Re:Nice, but about those 802.11a/b/g cards...
on
Open Source Hotspots
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· Score: 1
Would anyone be so kind as to make more specific hardware recommendations? I mean, it's great to know which chipsets are compatible, but there are a great many linux users who would like to move to wireless but have neither the time nor the patience to do the research. It would be greatly appreciated if people could post what wireless hardware they have had success with. A few good vendor recommendations would be helpful as well...
at least [they say] they're not going to be storing all this info in perpetuity.
Unless, of course, an employee wants to track down his ex girlfriend. Or the local alderman pulls some strings and gets a CDR burned so he can see where his kids are hanging out. Or the racist mayor wants to find out why there are so many black people in town this week. Or when Ashcroft's new MATRIX-system connects this to every gov't database, so that any clerk at the DMV can access this info.
This should get re-posted about once a year. Nobody has time to track down all these useful programs, it's great to have them all listed, discussed, compared, & critiqued all in one place!
It's pretty east to compare open source software development with evolution in nature. The more choices we have, the greater the gene pool is. The browsers with the best features will mature and survive, the crappy browsers will go the way of the dodo. It's not simply all about "choice" as you put it.
A wide selection of software is a very positive thing - especially if the licenses are compatible so that they can cross-breed!
P2P-based Savannah/Sarovar?
on
Update on Playfair
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· Score: 2, Interesting
Is there such a thing as a p2p-based Savannah/Sarovar system? If not perhaps this is a good time to consider creating such a thing. I'm assuming that the current systems have features that basic p2p clients don't support. But between Bnetd, playfair, DeCSS, and others, there is clearly a need for a distributed, peer-to-peer, source distribution/co-authoring system. Maybe WASTE could be modified to do this sort of thing?
Note: I am not a programmer, so I'm not exactly sure what Savannah/Sarovar/Sourceforge sites do exactly, but there has to be a way to do it to prevent these projects from getting shut down.
My point is that instead of bickering over legal trivia, we need to be developing defensive systems to prevent corporations from controlling us.
If the US government were actually serving its citizens, instead of messing around with kids who pirate video games, they would punish convicted monopolists instead of letting them go free*. The point is that the government doesnt decide who to go after based on things like real damage or danger - they base decisions based on where the money is. In this case, the money is in the software companies so law enforcement works for them right now, not the average american citizen, who will not see any real benefit from busting video game pirates.
Before you reply or moderate, ask yourself a few questions. Who benefits from busting Video Game pirates? If you think American citizens will, do you think they will benefit from cheaper game prices? Or maybe we'll get better games now that the pirates are all shut down? Or do you really think that as corporate profits go up, wages will, too, and that everyone benefits from helping the corporation? (in reality, the only people who benefit are the shareholders, who pay the lobbyists to wine & dine the legislators)
*Consider this: is there a way that Microsoft could be punished that would reduce computer prices and maybe even stimulate the computer industry, and the software industry as well? I think someone could probably come up with such a solution, and that it would be a far more effective use of gov't time & money than chasing warez kiddies.
I'm sure if your a true audiophile you would be buying normal CDs to begin with.
If I remember correctly, most "golden ears" tests show that 192kbps mp3s are indistinguishable from CD audio. Also it's unanimous that most people have different thresholds for music quality. So it stands to reason that true audiophiles, instead of nitpicking about formats and physical storage media, would determine where their threshold lies and worry more about the actual quality of the data and not the alleged merits of the media on which it is stored.
Either way, the quality debate over mp3s is long over - mp3s can deliver audio with the apparent quality of CD audio. The only people who need worry about formats are those who are dealing with professional or broadcast audio, and I can assure you that many of those people are switching to mp3 anyway because of the enormous benefits.
Linux's usablility problem does not derive from this very prudent choice, but from the difficulty of discovering how to turn any particular service on or off.
or even what they do for that matter. I don't have time to read the man pages for every service that i have installed. even the services that i'm familiar with are somewhat mysterious, so i sometimes keep them running.
for instance, i know that apmd does battery and power stuff, but i don't know if i need it on my desktop box. i could stop it and see if anything breaks over the next few days, or spend half an hour trying to decipher the man pages, but it's easier just to keep it running. Even Mandrake's "info" button in the Control Center hardly tells me anything. I have a dozen services running that I have only the vaguest notion of what they do - and they could very well be security risks.
