Water freezes at the surface of the lake because that's where it's coldest.
The surface is in contact with cold air that takes away the the water's latent heat. In macroscopic terms this is by evaporation and by conduction across the thermal boundary layer of the air. Changes in the temperature of the ground are more gradual and will slow down freezing by supplying heat to the water at the bottom.
Evolution is a process that is a logical consequence of three observable phenomena:
1 - random mutation
2 - suvirval of the fittest
3 - inheritance of characteristics from parent(s) - including the random mutation Darwinism is the theory that all variation in life on Earth has arisen solely as result of this process. Proponents of ID are not the only people that object to Darwinism - there is credible evidence for some mechanisms of non-random mutation.
Creationists using these subtleties is comparable to a flat-earther (or Velikovsky) using the 46-seconds of arc in the obit of Mercury to deny "Newtonism".
At least 12 Bit per channel is necessary to avoid noticeable degradation of digital photos during routine manipulation. Until the GIMP can manage more than 8, then I'm stuck with having MSWindows on my machine.
The snappiest is going to be some homemade combination, tuned to the individual machine and software requirement. However, the default Slackware environment will be better than most Gentoo/LFS users could conjure without a great deal of tweaking.
Slackware is not the oldest, but is certainly the oldest surviving currently-maintained distribution.
It doesn't have the mindshare because there are relatively few active developers and because the installer is a bit too much of a culture shock for it to be a sensible choice for those unfortunate souls who were exposed to MSWindows before they encountered Unix.
I used Slackware myself from 3.2 onwards and only switched to Gentoo when Slackware stopped supporting OpenLook. I can still use/usr/openlook on a symlink to my slackware partition and it works much better than the xview ebuild.
The authorities in Singapore have not, until now, been applying on blogs the same strict censorship that they have on television, radio phone-ins, newspapers and public assembly. For this reason, blogging has been disproportionately popular amongst young Singaporeans.
What I think caused this clampdown was the issue of race, which has, since the 1950s been of the two most divisive and sensitive issues in Singapore. There are tensions between Tamils, Malays, local Chinese and the immigrant workers (PRC, Bangladeshi, Thai and Indonesian) that are continuously threatening to erupt into riot. The whole economy is based on the fact that Singapore is much more stable than neighbouring South-East Asian countries. The government's fear is that all the foreign investment that keeps the economy going, would quickly fade if there was any concern about the continued stability of Singapore. Religion - in particular Islam (because of the Malay minority) - is the other one.
"Race" in Singapore is a much more complex issue than most Europeans or Americans imagine.
The intention with this scheme is to devise something that can be made or at least repaired by third world artisans.
Peltiers are very expensive. Solar cells are very expensive.
Vortex coolers are simple enough that they could be made on a lathe from wood or even soapstone. The bit that this chap seems to be striggling with is supplying air at 6Bar.
Vortex coolers are useful in the chemical and process industries where is is easier to supply compressed air than electricity. Imagine a gas analyser or particle size monitor hooked onto a reactor vessel on a 80-metre tower, prone to lightning strike. The instrument electronics enclosure must be kept below 50C. You have a ~6Bar air supply anyway to operate all the valves. Peltiers take far too much current, other cooling systems have moving parts and thus present a maintenance burden.
In your car, you don't have air at high enough pressure to run a vortex cooler - all the ones I've seen run off pneumatics pressures (5-10Bar). Electric fan blowing over a conventional (refrigerant-based) heat pump is much more efficient.
In tribology the term "normal wear particles" refers to metal particles with a max dimension of 50 micron or less (for car engines - for high performance bearings like in helicopters the figure is more like 10 microns). These constantly shed from metal surfaces in contact and will build up in the lubricant. There is a magnetic plug in the system that will take a lot of them out but there is still an advantage in draining the system as completely as you can.
Larger particles usually indicate fatigue wear or (worse) cutting wear. These are a sign of trouble and indicate a real problem (lubricant breakdown, misalignment etc).
I could attempt to stretch this analogy as far as comparing it to somebody who likes to look at the bad block diagnostics from fsck. Really, though, it's all a matter of what interests you : I have no interest in cars so I'd buy a cheap one and let somebody else look after the oil. I do like computers and I routinely delve into the arcane details myself.
