its domain into March, 2012.
I purchased from GoDaddy's customer SocksAppeal just 5 months ago,
and now GoDaddy might (other possible reasons) cause a commercial business to fail.
Two variables deceive us, but our simple minds handle one variable
Simpsons Paradox,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_paradox
shows how women (Class1) can be admitted (Class2) to every academic department at a higher rate
[essentially a percent, not a straight count] than men,
yet overall departments admit men at a higher rate (one large department accepts women at a higher rate but more men apply).
So too, Slashdot's problem perplexes the human with its two variables: day of week and male/female in flat-land.
Remove day-of-week, as one response mentioned,
then simple human intuition works in line-land.
For 15 years I bought slacks from stores like Lands End for prices like $45.
But the keys and pen in my pocket often wore through the pockets over 4 months.
I decided slacks get designed for the delicate look, resulting in un-delicate wear.
For 2 years now, I instead wear twill slack-like workers pants to my dress-in-a-tie office.
I searched internet for something like "automotive" and "pants",
from which I started purchasing Red Kap and Dickies pants.
I now largely buy Red Kap pants which sometimes have a button rather than clasp closure.
The Red Kap models that have satisfied me are
PT10
PT62
PZ20 -- I started wearing to see if they pill less
PT60 -- I started wearing to see if they pill less
These pants cost $15 to $18, which made me wary since I was comfortable with Lands End pants costing $45.
These inexpensive pants are not "cheap" pants,
as I have never worn a hole in Red Kap pockets and (unlike Lands End) I have had no seams rip.
While I have bought Red Kap from a few companies,
I now buy from
http://www.automotiveworkwear.com
So, find who needs durable pants (mechanics) and buy the pants they buy.
If our laws allow all forms of energy generation, ...
the method should be determined by economics.
Economics would account for externalities: pollution from coal, long-term storage from nuclear, noise from windmills,
No matter what your political affiliation,
you probably must stretch reason to conclude that
government should subsidize nuclear power plants
or any power plants.
Build any power plants, fine;
but why must taxpayers fund their creation?
The response: because the risks are high.
Hmmm. High risks for capitalists
are also high risks for government.
If the risks are so high that capitalists would rather fund wind energy generation or coal energy generation,
why would government build nuclear power plants?
Can't government say "yea, nuclear power plants",
rather than
"yea, nuclear power plants, and here's $6 billion".
When government pays for (guarantees loans on) 90% of a nuclear power plant, any of us would gladly put up a negligible 10%.
This is not private enterprise, this is government enterprise.
Any of us would gladly run a company funded by government dollars -- what a deal.
A couple days before the final scores, Team California was first.
Their house remains far better looking than Team Germany's or UIUC, which was a box whose white outside on barn wood looked like a chapped child who spent too much time outdoors.
See
http://www.solardecathlon.org/scoring/
where Team California has a much better architecture (it was beautiful, comfortable, spacious), which is the main observation one sees onsite. UIUC won only on the two ratings of "comfort zone" and "net metering", which we tourists didn't notice onsite.
I found the engineers of UIUC more talkative than those of Team California. For example, UUIC asked if two miles of wiring in the German house was a reasonable approach to a long-term robust house.
And they mentioned that there is an industry that converts old barns to wood for new buildings.
We have all heard how UIUC excels in many fields.
I wouldn't consider Team California's Santa Clara University a top tier school; nonetheless, they produced a more beautiful and architecturally intricate solar house.
UIUC was an engineer's house;
Team California's was a house regular folks would want.
I viewed these houses over four different days, from construction to display. .: Germany ... equipment.
Among the top contenders, some equipment was obviously German,
Bosch Dishwashers and German refrigerators for most every top contender.
Others viewing these solar houses often asked where to get some equipment on the top houses.
Solar cells: Germany
Heat exchanger: Germany
Kitchen equipment: Germay
. .
While some contest categories like architecture couldn't rely on German equipment,
this solar house contest seemed like the post WWII race for the best space program
-- who had the better German scientists, USSR or US with Werner von Braun.
Amongst these houses, who had the better German solar, heating, kitchen,
A couple years ago, Germany produced half the world's solar power.
While one can laud Germany, one must take note that the U.S. has bowed out of much science, technology, and the education of them (except biology, medicine, computers, and military equipment).
All the women and men on the German Team prodded the audience
and answered questions like engineers
-- a half Carribean, half German woman answered questions in contrasts
that signaled her engineering mind.
In contrast, the Virginia Tech team seemed lackadaisical
lounging around, ignorant about many aspects of their own house
-- was the Virginia Tech team just there to party?
In front of their TVs and computers, in their cars and trains,
with four times the population of Germany,
half the U.S. badmouths science and the striving for its knowledge (elitism).
Still, from wherever energy generation and usage technology comes, we are thankful.
The German house used phase-changing materials to dampen energy fluctuations,
a couple types of solar cells including some for shaded areas,
and was the only house with a second livable level.
Another house could electrically dim its windows.
The University of Illinois Urbana Champaign house sealed its doors like a commercial freezer.
One house changed one wall's colors according to cool or warm temperatures.
Thank you, scientists.
From a changelog on Debian packages,
http://packages.debian.org/changelogs/pool/main/x/xtv/xtv_1.1-10/changelog
comes the following for an early release of xtv,
xtv (1.1-1) unstable; urgency=low
* Initial Release.
-- Jay Kominek Tue, 16 Sep 1997 17:14:36 -0400
I remember using xtv to view (and interact, as I recall) with others' X11 displays.
We probably installed this open source software from a third party's 8mm tape.
:set hlsearch
/brittle
Then when you search, every instance gets simultaneously highlighted.
For example, searching for "brittle",
Remember, to repeat a search (eg, for "brittle"), forward/backward, enter respectively
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