98% is pretty unlikely. When people are a part of a group (slashdot readers), they assume that since they share one or a few traits, that they share *most* traits. This is a fallacy. I read slashdot for three years before using Linux on a regular basis. There are a lot of Slashdot readers who don't use Linux. There are many who don't play video games. And -GASP!- there are quite a few who even have social lives.
Those of you who assume that the rest of slashdot is just like you are truly naive.
I think that what interfaces truly need are simple rules that can be quickly learned, from which one can intuit the more complex details. I'll explain.
We know that when you get into a car, your real-time info is always in the same place, below the windshield, usually behind the steering mechanism (I know there are exceptions). Window controls are usually below the window. Parking brake is in the center console or at your feet. There are simple rules that allow a person to figure out how to drive almost any car.
Computers, on the other hand, have detailed rules that do not allow you to figure out the simple stuff. Mouse pointers usually look the same. Drop-down menus usually work in a similar manner. But only a few parts are always in the same location (window control widgets, start button, taskbar). Even those are often found in different locations.
We need simple rules that allow us to figure out the complex stuff. A simple example might be that we put things that can happen in the future at the top of the screen (like commonly used programs, start button, "My Computer" browser), and current or past stuff at the bottom (logs/graphs/gkrellm, running programs, time, weather). This way one could easily figure out where an action would be.
This probably needs some research first, because the rules should be intuitive, simple, and cross-cultural. But *we* need to define those rules instead of letting Microsoft change them every 3 years.
PS if anyone is interested in doing this research, send me a message - I'm looking for an interesting HCI project to work on!
Agreed. This is very interesting stuff from a research point of view, but it needs a lot of testing before it gets added as standard in all the browsers. simple 1-dimensional history works just fine, and as the parent said, tabbed browsing fixes most of the problems with the current setup.
While we're on the subject of browsers, can anyone tell me why modern browsers still use caching? I've been moving a lot of profiles around lately, and those 5,000 1k files are *killer* on file transfers. (i always forget to delete them) is there any real reason to have a cache at all? is there any reason not to limit it to like 1 Meg?
I hate to break it to you, but that was indeed constructive criticism. The Mac community is bad about this sort of thing, and we Linux users have the same problem. Instead of doing the knee-jerk defensive thing, Apple users and Linux users can both benefit from trying to understand *all* forms of criticism, since there is often some validity to many complaints.
On a side note, it is far from pointless to say that Apple users and Linux users are often fanatical and overzealous. It is a much-needed warning, and a request to step back and double-check everything - there is *always* room for improvement.
I think if there was an RIAA apology letter out there someone would probably publish it. From what I understand, in this type of situation they just drop the lawsuit - I doubt that there is any apology involved. Can anyone else comment on this?
On a side note, this is the same thing that Blizzard/Vivendi did to Bnetd - after they fucked everyone, then they just drop the lawsuit. No apology, plaintiffs still have to pay for lawyers up to that point. It's called the "Chilling Effect". The fact that they dropped the lawsuit is irrelevant, because the damage was already done.
Actually most people over the age of 22 have a visual component attached to many of their audio memories. I just started using XMMS with a cd-cover viewer plugin and I think it adds an extra dimension to using mp3s. People who bought their first albums on vinyl are even more likely to want to add that visual component, since the imagery was even more prominent.
I personally would like a way to browse my mp3 collection by album covers, but with metadata for the albums to make them sortable and/or searchable. For example, I'd like to search for "Beck" and have all of my Beck mp3s displayed with the associated album covers.
I think this may be doable with current file browsers - maybe Gnome or Konqueror - but I'm not sure. Is there a way to replace the standard folder icon with an image stored in that folder? should be simple to do...
Either way, I will not buy another Blizzard game until they fix the damage they did with Bnetd. Withdrawing the lawsuit is not sufficient. The "Chilling Effect" is what happens when people stop working on innovative projects for fear of being sued. Not to mention that they probably really messed up the Bnetd guys lives for a few months.
Don't buy from Blizzard if you have principles. If you want to support predatory, litigous lawsuit-driven businesses, then go ahead and buy Blizzard's games. I prefer to support respectable companies like Id Software. If they cross the line, I'll stop buying their games as well.
Switch cellphone to vibrate.
Don't let people see you using your cellphone.