Antireflection coatings have a thickness of 1/4 lambda so that half the light that would normally be reflected is reflected with 180degrees phase shift. Thus for a single wavelength (v-Coating) it is possible to reduce reflection from 4% to less than 0.1%. For a broader range of wavelengths (U-coating) a number of coatings of different thicknesses are used.
The coating itself (typically CaF) is chosen because it is relatively easy to vapour-deposit to controlled thickness and because its refractive index is halfway between that of air and glass.
Somehow I don't believe that the same effect could be achieved by a thin film of water, though it's probably better than nothing.
One of my staff bought a book from them a year ago from a work account. Since then they've been sending me unsolicited offers for things I have no intention of buying.
Their e-mail contains no return or unsubscribe link. I believe that here in the UK that is illegal. I have struggled even to find a phone number or postal address on their website to send a cease-and-desist letter.
Yes, they're big and successful but their behaviour bears all the hallmarks of spammers.
The author seems heavily steeped in MSWindows jargon, to the extent that he perpetuates the silly use of the word 'folder' when he means 'directory'.
The metaphor of putting one "folder" inside another "folder" on top of "wallpaper" on a "desktop" is just silly. Using words with weaker physical resonance like "directory", "subdirectory", "screen background" and "workspace" would inspire a bit more confidence in what purports to be an attempt at an objective analysis.
This piece of fun was particularly amusing coming straight after a story about Google making other OSes irrelevant by using the capability of their mega (Linux) server farm
Using Unix is the computing equivalent of listening only to music by David Cassidy.
No, it's more like listening only to music composed before Schoenberg. Those of us with taste recognise that that most of the stuff produced since that is either pretentious cacophony or ignorant, synical, commercial bilge.
Thus WinXP is to Unix what Britney Spears is to Beethoven. Plan9 would be some anachronistic romanticism like Pfizner or Elgar.
The sad truth is that in a multi-ethnic country like Malaysia, disparaging comments about religion really are a matter of national security.
The authorities in Malaysia and Singapore tend to clamp down first and ask questions later. The alternative is bloody riot and strife, as happend on numerous occasions in the fifties and sixties, when those quaint post-colonial notions of freedom of expression were popular.
I'm a 'seriously disturbed math doctorate with research to do' but even so, six months ago when I had to spend grant money on some hardware to do big CFD analyses I didn't buy an Itanium. I looked at the numbers and the price of systems, even considering per-processor software license costs, and the Opteron was the no brainer.
The human eye is much more sensitive to fine changes in brightness than it is to fine changes in colour;
No. The human eye is more sensitive to hue than intensity. That's why NTSC looks so much worse than PAL - the colour information is encoded in the phase with NTSC and is prone to wandering with environmental factors.
The colour compression is probably the most noticeable problem with JPEG. A diagonal gradient in hue (such as you might expect with a rendered image) will look terrible with JPEG, even with high 'quality' settings.
Virii is not hypercorection - it's just daft
on
20 Years of Virii
·
· Score: 1
Were there such a Latin word as virius there might be a plural form virii - for example the Gaius brothers were called the "Gaii".
If "virus" were a second declension noun its plural would be "viri" and if (more likely) it were third declension its plural would be "vires".
However, we're not talking Latin and there is unlikely to have been a plural of virus in the sense that it is being used here so in English or American the sensible plural would be viruses and if you want to be pretentious you should use vires. "Virii" is just ignorant posing so why is it prevalent on Slashdot? (ahem)
etymology n.: The origin and historical development of a linguistic form as shown by determining its basic elements, earliest known use, and changes in form and meaning, tracing its transmission from one language to another, identifying its cognates in other languages, and reconstructing its ancestral form where possible.
or
Etymology,n.: Some early etymological scholars come up with derivations that were hard for the public to believe. The term "etymology" was formed from the Latin "etus" ("eaten"), the root "mal" ("bad"), and "logy" ("study of"). It meant "the study of things that are hard to swallow."
This test was for large fluid dynamics computations. These involve lots of difficult sums (unsteady Naver-Stokes) on large discretised grids. For this type of work the CPU usually runs flat out and the bottlenecks that apply to things like opening MSWord documents hardly come into play. If it's properly written, then HDD access speed is irrelevant, and even main memory access is hardly ever the bottleneck. This is one of those applications where the system speed is determined by the speed and efficiency of the CPU.