I realize that we occasionally hear stories about people finding jobs quickly these days, but from what I can tell, this ain't the time to be quitting any jobs.
Hmmm... Maybe it would help if a few extra eyes checked over that legislation before it gets released? Any chance of getting pre-release legislation published on sourceforge? I have to admit that I like the idea of open-source legislation. Not sure how it would work though...
Maybe you haven't heard yet - 3D Realms has signed an exclusive deal with Infinum Labs and will be available only on the Infinium Phantom next-gen console. Sorry to disappoint all you PC-gamers out there...
it takes an Act of Congress in order to activate it.
It also takes an act of congress to declare war. declarations of war were probably originally intended to be used only in doomsday situations as well. Now we now that the concept of war has been perverted and twisted so that while our politicians claim to wage a successful war, they have also carefully made sure that war was never declared, bypassing the checks and balances that you originally suggested will protect us from the draft.
I think it's time to start calling your local attorneys general and suggest that they work on anti-trust proceedings against microsoft again. am i correct in assuming that these sorts of actions start at the attorneys general? my impression is that some of these guys are actually out to defend us, so if we give them a barrage of phone calls maybe they will look into it.
Here's where you can get some contact info.
I used to have a little band, I was getting maybe 500 hits a month on my website. Half of the hits were me fixing tiny flaws in the HTML. anyway the band went their separate ways, and every once in a while i do a search for the old band just to see what happens. the strange thing is that the site is still out there, in several different forms. i've seen bits and pieces of the site, usually in large chunks, floating around on the net. the weirdest part is that usually they don't pop in their own info or text - they almost always preserve my original info, or at least a large chunk thereof. i have no idea why anyone would want to do this, but it happens...
I hate to say it, but I actually bought realjukebox several years ago. At the time I think it came with realplayer 8. I bought it because realjukebox had an easy-to-use cd ripper, and you had to buy it to rip at more than 128kbps. Not a bad deal for $20 (although I wonder if my credit card got stuck with those extra charges)
I agree that it has some truly obnoxious quirks, but I still have yet to find a program that handles mp3 renaming and id3 editing as well (I'm still using realjukebox for this). It balances ease-of-use with advanced features. But tweaking all those startcenters and hunting down all the shortcuts is truly painful.
While we're on the subject, can anyone recommend a good id3 tag editor/mp3-renamer as a replacement for realjukebox? Getting rid of it would cut aobut 20 minutes off of my reinstall times.
2. Big database companies (like West) are worried that other companies can slurp up large parts of their data and turn around and sell it. Everyone agrees this is unfair and shouldn't be allowed.
I don't agree.
There's nothing unfair about selling, re-selling, borrowing, or trading facts, in any way shape or form. There is nothing wrong with re-typing 25 pages out of the phone book and then selling them to some schmuck.*
As far as Lexis-Nexis is concerned, there is some concern that their "monopoly" (that's in quotes because it's probably an exaggeration but still mostly true) - their monopoly may already be restricting access to public information. Apparently since you have to pay for Lexis-Nexis, and L-N is the only place to get legal info, that means that poor people simply don't have access to legal info.
*A more likely scenario is that someone would reprint the phone numbers in a phone book and sell advertising space. Who cares? Who really cares about stealing phone numbers from the phone book? Instead of legislating the solution, maybe they should take a cue (sp?) from mapmakers, who have some very crafty ways of protecting the data that they sell.
I realize that you're not supposed to feed trolls like the parent post, but I'll humor him just to make a point.
Full disclosure: I am an amateur musician. Many of my close friends are artists of some sort, and many make some or all of their income from art or creative works. I've sold several hundred CDs, and I make sure that I always share my own stuff, and I encourage my friends to do the same.
When I create a work, what ever it may be, I should have the right to determine how and by whom it may be used.
You do have that right, as do all creators. You can either distribute your work, or you can keep it to yourself. You have a great deal of control over any works you create. In fact, you have 100% control until you do something like release it to the public.
Music does not "want to be free". But ideas are inherently free, and no matter how many laws are made, no matter how many patents are taken out, ideas will always be free. They can't be stopped or prevented or controlled or stolen or borrowed.