Slashdot Mirror
is intended for public viewing...
Water freezes at the surface of the lake because that's where it's coldest.
The surface is in contact with cold air that takes away the the water's latent heat. In macroscopic terms this is by evaporation and by conduction across the thermal boundary layer of the air. Changes in the temperature of the ground are more gradual and will slow down freezing by supplying heat to the water at the bottom.
1 - random mutation
2 - suvirval of the fittest
3 - inheritance of characteristics from parent(s) - including the random mutation
Darwinism is the theory that all variation in life on Earth has arisen solely as result of this process. Proponents of ID are not the only people that object to Darwinism - there is credible evidence for some mechanisms of non-random mutation.
Creationists using these subtleties is comparable to a flat-earther (or Velikovsky) using the 46-seconds of arc in the obit of Mercury to deny "Newtonism".
Err, that would be a "googly".
No, that would be a Chinaman.
At least 12 Bit per channel is necessary to avoid noticeable degradation of digital photos during routine manipulation.
Until the GIMP can manage more than 8, then I'm stuck with having MSWindows on my machine.
The snappiest is going to be some homemade combination, tuned to the individual machine and software requirement. However, the default Slackware environment will be better than most Gentoo/LFS users could conjure without a great deal of tweaking.
/usr/openlook on a symlink to my slackware partition and it works much better than the xview ebuild.
Slackware is not the oldest, but is certainly the oldest surviving currently-maintained distribution.
It doesn't have the mindshare because there are relatively few active developers and because the installer is a bit too much of a culture shock for it to be a sensible choice for those unfortunate souls who were exposed to MSWindows before they encountered Unix.
I used Slackware myself from 3.2 onwards and only switched to Gentoo when Slackware stopped supporting OpenLook. I can still use
The authorities in Singapore have not, until now, been applying on blogs the same strict censorship that they have on television, radio phone-ins, newspapers and public assembly. For this reason, blogging has been disproportionately popular amongst young Singaporeans.
What I think caused this clampdown was the issue of race, which has, since the 1950s been of the two most divisive and sensitive issues in Singapore. There are tensions between Tamils, Malays, local Chinese and the immigrant workers (PRC, Bangladeshi, Thai and Indonesian) that are continuously threatening to erupt into riot.
The whole economy is based on the fact that Singapore is much more stable than neighbouring South-East Asian countries. The government's fear is that all the foreign investment that keeps the economy going, would quickly fade if there was any concern about the continued stability of Singapore.
Religion - in particular Islam (because of the Malay minority) - is the other one.
"Race" in Singapore is a much more complex issue than most Europeans or Americans imagine.
The intention with this scheme is to devise something that can be made or at least repaired by third world artisans.
Peltiers are very expensive.
Solar cells are very expensive.
Vortex coolers are simple enough that they could be made on a lathe from wood or even soapstone. The bit that this chap seems to be striggling with is supplying air at 6Bar.
Vortex coolers are useful in the chemical and process industries where is is easier to supply compressed air than electricity.
Imagine a gas analyser or particle size monitor hooked onto a reactor vessel on a 80-metre tower, prone to lightning strike. The instrument electronics enclosure must be kept below 50C.
You have a ~6Bar air supply anyway to operate all the valves. Peltiers take far too much current, other cooling systems have moving parts and thus present a maintenance burden.
In your car, you don't have air at high enough pressure to run a vortex cooler - all the ones I've seen run off pneumatics pressures (5-10Bar). Electric fan blowing over a conventional (refrigerant-based) heat pump is much more efficient.
In tribology the term "normal wear particles" refers to metal particles with a max dimension of 50 micron or less (for car engines - for high performance bearings like in helicopters the figure is more like 10 microns). These constantly shed from metal surfaces in contact and will build up in the lubricant. There is a magnetic plug in the system that will take a lot of them out but there is still an advantage in draining the system as completely as you can.
Larger particles usually indicate fatigue wear or (worse) cutting wear. These are a sign of trouble and indicate a real problem (lubricant breakdown, misalignment etc).
I could attempt to stretch this analogy as far as comparing it to somebody who likes to look at the bad block diagnostics from fsck. Really, though, it's all a matter of what interests you : I have no interest in cars so I'd buy a cheap one and let somebody else look after the oil. I do like computers and I routinely delve into the arcane details myself.