On a slightly related note, apparently the Martin Luther King heirs tried to claim ownership of the "I have a dream" speech. Mr. Troll, do you honestly believe that anyone should be able to claim ownership of that particular piece of "intellectual property"? Should the King heirs "have the right to determine how and by whom it may be used"? In the English language, we say that someone "gives" a speech. Or "gives" a performance. Once you give a speech, you can't have it back! Now it belongs to everyone, just like all the other ideas! No one can control it, or restrict it, or determine how and by whom it may be used.
Slashdot Mirror
Would anyone be so kind as to make more specific hardware recommendations? I mean, it's great to know which chipsets are compatible, but there are a great many linux users who would like to move to wireless but have neither the time nor the patience to do the research. It would be greatly appreciated if people could post what wireless hardware they have had success with. A few good vendor recommendations would be helpful as well...
at least [they say] they're not going to be storing all this info in perpetuity.
Unless, of course, an employee wants to track down his ex girlfriend. Or the local alderman pulls some strings and gets a CDR burned so he can see where his kids are hanging out. Or the racist mayor wants to find out why there are so many black people in town this week. Or when Ashcroft's new MATRIX-system connects this to every gov't database, so that any clerk at the DMV can access this info.
This should get re-posted about once a year. Nobody has time to track down all these useful programs, it's great to have them all listed, discussed, compared, & critiqued all in one place!
It's pretty east to compare open source software development with evolution in nature. The more choices we have, the greater the gene pool is. The browsers with the best features will mature and survive, the crappy browsers will go the way of the dodo. It's not simply all about "choice" as you put it.
A wide selection of software is a very positive thing - especially if the licenses are compatible so that they can cross-breed!
Is there such a thing as a p2p-based Savannah/Sarovar system? If not perhaps this is a good time to consider creating such a thing. I'm assuming that the current systems have features that basic p2p clients don't support. But between Bnetd, playfair, DeCSS, and others, there is clearly a need for a distributed, peer-to-peer, source distribution/co-authoring system. Maybe WASTE could be modified to do this sort of thing?
Note: I am not a programmer, so I'm not exactly sure what Savannah/Sarovar/Sourceforge sites do exactly, but there has to be a way to do it to prevent these projects from getting shut down.
My point is that instead of bickering over legal trivia, we need to be developing defensive systems to prevent corporations from controlling us.
If the US government were actually serving its citizens, instead of messing around with kids who pirate video games, they would punish convicted monopolists instead of letting them go free*. The point is that the government doesnt decide who to go after based on things like real damage or danger - they base decisions based on where the money is. In this case, the money is in the software companies so law enforcement works for them right now, not the average american citizen, who will not see any real benefit from busting video game pirates.
Before you reply or moderate, ask yourself a few questions. Who benefits from busting Video Game pirates? If you think American citizens will, do you think they will benefit from cheaper game prices? Or maybe we'll get better games now that the pirates are all shut down? Or do you really think that as corporate profits go up, wages will, too, and that everyone benefits from helping the corporation? (in reality, the only people who benefit are the shareholders, who pay the lobbyists to wine & dine the legislators)
*Consider this: is there a way that Microsoft could be punished that would reduce computer prices and maybe even stimulate the computer industry, and the software industry as well? I think someone could probably come up with such a solution, and that it would be a far more effective use of gov't time & money than chasing warez kiddies.
If I remember correctly, most "golden ears" tests show that 192kbps mp3s are indistinguishable from CD audio. Also it's unanimous that most people have different thresholds for music quality. So it stands to reason that true audiophiles, instead of nitpicking about formats and physical storage media, would determine where their threshold lies and worry more about the actual quality of the data and not the alleged merits of the media on which it is stored.
Either way, the quality debate over mp3s is long over - mp3s can deliver audio with the apparent quality of CD audio. The only people who need worry about formats are those who are dealing with professional or broadcast audio, and I can assure you that many of those people are switching to mp3 anyway because of the enormous benefits.
for instance, i know that apmd does battery and power stuff, but i don't know if i need it on my desktop box. i could stop it and see if anything breaks over the next few days, or spend half an hour trying to decipher the man pages, but it's easier just to keep it running. Even Mandrake's "info" button in the Control Center hardly tells me anything. I have a dozen services running that I have only the vaguest notion of what they do - and they could very well be security risks.
98% is pretty unlikely. When people are a part of a group (slashdot readers), they assume that since they share one or a few traits, that they share *most* traits. This is a fallacy. I read slashdot for three years before using Linux on a regular basis. There are a lot of Slashdot readers who don't use Linux. There are many who don't play video games. And -GASP!- there are quite a few who even have social lives.
Those of you who assume that the rest of slashdot is just like you are truly naive.
I think that what interfaces truly need are simple rules that can be quickly learned, from which one can intuit the more complex details. I'll explain.
We know that when you get into a car, your real-time info is always in the same place, below the windshield, usually behind the steering mechanism (I know there are exceptions). Window controls are usually below the window. Parking brake is in the center console or at your feet. There are simple rules that allow a person to figure out how to drive almost any car.
Computers, on the other hand, have detailed rules that do not allow you to figure out the simple stuff. Mouse pointers usually look the same. Drop-down menus usually work in a similar manner. But only a few parts are always in the same location (window control widgets, start button, taskbar). Even those are often found in different locations.
We need simple rules that allow us to figure out the complex stuff. A simple example might be that we put things that can happen in the future at the top of the screen (like commonly used programs, start button, "My Computer" browser), and current or past stuff at the bottom (logs/graphs/gkrellm, running programs, time, weather). This way one could easily figure out where an action would be.
This probably needs some research first, because the rules should be intuitive, simple, and cross-cultural. But *we* need to define those rules instead of letting Microsoft change them every 3 years.
PS if anyone is interested in doing this research, send me a message - I'm looking for an interesting HCI project to work on!
Agreed. This is very interesting stuff from a research point of view, but it needs a lot of testing before it gets added as standard in all the browsers. simple 1-dimensional history works just fine, and as the parent said, tabbed browsing fixes most of the problems with the current setup.
While we're on the subject of browsers, can anyone tell me why modern browsers still use caching? I've been moving a lot of profiles around lately, and those 5,000 1k files are *killer* on file transfers. (i always forget to delete them) is there any real reason to have a cache at all? is there any reason not to limit it to like 1 Meg?
I hate to break it to you, but that was indeed constructive criticism. The Mac community is bad about this sort of thing, and we Linux users have the same problem. Instead of doing the knee-jerk defensive thing, Apple users and Linux users can both benefit from trying to understand *all* forms of criticism, since there is often some validity to many complaints.
On a side note, it is far from pointless to say that Apple users and Linux users are often fanatical and overzealous. It is a much-needed warning, and a request to step back and double-check everything - there is *always* room for improvement.
I think if there was an RIAA apology letter out there someone would probably publish it. From what I understand, in this type of situation they just drop the lawsuit - I doubt that there is any apology involved. Can anyone else comment on this?
On a side note, this is the same thing that Blizzard/Vivendi did to Bnetd - after they fucked everyone, then they just drop the lawsuit. No apology, plaintiffs still have to pay for lawyers up to that point. It's called the "Chilling Effect". The fact that they dropped the lawsuit is irrelevant, because the damage was already done.
Actually most people over the age of 22 have a visual component attached to many of their audio memories. I just started using XMMS with a cd-cover viewer plugin and I think it adds an extra dimension to using mp3s. People who bought their first albums on vinyl are even more likely to want to add that visual component, since the imagery was even more prominent.
I personally would like a way to browse my mp3 collection by album covers, but with metadata for the albums to make them sortable and/or searchable. For example, I'd like to search for "Beck" and have all of my Beck mp3s displayed with the associated album covers.
I think this may be doable with current file browsers - maybe Gnome or Konqueror - but I'm not sure. Is there a way to replace the standard folder icon with an image stored in that folder? should be simple to do...
Either way, I will not buy another Blizzard game until they fix the damage they did with Bnetd. Withdrawing the lawsuit is not sufficient. The "Chilling Effect" is what happens when people stop working on innovative projects for fear of being sued. Not to mention that they probably really messed up the Bnetd guys lives for a few months.
Don't buy from Blizzard if you have principles. If you want to support predatory, litigous lawsuit-driven businesses, then go ahead and buy Blizzard's games. I prefer to support respectable companies like Id Software. If they cross the line, I'll stop buying their games as well.
Simple solution:
Switch cellphone to vibrate.
Don't let people see you using your cellphone.
I realize that we occasionally hear stories about people finding jobs quickly these days, but from what I can tell, this ain't the time to be quitting any jobs.