The explanation is not quite right.
Antireflection coatings have a thickness of 1/4 lambda so that half the light that would normally be reflected is reflected with 180degrees phase shift. Thus for a single wavelength (v-Coating) it is possible to reduce reflection from 4% to less than 0.1%. For a broader range of wavelengths (U-coating) a number of coatings of different thicknesses are used.
The coating itself (typically CaF) is chosen because it is relatively easy to vapour-deposit to controlled thickness and because its refractive index is halfway between that of air and glass.
Somehow I don't believe that the same effect could be achieved by a thin film of water, though it's probably better than nothing.
"reliece" ?
Tut Tut - I thought everybody knew
I before E except after C
One of my staff bought a book from them a year ago from a work account. Since then they've been sending me unsolicited offers for things I have no intention of buying.
Their e-mail contains no return or unsubscribe link. I believe that here in the UK that is illegal. I have struggled even to find a phone number or postal address on their website to send a cease-and-desist letter.
Yes, they're big and successful but their behaviour bears all the hallmarks of spammers.
The author seems heavily steeped in MSWindows jargon, to the extent that he perpetuates the silly use of the word 'folder' when he means 'directory'.
The metaphor of putting one "folder" inside another "folder" on top of "wallpaper" on a "desktop" is just silly.
Using words with weaker physical resonance like "directory", "subdirectory", "screen background" and "workspace" would inspire a bit more confidence in what purports to be an attempt at an objective analysis.
maybe it's deliberate - spelling it "delly" is suggestive of "belly" with connotations of hearty food and Falstaffian joviality.
Or maybe not.
This piece of fun was particularly amusing coming straight after a story about Google making other OSes irrelevant by using the capability of their mega (Linux) server farm
No, it's more like listening only to music composed before Schoenberg. Those of us with taste recognise that that most of the stuff produced since that is either pretentious cacophony or ignorant, synical, commercial bilge.
Thus WinXP is to Unix what Britney Spears is to Beethoven. Plan9 would be some anachronistic romanticism like Pfizner or Elgar.
The sad truth is that in a multi-ethnic country like Malaysia, disparaging comments about religion really are a matter of national security.
The authorities in Malaysia and Singapore tend to clamp down first and ask questions later. The alternative is bloody riot and strife, as happend on numerous occasions in the fifties and sixties, when those quaint post-colonial notions of freedom of expression were popular.
I'm a 'seriously disturbed math doctorate with research to do' but even so, six months ago when I had to spend grant money on some hardware to do big CFD analyses I didn't buy an Itanium. I looked at the numbers and the price of systems, even considering per-processor software license costs, and the Opteron was the no brainer.
As do both the main CFD Packages (CFX and Fluent) and Finite Element analysis
As do all serious image creation software systems that I have seen.
Some of these are OpenGL because they have migrated from Unix workstations, others have always been Wintel and yet they use OpenGL.
No. The human eye is more sensitive to hue than intensity. That's why NTSC looks so much worse than PAL - the colour information is encoded in the phase with NTSC and is prone to wandering with environmental factors.
The colour compression is probably the most noticeable problem with JPEG. A diagonal gradient in hue (such as you might expect with a rendered image) will look terrible with JPEG, even with high 'quality' settings.
However, we're not talking Latin and there is unlikely to have been a plural of virus in the sense that it is being used here so in English or American the sensible plural would be viruses and if you want to be pretentious you should use vires. "Virii" is just ignorant posing so why is it prevalent on Slashdot?
(ahem)
etymology n.
or
Etymology, n.
from the Latin "etus" ("eaten"), the root "mal" ("bad"), and "logy" ("study of"). It meant "the study of things that are hard to swallow."
-- Mike Kellen
No, Linux won because it competed on freedom.
This test was for large fluid dynamics computations. These involve lots of difficult sums (unsteady Naver-Stokes) on large discretised grids.
For this type of work the CPU usually runs flat out and the bottlenecks that apply to things like opening MSWord documents hardly come into play.
If it's properly written, then HDD access speed is irrelevant, and even main memory access is hardly ever the bottleneck.
This is one of those applications where the system speed is determined by the speed and efficiency of the CPU.