Hmmm... Maybe it would help if a few extra eyes checked over that legislation before it gets released? Any chance of getting pre-release legislation published on sourceforge? I have to admit that I like the idea of open-source legislation. Not sure how it would work though...
Maybe you haven't heard yet - 3D Realms has signed an exclusive deal with Infinum Labs and will be available only on the Infinium Phantom next-gen console. Sorry to disappoint all you PC-gamers out there...
It also takes an act of congress to declare war. declarations of war were probably originally intended to be used only in doomsday situations as well. Now we now that the concept of war has been perverted and twisted so that while our politicians claim to wage a successful war, they have also carefully made sure that war was never declared, bypassing the checks and balances that you originally suggested will protect us from the draft.
I think it's time to start calling your local attorneys general and suggest that they work on anti-trust proceedings against microsoft again. am i correct in assuming that these sorts of actions start at the attorneys general? my impression is that some of these guys are actually out to defend us, so if we give them a barrage of phone calls maybe they will look into it. Here's where you can get some contact info.
I used to have a little band, I was getting maybe 500 hits a month on my website. Half of the hits were me fixing tiny flaws in the HTML. anyway the band went their separate ways, and every once in a while i do a search for the old band just to see what happens. the strange thing is that the site is still out there, in several different forms. i've seen bits and pieces of the site, usually in large chunks, floating around on the net. the weirdest part is that usually they don't pop in their own info or text - they almost always preserve my original info, or at least a large chunk thereof. i have no idea why anyone would want to do this, but it happens...
I hate to say it, but I actually bought realjukebox several years ago. At the time I think it came with realplayer 8. I bought it because realjukebox had an easy-to-use cd ripper, and you had to buy it to rip at more than 128kbps. Not a bad deal for $20 (although I wonder if my credit card got stuck with those extra charges)
I agree that it has some truly obnoxious quirks, but I still have yet to find a program that handles mp3 renaming and id3 editing as well (I'm still using realjukebox for this). It balances ease-of-use with advanced features. But tweaking all those startcenters and hunting down all the shortcuts is truly painful.
While we're on the subject, can anyone recommend a good id3 tag editor/mp3-renamer as a replacement for realjukebox? Getting rid of it would cut aobut 20 minutes off of my reinstall times.
I don't agree.
There's nothing unfair about selling, re-selling, borrowing, or trading facts, in any way shape or form. There is nothing wrong with re-typing 25 pages out of the phone book and then selling them to some schmuck.*
As far as Lexis-Nexis is concerned, there is some concern that their "monopoly" (that's in quotes because it's probably an exaggeration but still mostly true) - their monopoly may already be restricting access to public information. Apparently since you have to pay for Lexis-Nexis, and L-N is the only place to get legal info, that means that poor people simply don't have access to legal info.
*A more likely scenario is that someone would reprint the phone numbers in a phone book and sell advertising space. Who cares? Who really cares about stealing phone numbers from the phone book? Instead of legislating the solution, maybe they should take a cue (sp?) from mapmakers, who have some very crafty ways of protecting the data that they sell.
I realize that you're not supposed to feed trolls like the parent post, but I'll humor him just to make a point.
Full disclosure: I am an amateur musician. Many of my close friends are artists of some sort, and many make some or all of their income from art or creative works. I've sold several hundred CDs, and I make sure that I always share my own stuff, and I encourage my friends to do the same.
When I create a work, what ever it may be, I should have the right to determine how and by whom it may be used.
You do have that right, as do all creators. You can either distribute your work, or you can keep it to yourself. You have a great deal of control over any works you create. In fact, you have 100% control until you do something like release it to the public.
Music does not "want to be free". But ideas are inherently free, and no matter how many laws are made, no matter how many patents are taken out, ideas will always be free. They can't be stopped or prevented or controlled or stolen or borrowed.
On a slightly related note, apparently the Martin Luther King heirs tried to claim ownership of the "I have a dream" speech. Mr. Troll, do you honestly believe that anyone should be able to claim ownership of that particular piece of "intellectual property"? Should the King heirs "have the right to determine how and by whom it may be used"?
In the English language, we say that someone "gives" a speech. Or "gives" a performance. Once you give a speech, you can't have it back! Now it belongs to everyone, just like all the other ideas! No one can control it, or restrict it, or determine how and by whom it may be used.